三次均匀B样条曲线的扩展

给出四次多项式调配函数，它是三次B样条函数的扩展．基于给出的调配函数，建立一种带形状参数的分段多项式曲线的生成方法．通过改变形状参数的取值，可以调整曲线接近其控制多边形的程度；可以调整曲线从三次均匀B样条曲线的两侧逼近三次均匀B样条曲线．选取不同的形状参数值，可以得到不同位置的C^2连续的曲线，且所给曲线与三次均匀B样条曲线有相同的端点性质．最后给出了曲线设计的计算实例．     

Degree elevation of unified and extended spline curves

Unified and extended splines （UE-splines）, which unifl and extend polynomial, trigonometric, and hyperbolic B-splines, inherit most properties of B-splines and have some advantages over B-splines. The interest of this paper is the degree elevation algorithm of UE-spline curves and its geometric meaning. Our main idea is to elevate the degree of UE-spline curves one knot interval by one knot interval. First, we construct a new class of basis functions, called bi-order UE-spline basis flmctions which are defined by the integral definition of splines. Then some important properties of bi-order UE-splines are given, especially for tile transformation formulae of the basis functions before and after inserting a knot into the knot vector. Finally, we prove that the degree elevation of UE-spline curves can be interpreted as a process of corner cutting on the control polygons, just as in the manner of B-splines. This degree elevation algorithm possesses strong geometric intuition.     

带局部形状参数的三次均匀B样条曲线的扩展

带形状参数的B样条曲线的构造已成为计算机辅助几何设计中的热点问题.为了使形状参数具有局部修改功能,给出了两类带局部形状参数的调配函数,它们都是三次均匀B样条基函数的扩展.基于给出的调配函数,定义了两种带局部形状参数的分段多项式曲线.可以通过改变局部形状参数的取值对曲线进行局部调整.调整形状参数可使三次多项式曲线在三次均匀B样条曲线远离控制多边形的一侧摆动,而四次多项式曲线在三次均匀B样条曲线的两侧摆动.最后讨论了它们在曲线设计及曲线插值中的应用.造型实例表明,该类曲线在计算机辅助几何设计中具有重要的应用价值.     

Local control of interval tension using weighted splines

Cubic spline interpolation and B-spline sums are useful and powerful tools in computer aided design. These are extended by weighted cubic splines which have tension controls that allow the user to tighten or loosen the curve on intervals between interpolation points. The weighted spline is a C¹ piecewise cubic that minimizes a variational problem similar to one that a C² cubic spline minimizes. A B-spline like basis is constructed for weighted splines where each basis function is nonnegative and nonzero only on four intervals. The basis functions sum up identically to one, thus curves generated by summing control points multiplied by the basis functions have the convex hull property. Different weights are built into the basis functions so that the control point curves are piecewise cubics with local control of interval tension. If all weights are equal, then the weighted spline is the C² cubic spline and the basis functions are B-splines.     

From conics to NURBS: A tutorial and survey

The main geometric features of the nonuniform rational B-splines (NURBS) curve and surface representations are described. It is shown that most of these features are already exhibited by conics, which are a special case of NURBS. The properties typical of NURBS are discussed without dwelling on properties already present in polynomial curves. Conic sections and their representations using rational Bezier curves are reviewed. Cubic NURB curves, geometrical rational splines, rational and B-spline surfaces, and rational Bezier triangles are discussed     

形状可调的5次组合样条及其参数选择

目的 为了克服3次参数B样条在形状调整与局部性方面的不足,提出带参数的5次多项式组合样条。方法 首先构造一组带参数的5次多项式基函数;然后采用与3次B样条曲线相同的组合方式定义带参数的5次多项式组合样条曲线,并讨论基于能量优化法的5次组合样条曲线参数最佳取值问题;最后定义相应的组合样条曲面,并研究利用粒子群算法求解曲面的最佳参数取值。结果 5次组合样条不仅继承了3次B样条的诸多性质,而且还比3次B样条具有更强的局部性及形状可调性。由于5次组合样条仍为多项式模型,因此方程结构相对较为简单,符合实际工程的需要。利用能量优化法可获得光顺的5次组合样条曲线与曲面。结论 所提出5次多项式组合样条克服了3次参数B样条在形状调整与局部性方面的不足,是一种实用的自由曲线曲面造型方法。     

Cubic B-spline curves and surfaces in computer aided geometric design

Representations of cubic and bicubic splines are given, combining the advantages of B-splines with the handiness of Bézier technique. The Bézier points of spline curves and surfaces are found by forming convex combinations of nodes. The given algorithms are suited especially for computer aided geometric design.     

二次均匀B样条曲线的扩展

为便于对均匀B样条曲线进行形状修改,利用二次均匀B样条基函数所需满足的条件,扩展二次均匀B样条基函数,构造出三次多项式调配函数．基于给出的调配函数,建立1种带形状参数的分段多项式曲线．调整形状参数可使三次多项式曲线在二次均匀B样条曲线两侧摆动．最后给出实例,构造出带局部调节参数G^1的连续曲线．该方法可以通过调整参数扩大二次均匀B样条曲线的调整范围．     

Partial shape-preserving splines

A complex geometric shape is often a composition of a set of simple ones, which may differ from each other in terms of their mathematical representations and the ways in which they are constructed. One of the necessary requirements in combining these simple shapes is that their original shapes can be preserved as much as possible. In this paper, a set of partial shape-preserving (PSP) spline basis functions is introduced to smoothly combine a collection of shape primitives with flexible blending range control. These spline basis functions can be considered as a kind of generalization of traditional B-spline basis functions, where the shape primitives used are control points or control polygons. The PSP-spline basis functions have all the advantages of the conventional B-spline technique in the sense that they are nonnegative, piecewise polynomial and of property of partition of unity. However, PSP-spline is a more powerful freeform geometric shape design technique in the sense that it is also a kind of shape-preserving spline. In addition, the PSP-spline technique implicitly integrates the weights of shape control primitives into its basis functions, which allows users to design a required geometric shape based on weighted control primitives. Though its basis functions are simply piecewise polynomial functions, it has the same shape design strengths as the rational piecewise polynomial based spline techniques such as NURBS. In particular, when control shape primitives are specified as a set of control points, PSP-spline behaves like a polygon smoother, with which a shape can be designed to approximate the specified control polygon or control mesh smoothly with any required precision. Consequently, a richer set of geometric shapes can be built using a relatively smaller set of control points.     

均匀B样条曲线曲面的扩展

在多项式空间提出了一种带k个形状参数的k次均匀B样条,这类曲线与标准k次均匀B样条类似,每段曲线由k+1个控制顶点生成,它们不仅具有k次均匀B样条许多常见性质,而且利用形状参数的不同取值能够整体或局部调控曲线曲面形状。包含标准均匀B样条为其特例。     

带形状参数的三次三角Hermite插值样条曲线

给出了一种带形状参数的三次三角Hermite插值样条曲线,具有标准三次Hermite插值样条曲线完全相同的性质。给定插值条件时,样条曲线的形状可通过改变形状参数的取值进行调控。在适当条件下,该样条曲线对应的Ferguson曲线可精确表示椭圆、抛物线等工程曲线。通过选择合适的形状参数,该插值样条曲线能达到[C2]连续,而且其整体逼近效果要好于标准三次Hermite插值样条曲线。     

A class of general quartic spline curves with shape parameters

With a support on four consecutive subintervals, a class of general quartic splines are presented for a non-uniform knot vector. The splines have C² continuity at simple knots and include the cubic non-uniform B-spline as a special case. Based on the given splines, piecewise quartic spline curves with three local shape parameters are given. The given spline curves can be C²∩G³ continuous by fixing some values of the curve?s parameters. Without solving a linear system, the spline curves can also be used to interpolate sets of points with C² continuity. The effects of varying the three shape parameters on the shape of the quartic spline curves are determined and illustrated.     

Bézier representation of geometrically continuous splines

As an intrinsic measure of smoothness,geometric continuity is an important problem in the fields of computer aided geometric design.It can afford more degrees of freedom for manipulating the shape of curve.However,piecewise polynomial functions of geometrically continuous splines are difficult to be constructed.In this paper,the conversion matrix between geometrically continuous spline basis functions and Bézier representation is analyzed.Based on this,construction of arbitrary degree geometrically continuous spline basis functions can be translated into a solution of linear system of equations.The original construction of geometrically continuous spline is simplified.     

带最多独立形状参数的三阶三次均匀B样条曲线

构造了三阶三次等距结点的多项式B样条参数曲线,给出了de Boor控制顶点与分段三次Bézier控制顶点的关系式。该曲线具有一些类似于二次B样条曲线的性质：关于参变量为C¹连续,每个样条区间上的曲线由三个de Boor控制顶点的线性组合表示,具有仿射变换下的不变性,包含了二次均匀B样条曲线等。还具有形状可调性质：调配函数中含有形状参数,具有明显的几何意义,可用于调控曲线的形状或变形。给出了其具有凸包性、对de Boor控制多边形保形性等性质及其条件,讨论了形状参数对曲线形状的影响。     

Quasi-Interpolants with Tension Properties from and in CAGD

We present C² quasi-interpolating schemes with tension properties. The B-splines like functions used in the quasi-interpolanting schemes are parametric cubic curves and their shape can be easily controlled via tension parameters which have an immediate geometric interpretation. Applications to the problem of approximation of curves with shape-constraints are discussed.     

有理[2m+1,2m]型分段插值样条

常见的较低次有理带单形状因子分段有理插值样条通过代数运算,可用Bernstein基函数等价表示,这类分段插值样条利用Hermite插值的方法推广到高次有理[2m+1,2m]型,样条的生成曲线满足Cm-连续,并给出了具体的Bern-stein基函数表示方法的表达式,其形式较为简单,最后分别讨论了这类有理插值的逼近阶与约束域及保单调等方面的形状因子的选取情况,并给出了例子分析。     

带两个参数的三角多项式曲线曲面构造

目的 为了使扩展的曲线曲面保留传统Bézier方法以及B样条方法良好性质的同时,具备保形性、形状可调性、高阶连续性以及广泛的应用性,本文在拟扩展切比雪夫空间利用开花的性质构造了一组最优规范全正基,并利用该基进行曲线曲面构造。方法 首先构造一组最优规范全正基,并给出该基生成的拟三次TC-Bézier曲线的割角算法;接着利用最优规范全正基的线性组合构造拟三次均匀TC-B样条基,根据曲线的性质假设拟三次均匀B样条基函数具有规范性和C²连续性,进而得到其表达式;然后证明拟三次均匀TC-B样条基具有全正性和高阶连续性;最后定义拟三次均匀TC-B样条曲线曲面,并证明曲线曲面的性质,给出曲线表示整圆和旋转曲面的表示方法,设计出球面和旋转曲面的直接生成方法。结果 实验表明,本文在拟扩展切比雪夫空间构造的具有全正性曲线曲面,不仅能够灵活地进行形状调整,而且具有高阶连续性、保形性。结论 本文在三角函数空间利用两个形状参数进行曲线曲面构造,大量的分析以及案例说明本文构造的曲线曲面不仅保留了传统的Bézier方法以及B样条方法的良好性质,而且具备保形性、形状可调性、高阶连续性以及广泛的应用性,适合用于曲线曲面设计。     

Direct manipulations of B-spline and NURBS curves

This paper presents a method for the direct manipulations of B-spline and non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) curves using geometric constraints. A deformable model is developed to define the deformation energy functional of B-spline and NURBS curves. The finite element method is used to minimize the deformation energy functional and solve for the deformed shape of curves subjected to constraints. This approach results in a set of linear equations for a B-spline curve and a set of non-linear equations for a NURBS curve. A perspective mapping is used to linearize the NURBS formulations. NURBS curves are first mapped from the 3D Cartesian coordinate space to the 4D homogeneous coordinate space, and transformed to 4D B-spline curves. After the manipulation in the 4D homogeneous coordinate space, the modified NURBS curves are then mapped back to the 3D Cartesian coordinate space. The approach is implemented by a prototype program, which is written in C, and runs under WINDOWS. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of this approach.     

NURBS曲线曲面的显式矩阵表示及其算法

从 B样条的差商定义出发 ,提出差商展开系数的概念 ,通过差商展开系数显式解析表示式的导出 ,得到任意次 NU RBS曲线曲面系数矩阵的显式解析表示式 ,并给出了求差商展开系数和 NURBS曲线曲面系数矩阵的数值算法 .文中给出的方法适用于一切 NU RBS曲线曲面 ,包括有理和非有理的 Bézier、均匀和非均匀的 B样条曲线曲面 .相应的数值算法计算简单 ,易于实现 .差商展开系数解析表示式为 NU RBS曲线曲面的表示、转换和节点插入、升阶等基本运算以及与差商相关的问题的研究提供了一个统一的构造性工具和应用方法 .     

Bézier曲线的同次扩展及其参数选择

目的 本文旨在构造一种含形状参数的Bézier曲线,要求该曲线定义在代数多项式空间上,其基函数的次数与相同数量控制顶点所需Bernstein基函数的次数相同,对基函数以及相应曲线的计算要尽可能简单,并且要给出常见设计要求下曲线中形状参数的选取方案。方法 以三次Bézier曲线为初始研究对象,依据由可调控制顶点定义可调曲线的思想,在两个内控制顶点中引入参数,与Bernstein基函数作线性组合生成形状可调曲线,再将曲线表达式改写成固定控制顶点与含参数的调配函数的线性组合,从而得出三次Bernstein基函数的含参数扩展基,借助递推公式得出更高次的含参数扩展基,然后观察基函数表达式的规律,给出所有含参数扩展基统一的显示表达式,分析了扩展基的性质,并由之定义含参数的曲线,分析了曲线的性质,给出了曲线的几何作图法以及光滑拼接条件,以曲线拉伸能量、弯曲能量、扭曲能量近似最小为目标,推导了曲线中形状参数的计算公式,再通过曲线图和曲率图对比分析了不同能量目标所得曲线的差异。结果 由于所给含参数的扩展基并未提升Bernstein基函数的次数,且具有统一的显示表达式,因此本文方法在赋予Bézier曲线形状调整能力的同时并未增加计算量,由于提供了可以直接使用的形状参数的计算公式,因此在使用该方法时,符合设计要求的形状参数的确定变得简单,数值实例直观显示了所给曲线造型方法以及曲线中形状参数选取方案的正确性与有效性,体现了本文方法较文献中类似方法的优越之处。结论 所给含参数扩展基的构造方法以及形状参数的选取方法具有一般性,该方法可以推广至构造含形状参数的三角域Bézier曲面。