粮食中黄曲霉毒素消减方法研究进展

黄曲霉毒素主要是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生的一类毒性极强的次级代谢产物的总称,经常污染粮油原料及其制品。传统的AFT消减方法主要有物理和化学法,物理法能部分去除毒素,但消减不彻底;化学法易造成溶剂残留;生物法作为目前的研究热点,为AFT的消减提供了新的途径。综述了物理、化学、生物方法消减粮食中AFT的研究进展,并分析了各方法的优缺点。     

T-2毒素的危害及脱毒研究进展

T-2毒素是由镰刀属菌产生的一种次级代谢产物,属于单端孢霉烯族常见的A型真菌毒素。T-2毒素具有强毒性,它不仅会污染田间作物和库存谷物造成粮食产后损失,还会对人畜的健康造成巨大损害,是近年来全球范围内粮食行业和畜牧业防治的重点。目前关于T-2毒素生物毒性的研究比较深入,但关于T-2毒素脱毒,尤其是生物脱毒的研究较少。综述了T-2毒素的危害致毒机理及物理、化学、生物等脱毒方法。将获取高效脱毒酶和开发脱毒工艺作为研究重点,利于我国粮食、畜牧、副产物深加工等行业的良性发展。     

霉菌毒素检测与脱毒技术研究进展

霉菌毒素是某些霉菌在谷物或饲料上生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒代谢物,威胁动物乃至人类的健康。有关毒素的脱毒技术一直是国内外的一个研究热点,其中生物法脱毒是现在最有前景的一种脱毒方法,主要通过微生物的吸附和降解作用来达到脱毒的效果。本文结合最新的研究成果,详细介绍了霉菌毒素的毒性、污染现状及主要的检测方法,并对霉菌毒素物理、化学、生物脱毒技术进行了概述,并对未来的研究方向加以展望。     

粮食和饲料中的黄曲霉毒素

通过对粮食和饲料中黄曲霉毒素的分析和研究，阐述了其产生的原因、对人类的危害以及检测和预防方法。同时还提供了几种霉变粮食和饲料的脱毒方法。     

粮食和饲料中de黄曲霉毒素

通过对粮食和饲料中黄曲霉毒素的分析和研究,阐述了其产生的原因、对人类的危害以及检测和预防方法.同时还提供了几种霉变粮食和饲料的脱毒方法.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的物理和化学脱毒方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)主要污染小麦、玉米、大麦和燕麦等谷类作物,并可带入至面包、面条、麦片、饼干、啤酒和饲料中,是一种世界性粮食及其制品污染物。DON毒素具有较强的化学稳定性,在食物链中可持续对人和动物造成危害。DON毒素的脱毒方法主要包括物理、化学及生物脱毒。详细论述了加热、吸附、辐照等物理方法及碱性试剂、氧化试剂、还原试剂等化学试剂对DON毒素的影响,为降低DON毒素的潜在危害提供参考。     

黄曲霉毒素脱毒研究进展

黄曲霉毒素是危害食品安全和人体健康最主要的真菌毒素之一,全世界每年因黄曲霉毒素造成的粮食及其他农产品损失严重。此外,在我国,黄曲霉毒素还是影响储藏中药材安全标准的重要污染物。由于黄曲霉毒素的危害性极高,关于黄曲霉毒素的污染防治是保证食品药品安全的研究重点之一。本研究综述了近年来关于食品中黄曲霉毒素脱毒与降解研究的最新进展以及各种方法涉及可能的降解产物和降解机制,涵盖了以物理,化学和生物3大类脱毒技术的分析和总结,除传统技术手段之外,还对于采用天然产物防治黄曲霉毒素、不同脱毒手段协同作用的相关研究进行了展望,以期为黄曲霉毒素防治和脱毒相关研究工作提供借鉴,促进后续研究的开展。     

农作物和食品中链格孢毒素污染及其脱毒方法研究进展

链格孢菌是多种重要农作物的病原体,可产生70余种链格孢毒素,不仅造成农作物减产和品质下降,也会存在于食品加工制品中,对人类和动物造成安全威胁。链格孢毒素可污染粮食、水果和蔬菜等农作物,在番茄及其产品、小麦和果干等食品中的含量较高,尤其以细交链孢菌酮酸的含量最高。脱除链格孢毒素的方法主要包括物理法、化学法和微生物法,通过降解、吸附毒素或者抑制真菌产毒以降低农作物或食品中链格孢毒素的含量。本文总结了农作物和食品中链格孢毒素污染现状及其脱毒方法,旨在为降低链格孢菌毒素对农作物的危害,提高食品安全提供参考。     

镰孢菌毒素的主要类型及其收获前后的生物防控方法

镰孢菌毒素是镰孢菌属真菌产生的多种有毒性的次级代谢产物的总称,在自然界中分布极为广泛,是常见的污染粮食和饲料的真菌毒素种类,严重威胁人畜健康。近年来镰孢菌毒素污染粮食和饲料的问题日益严重,已成为普遍关注的食品安全和饲料安全热点问题之一。由于农产品收获后的物理、化学的脱毒方法存在着脱毒不彻底、营养成分流失和化学试剂残留对人畜健康的不确定性等问题;因此以生物技术为基础的综合防控镰孢菌及其毒素危害的方法成为了近年来的研究热点之一。本文将重点介绍镰孢菌毒素的主要类型及其对动植物的危害,阐述农产品收获前后生物防治镰孢菌及其毒素危害的方法,并探讨各种防控方法的优缺点以及未来可能的研究方向,以期为镰孢菌毒素综合防控策略的制定提供参考。     

粮油加工副产物中真菌毒素消减技术研究进展

真菌毒素是一些真菌在生长繁殖过程中产生的有毒有害代谢物，其对粮油加工产业、畜牧业和食品工业造成经济损失的同时亦会威胁人类健康。粮油加工副产物中真菌毒素的污染率相对较高，这些污染的副产物用于畜牧业生产，会严重影响畜禽生产性能。对畜禽危害严重的真菌毒素主要有：黄曲霉毒素（aflatoxin，AF）、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（又称呕吐毒素，Deoxynivalenol ，DON）、赭曲霉毒素（ochratoxin，OTA）、玉米赤霉烯酮（zenralenone，ZEN）、T-2毒素（属于单端孢霉烯族毒素）、伏马毒素（fumonisin，FB）等。受真菌毒素污染的饲料和谷物颜色、气味及营养成分会发生变化，导致适口性变差，营养价值降低，还会造成畜禽生长缓慢、免疫力降低、生殖障碍甚至死亡。我国《食品卫生标准（GB2761-2017）》对粮油食品中主要真菌毒素的限量有相应的控制标准。《饲料卫生标准（GB13078-2017）》也明确规定粮油加工副产物用作饲料时其中主要六种真菌毒素的限量标准。目前常用的真菌毒素脱毒方法有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法、脱霉剂脱毒法等。在处理霉变畜禽饲料时，前两种方法都有一定的缺陷，通常采用添加真菌毒素脱霉剂来降低其对畜禽的危害。本文阐述了饲料中常用脱霉剂吸附剂和降解菌/酶以及脱霉剂体外和体内评估方法，总结了现有吸附剂和降解菌/酶对控制粮油副产物中真菌毒素的作用效果以及使用中存在的问题，并对真菌毒素消减技术的发展方向进行了展望，以期为解决资源浪费问题，促进粮油加工副产物的高效利用提供一定的参考价值。     

呕吐毒素(DON)生物合成和降解研究进展

呕吐毒素(Vomitoxin),即脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),是镰刀菌产生的次生代谢物质,是污染粮食的主要真菌毒素.随着我国灾害气候的频频发生,DON的污染程度呈现加剧趋势,因此DON污染的控制迫在眉睫.本文阐述了DON的物理化学特性,结合化学结构和基因遗传分析了DON的生物合成途径,并综述了微生物对DON的生物降解研究,推测了DON可能的作用位点、降解途径及降解产物,以此启发利用生物技术,探求安全、高效,低成本的DON生物降解途径,确保粮食和食品安全、保护消费者健康.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的毒性及生物脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是镰刀菌产生的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于受污染的农作物和饲料中,不仅给农业经济造成重大损失,也给人类和动物健康带来潜在威胁。传统控制脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法主要有物理法和化学法,但上述两种方法都具有局限性。近年来,利用微生物生物转化方法进行脱毒展现出良好的应用前景。本文概述了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的化学性质、毒性作用以及生物脱毒方面的研究进展,为研究生物学方法控制粮食与饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量提供参考。     

粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）具有免疫毒性、器官毒性、蛋白质合成抑制和致畸性。粮食在不当的储藏条件下,容易受真菌污染而产生DON,DON被人体或动物摄入后,会引起严重的健康问题。DON性质稳定,在加工过程中难以被破坏和除去,是粮食生产加工过程中的重要安全隐患。我国粮食中DON含量超标问题突出,因此,准确、高效的DON检测方法对保障粮食安全,保证人体安全健康至关重要。该研究总结了近年来粮食中DON的主要检测方法,主要包括薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱-质谱法、酶联免疫法、侧流免疫层析法、光谱法、电化学法和表面等离子共振法等。通过探讨这些检测方法的优缺点,对各种方法进行了对比和总结,并对DON检测方法的发展趋势进行展望,为开发新型的检测方法提供理论支持,有利于推动准确快速检测方法在粮食安全检测中的应用。     

粮食真菌DNA快速高通量提取方法的建立与应用

目的 建立一种高效、快速、高通量的粮食中真菌DNA提取和分析方法,并应用于小麦产脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol, DON)镰刀菌污染状况研究。方法 基于磁珠纯化技术,开发了一种粮食基质中真菌DNA的快速提取方法—月桂酰肌氨酸钠(sodium lauroyl sarcosine, SLS)磁珠法,结合前期采用实时荧光定量PCR法(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)和微滴式数字PCR法(droplet digital PCR, ddPCR)建立的小麦中3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-ADON)和15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON)两种产DON毒素化学型镰刀菌及禾谷镰刀菌复合群分析方法,对其提取效果进行了验证并分析了我国2021年新收获小麦产DON镰刀菌的污染水平。结果 与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,CTAB)法、柱式法试剂盒和磁珠法试剂盒相比较,本研究建立的SLS磁珠法裂解过程无需水浴,配合自动化提取设备工作,整个提取时间小于1 h,对禾谷镰刀菌复合群的提取率最优,而对3-ADON和15-ADON化学型镰刀菌的提取率与经典CTAB法、磁珠法试剂盒没有显著性差异,并且显著性优于柱式法试剂盒。在对2021年收获的120个小麦样品监测结果显示,产DON镰刀菌的生物量与DON毒素水平之间具有极显著的相关性(P<0.01)。结论 SLS磁珠法适用于从基质复杂的粮食样品中提取真菌DNA,操作简便快速、提取率高,更易实现大样本量的分子生物学准确定量检测需求。     

Effects of electron beam irradiation on deoxynivalenol levels in distillers dried grain and solubles and in production intermediates

Wheat contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON), and distillers dried grain and solubles (DDGS) obtained after ethanol production from the contaminated wheat, were irradiated to doses ranging from 2.0 to 55.8 kGy using an electron accelerator. Samples of wet distillers grain, distillers solubles and stillage obtained during production of DDGS were also irradiated. All samples were analysed for Fusarium trichothecene mycotoxins by a method involving use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The three production intermediates showed dose-dependent reductions in their DON contents ranging from 47.5 to 75.5% at the highest doses. Electron beam treatment produced a 17.6% reduction in the DON level of wheat at the highest dose used, but had no effect on DON in DDGS. These results indicate that electron beam treatment may provide a method for reducing DON levels in DDGS on an industrial scale.     

Global distribution,toxicity to humans and animals,biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main types of B trichothecenes, and it causes health-related issues in humans and animals and imposes considerable challenges to food and feed safety globally each year. This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON. For DON pollution, many treatments have been reported on the degradation of DON, and each of the treatments has different degradation efficacies and degrades DON by a distinct mechanism. These treatments include physical, chemical, and biological methods and mitigation strategies. Biodegradation methods include microorganisms, enzymes, and biological antifungal agents, which are of great research significance in food processing because of their high efficiency, low environmental hazards, and drug resistance. And we also reviewed the mechanisms of biodegradation methods of DON, the adsorption and antagonism effects of microorganisms, and the different chemical transformation mechanisms of enzymes. Moreover, nutritional mitigation including common nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and microelements) and plant extracts was discussed in this review, and the mitigation mechanism of DON toxicity was elaborated from the biochemical point of view. These findings help explore various approaches to achieve the best efficiency and applicability, overcome DON pollution worldwide, ensure the sustainability and safety of food processing, and explore potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of DON in humans and animals.     

谷物及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇控制的研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）属B型单端孢霉烯族毒素,是目前谷物及其制品中污染最为普遍的一种真菌毒素,食用后会导致人体各种急、慢性中毒症状,增加人体患胃癌、食管癌等恶性肿瘤的几率,具有明显的毒理学危害。为了保护消费者健康及最大限度的减少经济损失,国内外学者一直在积极的寻找控制DON的方法,反复测试比对各种方法的优点和弊端,不断优化物理脱毒和化学脱毒方法,发展生物脱毒方法。近年来,随着社会经济和科学技术的发展,我国在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的控制和脱毒领域已经探索出许多新的成果。例如,电化学氧化、酶的利用和生物转化等都是近些年来新兴的高效脱毒技术。本文旨在总结目前食品中DON的控制方法并对其做出比较,讨论和展望未来社会在这一领域的发展方向并举例说明小麦、玉米及其制品中DON的全产业链控制,详细说明DON如何实现从农田到餐桌的全产业链控制,更全面的保障食品安全。     

Reduction of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol in wheat with early fungicide applications of prothioconazole

Numerous studies have identified the benefit of fungicides applied at flowering (Zadoks Growth Stage (GS) 59–69) in the reduction of Fusarium head blight and the reduction of deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested wheat grain. Two experiments were performed to identify the ability of prothioconazole (Proline®) at three timings to reduce Fusarium head blight and resulting DON in harvested grain of wheat. Prothioconazole (150 g ha^?1) was applied to plots of wheat at GS31, GS39, and GS65 in a full-factorial design. Plots were inoculated with Fusarium-infected oat grain at GS30 and mist-irrigated at GS65 to encourage head blight development. Plots were assessed for head blight symptoms at GS77 and harvested grain was analysed for yield, specific weight, thousand grain weight, and DON. Factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified prothioconazole applications at each timing that resulted in significant reductions in Fusarium head blight and DON. The control achieved with combinations of spray timings was additive with no significant interactions. The control of Fusarium head blight at GS31, GS39, and GS65 was 50, 58 and 83%, respectively. The reduction in Fusarium head blight achieved by all three timings combined was 97% compared to the fully untreated control plots. The reduction of DON after application of prothioconazole at GS31, GS39, and GS65 was 27%, 49%, and 57%, respectively. The application of prothioconazole at all three timings achieved 83% reduction of DON compared with the fully untreated control plots. These experiments have determined, for the first time, significant additional head blight disease control and mycotoxin reduction with applications of a fungicide before flowering.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇脱毒方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）是粮食和饲料中污染广泛的真菌毒素之一,其化学性质稳定,毒性强,严重威胁人类和动物的健康。目前DON脱毒方法主要有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法和生物脱毒法,其中生物脱毒法具有安全环保、特异性强、解毒效果显著等优点而备受推崇。生物脱毒法主要包括微生物的吸附作用和酶降解方式等。微生物的酶降解作用是通过破坏DON的毒性基团,例如C12,13位脱环氧、C3-OH氧化和C3-OH异构化等,将DON代谢转化为毒性较小甚至无毒的物质。某些种类的乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、德沃斯氏菌和酵母菌等细菌和真菌都具备降解DON的能力,乳酸菌作为食品级的益生菌,在降解DON和防控食品真菌毒素污染具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了DON脱毒方法的研究进展,将其优缺点进行分析总结,旨在为防控食品和饲料中DON污染,尤其是微生物对DON脱毒作用的进一步拓展和深入研究提供参考。     

The prevalence of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in the spring wheat grain from different agricultural production systems in Lithuania

Deoxynivalenol (DON) together with two acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) occurs in cereal grains and their products. Co-occurrence of DON and acetylated derivatives in cereal grain is detected worldwide. Until now, DON and its derivatives have been considered equally toxic by health authorities. In this study, we analysed 103 samples of spring wheat grain, originating from the fields of different production systems in Lithuania, for the co-occurrence of type-B trichothecenes (DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON). The samples were classified according to the production system—organic, sustainable and intensive. Mycotoxin levels in the spring wheat grain samples were determined by the HPLC method with UV detection. The type-B trichothecenes were found to be present at higher concentrations in the grain from the intensive production system. Eighty-one percent of the spring wheat grain samples from the intensive production system were co-contaminated with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON, 1% with DON+3-ADON. Additionally, DON+15-ADON and DON were found in 5% and 10% of the tested samples, respectively. Two percent of the samples were free from mycotoxins. In the grain samples from the sustainable production system, DON and a combination of DON+3-ADON showed a higher incidence – 47% and 23%, respectively. The samples with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON accounted for 18%. Completely different results were obtained from the analyses of organic grain samples. A large number of the organic spring wheat grain samples were contaminated with DON+3-ADON (55%) or DON (36%). The combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON was not present, while DON+15-ADON was present in 9% of the samples tested. The production systems did not lead to significant differences in mycotoxin levels, although a trend toward higher incidence and higher contamination was observed for the samples from the intensive and sustainable production systems.