利用全固态分子束外延方法在Ge(100)衬底上异质外延GaAs薄膜及相关特性表征

利用全固态分子束外延(MBE)方法在Ge(100)衬底上异质外延GaAs薄膜,并通过高能电子衍射(RHEED)、高分辨X射线衍射(XRD),原子力显微镜等手段研究了不同生长参数对外延层的影响.RHEED显示在较高的生长温度或较低的生长速率下,低温GaAs成核层呈现层状生长模式.同时降低生长温度和生长速率会使GaAs薄膜的XRD摇摆曲线半高宽(FWHM)减小,并降低外延层表面的粗糙度,这主要是由于衬底和外延薄膜之间的晶格失配度减小的结果.     

[(BaTiO3)m/(SrTiO3)m]n超晶格生长的RHEED实时研究

利用反射高能电子衍射(RHEED)，研究了在SrTiO3(100)基片上采用激光分子束外延法生长的[(BaTiO3)m／(SrTiO3)m]n超晶格薄膜的生长特性。观察到清晰明亮的反射高能电子衍射花样及富有周期性的RHEED振荡曲线，制备的超晶格呈现良好的结晶层状外延生长，薄膜表面及界面的平整度很好。     

RHEED振荡精确测量AlGaAs生长速率研究

采用分子束外延技术,在GaAs衬底上生长GaAs,AlAs和AlGaAs时,实现RHEED图像和RHEED强度振荡的实时监测已被证明是一种有效工具。通过RHEED可讨论GaAs表面结构和生长机制,并可以估算衬底温度,更重要的是能计算出材料的生长速率。RHEED强度振荡周期决定生长速率,每一个周期对应一个单层。实验测量GaAs的生长周期为0.82s,每秒沉积1.22单分子层,AlAs的生长周期为2.35s,每秒沉积0.43单分子层。     

RHEED振荡精确测量AlGaAs生长速率研究

采用分子束外延技术，在GaAs衬底上生长GaAs，AlAs和AlGaAs时，实现RHEED图像和RHEED强度振荡的实时监测已被证明是一种有效工具。通过RHEED可讨论GaAs表面结构和生长机制，并可以估算衬底温度，更重要的是能计算出材料的生长速率。RHEED强度振荡周期决定生长速率，每一个周期对应一个单层。实验测量GaAs的生长周期为0．82s，每秒沉积1．22单分子层，AlAs的生长周期为2．35s，每秒沉积0．43单分子层。     

RHEED优化MBE生长中波MCT薄膜工艺

在分子束外延(MBE)中波HgCdTe薄膜过程中,利用反射式高能电子衍射(RHEED)对衬底表面脱氧和生长过程中生长参数对材料特性的影响进行研究.通过观察RHEED图样的变化,确定了衬底的脱氧状况,获得了生长中衬底温度等生长参数变化引起材料结晶的变化规律,为MBE生长HgCdTe薄膜实验的可控生长提供有效帮助;生长结束后,通过SEM、Hall等手段对HgCdTe的表面缺陷、电学参数等性能进行了初步研究,证明实验说成长的材料基本满足器件制备的要求.     

GaAs同质外延生长过程的RHEED分析

采用激光分子束外延方法(L-MBE),在GaAs(001)衬底上同质外延GaAs薄膜。利用反射式高能电子衍射(RHEED)研究了材料沉积过程中的各级条纹及其强度的变化,进而得出GaAs薄膜外延生长的适宜激光能量和沉积温度分别为500 mJ和570℃。RHEED强度随时间的变化曲线表明,GaAs为良好的层状外延生长模式,并随着沉积时间延长,层状生长模式逐渐向岛状模式转变。实验研究还表明层状生长的GaAs薄膜经表面弛豫后,可以得到更好的平整表面,并出现GaAs(001)-(2×4)的表面重构。原位X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)研究表明沿(001)面外延的GaAs薄膜表面Ga∶As化学计量比约为52∶48,出现Ga的聚集。     

外延GaN基薄膜表面应变演变RHEED分析

介绍了反射式高能电子衍射仪(RHEED)衍射原理以及半导体薄膜表面原子间距与其衍射图像间距成反比例关系。分析了采用ECR-PEMOCVD生长技术,在α-Al2O3衬底上低温外延GaN基薄膜(氮化层、缓冲层、外延层)工艺过程。通过对RHEED图像分析软件获取不同工艺过程中的外延薄膜衍射条纹间距的数据分析、计算、比较,得到薄膜表面衍射图像间距的大小,依据RHEED衍射图像与原子面间距之间的对应关系,分析薄膜表面的应变状态演变情况。分析计算结果表明生长20min氮化层、20min缓冲层的表面原子层处于压应变状态,而生长180min的AlN外延层,表面则处于完全弛豫状态。     

外延GaN基薄膜表面晶体结构RHEED图像研究

论述了反射高能电子衍射(RHEED)作为外延薄膜进行原位监测的一个重要手段以及RHEED图像与外延薄膜的表面形貌的关系,提出了以RHEED图像分析外延GaN基薄膜晶格结构的演变情况,并从衬底α-Al2O3的等离子体清洗、氮化进行了具体的分析和演算.结论指出,RHEED不仅是进行外延薄膜原位监测,而且还可以作为分析外延薄膜晶体结构演变的一个有力手段.     

GaAs(100)同质外延表面相变的动态过程研究

本文叙述了用CCD系统对MBE生长中RHEED图案强度变化进行实时监测，通过（00）级条纹的RHEED强度分析，直接给出了不同生长条件下表面相变的动态过程，得到了从C（4×4）到α（2×4）的连续相变过程，进一步给出了不同条件下的表面化学配比情况．     

在GaAs衬底表面生长GaN过程中的氮化新方法

分析了在ECR－MOCVD装置上外延生长GaN单晶薄膜的工艺特点，在此基础上尝试了一种新的氮化方法处理衬底表面，并进行了一系列不同条件下的对比试验，以反射高能电子衍射（RHEED）和X射线衍射（XRD）对实验结果进行检测，发现在清洗的过程中加入一定量的氮可以避免单纯氢清洗对衬底的损伤，并取得了比较好的氮化效果。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.