SCC Behaviour of X-70 Pipeline Steel in Near-Neutral pH Solutions

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behaviour of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was studied via slow strain rate testing (SSRT). The results showed that the cracking mode of X-70 pipeline steel in near-neutral pH solutions was transgranular at different temperatures and applied potentials with the feature of quasi-cleavage. The pH value of the solution decreased with increasing the addition of CO2, which increased the susceptibility to SCC. SCC susceptibility increased as the applied potential moved towards the cathodic direction, suggesting that hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) dominated the cracking process at cathodic potentials. The slight decrease of pH values with decreasing temperature of the solution increased the susceptibility to SCC, which attributed to the change of solubility of CO2 in the solution at different temperatures. The propagating directions of SCC cracks were different at different potentials. At rather negative cathodic potentials, the cracks were almost perpendi     

Stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement cracking of welded weathering steel and carbon steel in a simulated acid rain environment

Abstract

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement cracking (HEC) characteristics of welded weathering steel and carbon steel were investigated in aerated acid chloride solution. The electrochemical properties of welded steels were investigated by polarisation and galvanic corrosion tests. Neither weathering steel nor carbon steel showed passive behaviour in this acid chloride solution. The results indicated that weathering steel had better corrosion resistance than carbon steel. Galvanic corrosion between the weldment and the base metal was not observed in the case of weathering steel because the base metal was anodic to the weldment. However, the carbon steel was susceptible to galvanic corrosion because the weldment acts as an anode. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted at a constant strain rate of 7.87 × 10⁷ s^-1 at corrosion potential, and at potentiostatically controlled anodic and cathodic potentials, to investigate the SCC and HEC properties in acid chloride solution. The welded weathering steel and carbon steel were susceptible to both anodic dissolution SCC and hydrogen evolution HEC. However, weathering steel showed less susceptibility of SCC and HEC than carbon steel at anodic potential because of Cr and Cu compounds in the rust layer, which retarded anodic dissolution, and at cathodic potential due to the presence of Cr, Cu, and Ni in alloy elements, which inhibit the reduction of hydrogen ions. SEM fractographs of both steels revealed a quasicleavage fracture in the embrittled region at applied anodic and cathodic potentials.     

X100管线钢在含SRB的盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC行为

为证实SRB对X100管线钢在土壤中应力腐蚀行为的影响,采用慢应变速率拉神(SSRT)实验和SEM研究了X100管线钢在含有SRB的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的应力腐蚀开裂行为.结果表明:X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶+沿晶SCC混合断裂,而在有菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液的断裂模式为穿晶SCC断裂;且X100钢母材和焊缝在无菌的海滨模拟盐碱土壤溶液中的SCC敏感性高于有菌时的,说明SRB的存在抑制了X100钢的脆变,导致X100钢的SCC敏感性降低.     

电极极化对铝合金应力腐蚀断裂敏感性的影响

为了探讨极化对铝合金应力腐蚀断裂(SCC)敏感性的影响,采用慢应变速率拉伸技术研究了不同恒电位极化条件下7075T6,7075T7351,7075RRA铝合金的应力腐蚀行为.结果表明,在-1 200～-735 mV(vs SCE)电位范围内,无论是阳极极化还是阴极极化,甚至弱极化,都会增加7075铝合金在3.5% NaCl溶液中的应力腐蚀断裂敏感性,无论哪一种热处理状态的7075铝合金在极化电位下的ISSRT均明显高于腐蚀电位下的ISSRT.同时,有阴极极化时ISSRT值随电极极化增强而减小,阳极极化时ISSRT 值有随电极极化增强而增大的趋势.但不同热处理状态的7075铝合金受极化电位的影响程度不同.由此认为,阳极溶解和氢效应都是导致7075铝合金应力腐蚀开裂的重要因素,电化学保护方法并不适用于7075铝合金应力腐蚀断裂的防护.     

含有硫酸盐还原菌的海泥中阴极保护电位对碳钢腐蚀的影响

对含有SRB海泥中的碳钢的阴极保护的可靠性进行了评价,重点研究了不同保护电位下碳钢的交流阻抗行为,并结合失重法、MPN法细菌计数,得出极化电位、腐蚀速度以及细菌活性之间的关系。3种极化电位下碳钢的腐蚀速度与交流阻抗谱表明,在本试验条件下,碳钢在-950 mV极化电位下受到了较好的保护,腐蚀速度稳定且相对较小。细菌计数表明在较高阴极极化电位下细菌的生长活性与稳定性低于在低电位下的。分析表明,合适的保护电位应该比-950 mV更负。     

Effect of cathodic potential on stress corrosion cracking behavior of different heat-affected zone microstructures of E690 steel in artificial seawater

In this work,the stress corrosion cracking(SCC)behavior of E690 steel base metal(BM)and different heat-affected zone(HAZ)microstructures,i.e.,coarse grain HAZ(CGHAZ),fine grain HAZ(FGHAZ),and intercritical HAZ(ICHAZ),was investigated at different cathodic potentials in artificial seawater by slow strain rate tensile tests,scanning electron microscopy and electron back-scattered diffraction measurements.The results show that the HAZ microstructures and BM exhibit different SCC susceptibilities:FGHAZ相似文献   

Temperature influence on SCC behaviour of duplex stainless steel

Some studies have related damages in duplex stainless steel (DSS) structures due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), however, different mechanisms are observed depending of the electrolyte, temperature, electrochemical potential and steel composition. Wherefore, the SCC mechanisms of the AISI 318 DSS in a 115?000?ppm of chloride solution at 25 and 70°C were investigated. The results showed that the SCC cracks propagated in both phases, ferrite and austenite. A reduction in elongation was observed at anodic potentials caused by electrochemical dissolution and at cathodic potentials below ?650?mVECS at 70°C and ?750?mVECS at 25°C related to SCC mechanism. Accordingly, the more susceptible and protective potentials were determined for DSS in both temperatures.     

海滨盐碱土壤中硫酸盐还原菌对X100管线钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了进一步明确X100管线钢在含硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)海滨盐碱土壤中的耐蚀性,采用表面分析技术、电化学技术和失重法,研究了SRB对X100管线钢腐蚀过程与行为的影响。结果表明:X100管线钢在有无SRB海滨盐碱土壤中的腐蚀均属于中度腐蚀,无SRB时腐蚀产物主要为Fe_2O_3,Fe_3O_4和γ-Fe O(OH),有SRB时腐蚀产物主要为Fe_2O_3,Fe_3O_4,α-Fe O(OH)和Fe7S8;SRB代谢形成的活性生物膜影响了X100管线钢的腐蚀行为,随着腐蚀时间的增加,SRB可在X100管线钢表面形成由微生物膜与腐蚀产物结合的膜,其更加致密,对腐蚀传质具有物理阻碍作用,可以减缓X100管线钢的腐蚀;无SRB菌时X100管线钢表面的腐蚀产物疏松多孔并分布有裂纹,且对基体的保护作用差,其腐蚀速率大于有SRB时的值;SRB的代谢活动抑制了X100管线钢的腐蚀。     

Stress corrosion cracking of 2205 duplex stainless steel in H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S–CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> environment

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in H₂S–CO₂ environment was investigated by electrochemical measurements, slow strain rate test (SSRT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization. Results demonstrated that the passive current density of steel increases with the decrease of solution pH and the presence of CO₂. When solutions pH was 2.7, the steel SCC in the absence and presence of CO₂ is expected to be a hydrogen-based process, i.e., hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) dominates the SCC of the steel. The presence of CO₂ in solution does not affect the fracture mechanism. However, the SCC susceptibility is enhanced when the solution is saturated simultaneously with H₂S and CO₂. With elevation of solution pH to 4.5, the hydrogen evolution is inhibited, and dissolution is involved in cracking process. Even in the presence of CO₂, the additional cathodic reduction of H₂CO₃ would enhance the anodic reaction rate. Therefore, in addition to the hydrogen effect, anodic dissolution plays an important role in SCC of duplex stainless steel at solution pH of 4.5.     

Evaluation of stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement in an API grade steel

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of pipeline steels in contact with soil was investigated. Different soils were prepared in order to determine their physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics. Slow strain rate testing was carried out by using aqueous extracts from soil samples and NS4 standard solution. Stress vs. strain curves of API 5L grade X46 steel were obtained at different electrode potentials (E_corr, 100 mV below E_corr and 300 mV below E_corr) with 9 × 10⁻⁶ s⁻¹ and 9 × 10⁻⁷ s⁻¹ strain rate. In addition, the hydrogen permeation tests were carried out in order to evaluate the susceptibility of hydrogen penetrates into theses steels. The results demonstrated the incidence of cracking and their dependence on the potential imposed. In that case, cracking occurred by stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) had an important contribution to cracking initiation and propagation. Cracking morphology was similar to the SCC reported on field condition where transgranular cracking were detected in a pipeline collapsed by land creeping. It was important to point out that even under cathodic potentials the material showed the incidence of secondary cracking and a significant reduction of ductility.     

硫酸盐还原菌的生长过程及其对D36钢海水腐蚀行为的影响

通过测定海水中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的生长曲线及其不同生长阶段的硫离子浓度、D36钢电极体系的氧化还原电位、自腐蚀电位、极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱,研究了硫酸盐还原菌对该体系钢电极腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,海水中D36钢氧化还原电位和自腐蚀电位主要由体系中硫酸盐还原菌代谢产物硫离子的浓度所决定;体系的阳极和阴极反应速率均在硫酸盐还原菌增殖期增加,而且阳极反应速率衰亡期和残余期保持不变。     

Effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria on corrosion of X80 pipeline steel under disbonded coating in a red soil solution

Effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria on the corrosion behaviors of API-X80 pipeline steel has been studied in crevices under simulated disbonded coatings in red soil solution.The results show that there are amounts of SRB in the crevice under the simulated disbonded coating in the red soil solution during the whole period of experiment.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows that SRB can enhance the corrosion of the steel in the crevice under the simulated disbonded coating,and the thermodynamic analyses indicate that SRB can accelerate the corrosion of steel using not only sulfate but also ferric hydroxide as electron acceptors.     

Stress corrosion cracking of X-70 pipeline steels by eletropulsing treatment in near-neutral pH solution

Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) were utilized to investigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of electropulsed POSCO and Bao Steel X-70 pipeline steels specimens in XJ solution purged with 5% CO₂ + 95% N₂ at the strain rate of 2E-6/s. The results showed that the ultimate tensile strengths (UTS) were raised considerably for the electropulsed specimens. The UTS for electropulsed POSCO X-70 pipeline steel was enhanced much more compared to electropulsed Bao Steel X-70 pipeline steel. In addition, the relationship among UTS, the original grain size and high voltage in electropulsing treatment was revealed. SCC sensitivity increased with the decreasing electrochemical potential, especially at high cathodic potential.     

Failure analysis of SCC and SRB induced cracking of a transmission oil products pipeline

In April 2004, a transmission oil products API 5L X52 pipeline in northern part of Iran cracked, which led to oil leakage. Causes of Corrosion were studied and simultaneous effects of SCC and SRB induced cracking were demonstrated. The results of the investigation indicated that the applied polyethylene tape coating on the external surface of the pipeline became loose and overlapped, i.e., opened and disbanded in the corroded area, consequently, the surface of the buried pipeline was exposed to the surrounding wet soil environment. As a result of the chemical interactions and the formation of carbonate–bicarbonate solution, and the existence of underweight arising bending stress, SCC induced cracking was introduced. In addition to SCC, sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) activities have intensified corrosion and related cracking process. The mechanisms and morphologies of SCC and SRB induced cracking propagation into the pipeline microstructure were studied and investigated.     

THE EFFECT OF CATHODIC POLARIZATION ON CORROSION FATIGUE OF A HIGH STRENGTH STEEL IN SALT WATER

Abstract— Corrosion fatigue crack growth rates in high strength steel are often increased when a large cathodic polarization is applied. The corrosion fatigue mechanism in this case is generally considered to be due to hydrogen embrittlement. In the present study the crack growth process was carefully monitored by taking replicas from initially smooth specimens of a high strength steel under fully reversed push-pull loading while: (1) exposed to laboratory air, (2) immersed in a 0.6 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at open circuit potential (OCP) and (3) with an applied cathodic potential of —1250 mV (SCE). It is shown that the effect of cathodic polarization is dependent on the applied stress level and the nature of the cracking process, which in turn, is related to the sue of the crack. For stress levels at or below the in-air fatigue limit, failure did not occur for cathodically polarised specimens despite the number of loading cycles being 10 times that of the lifetime of identical tests in solution at the open circuit potential. At stress levels above the in-air fatigue limit the reduction in fatigue endurance caused by the presence of the corrosive environment can be partially recovered through cathodic polarization. The role of non-metallic inclusions in the cracking process under various exposure conditions is discussed, and a cracking mechanism is proposed.     

国产管线钢的环境开裂性能研究

采用电化学测试和慢应变速率实验(SSRT)研究了国产X70管线钢在近中性pH和高pH溶液中的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)行为.结果表明,X70钢在高pH溶液和近中性pH溶液中的阳极极化曲线表现出明显的差异:在高pH溶液中有明显的活化-钝化转变而在近中性pH溶液中则无;在近中性pH溶液中,X70管线钢的开裂模式是穿晶型的,具有准解理特征,并且随着外加阴极电位的降低,SCC敏感性增加,氢致破裂占主导;随温度的下降以及溶液中CO2含量的增加,溶液pH值降低,SCC敏感性增加.在高pH溶液中,在阴极极化时,X70钢表现出与在近中性pH溶液中类似的破裂行为和特征,即SCC敏感性随电位降低而增大,裂纹数目少而大,裂纹易扩展;但在阳极极化时,裂纹数目多而小,易萌生但难扩展.在2种溶液中阳极极化时,均存在SCC敏感电位区.     

具有剥离涂层缺陷低碳钢的阴极极化特性

为探索具有剥离涂层缺陷低碳钢的腐蚀规律与机理,将环氧煤沥青作为涂层材料,对Q235钢人为模拟制作了面积比例为4.91%的大块剥离涂层缺陷,并采用交流阻抗技术研究了剥离涂层缺陷对Q235钢于3.5%NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀特性和阴极保护效果的影响.结果表明,在较短的浸泡时间和阴极极化电位下,涂层缺陷下方金属基体的腐蚀程度低于在自然腐蚀电位下的腐蚀程度,但在较长的浸泡时间里,阴极极化状态与自然腐蚀状态下金属基体具有相似的腐蚀程度及腐蚀特性,这说明在电解质溶液大量浸入涂层后将严重降低阴极保护的作用,涂层下金属与电解质溶液间的缝隙腐蚀是导致阴极保护效果降低的主要原因.     

1 000 MPa级高强钢焊接件的氢脆敏感性研究

利用氢渗透试验、慢应变速率拉伸试验(SSRT)研究了1 000MPa级高强钢(HSS)焊接件在海水中的氢渗透行为及其应力腐蚀敏感性,结合SEM观察了试样的断口特征,并利用电化学试验和显微组织观察分析了焊接件不同区域的氢脆特征。结果表明:相对于焊缝区(WM)和母材区(BM),热影响区(HAZ)的自腐蚀电位最负、析氢电位最正,更容易发生腐蚀和析氢行为。热影响区的氢扩散系数最大,具有较强的吸氢倾向。动态电化学充氢对高强钢焊接件的影响主要体现在对塑性的损减方面;随着极化电位的负移,高强钢焊接件的强度没有明显变化,但断面收缩率、断后延伸率均减小,断裂方式逐渐由韧性断裂变为解理断裂;当极化电位约为-930mV(vs SCE)时,高强钢焊接件的氢脆系数达25%;在不同充氢极化电位下,焊接件试样的断裂位置多在热影响区。     

SRB对X70管线钢在喷气燃料中腐蚀行为的影响

目前,关于油水体系中微生物的腐蚀形成过程、腐蚀机理、检测和评价手段、影响因素以及腐蚀控制方法等研究尚不成熟。采用失重法、线性极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱技术,结合扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)研究了X70管线钢在含硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的喷气燃料中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:X70管线钢在无菌介质中的腐蚀类型为局部腐蚀;在有菌介质中腐蚀比较严重,出现大面积溃疡状腐蚀区域并伴有大量鼓泡现象,浸泡初期腐蚀速率最大,随着浸泡时间的延长,腐蚀仍然在进行,但腐蚀速率有所下降,SRB参与并促进了X70管线钢的腐蚀,加速阴极反应,增大了X70管线钢的腐蚀倾向。     

Electrodeposition of Cu from acidic sulphate solutions in the presence of polyethylene glycol and chloride ions

A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroelectrochemical investigation has been carried out during Cu electrodeposition from an acidic sulphate solution in the presence of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and chloride ions. PEG-related bands are clearly visible at the open circuit potential (OCP) and during the electroplating process, showing that the polymer is stably adsorbed on the Cu surface in a wide cathodic potential window. Our experimental range was limitated by the occurrence of fluorescence at potentials more cathodic then − 200 mV versus Ag/AgCl, indicating the formation of fluorescent species by electrodic reaction. A tentative reactivity scheme for PEG is provided. The co-adsorption of chloride and sulphate species from copper (II) sulphate and sulphuric acid was highlighted as well.