冻藏时间对不同部位羊肉品质的影响

研究新疆巴什拜羊不同部位肌肉,在－18℃冻藏0.5、1、2、7、15、30d后肉品质的变化。结果表明：在冻藏期间,肩肌、臀肌、背最长肌粗脂肪、总胶原蛋白含量及剪切力值差异显著(P＜0.05),而胶原蛋白溶解度无显著差异(P＞0.05)。冻藏时间对肩肌的解冻和蒸煮损失有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对臀肌和背最长肌无显著影响(P＞0.05);对肩肌和臀肌的结缔组织滤渣有极显著影响(P＜0.01),而对背最长肌无显著影响(P＞0.05)。随着冻藏时间的延长,3个不同部位肌肉剪切力逐渐下降(P＜0.05)。背最长肌的水分含量、剪切力较低,粗脂肪含量较高,具有较好的嫩度。臀肌的剪切力最高,嫩度最差。     

马肉不同部位的品质特性分析

研究不同部位马肉的理化性质,为建立马肉品质评价标准提供参考.选用新疆伊犁马胴体,分别取肩肌、臀肌和背最长肌作为实验材料,并-18℃条件贮存对其化学成分、pH值、肉色、嫩度、解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率、系水力和胶原蛋白进行测定.结果显示,在不同的部位间,水分、粗脂肪、解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和系水力有极显著差异(P＜0.01); pH值和肉色有显著的差异(P＜0.05).不同部位对水分、粗脂肪、解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和系水力影响较大.其中背最长肌的水分含量高,解冻滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和系水力较小,粗脂肪、胶原蛋白的含量和pH值较高;背最长肌肉色鲜艳,肉嫩度较高,是为理想的食用部位.     

宰后成熟时间对马肉不同部位食用品质的影响

以马肉中较具有代表性的臀肌、肩肌和背最长肌为研究对象,研究马肉的三个部位在宰后成熟1,3,5,7和9 d中水分、肉色、剪切力、脂肪和胶原蛋白的变化情况。结果显示:成熟时间对不同部位马肉的粗脂肪含量、总胶原蛋白、不溶性胶原蛋白、pH、蒸煮损失、系水力、肉色和剪切力有显著影响(p0.05),而对水分含量无显著影响(p0.05)。背最长肌具有较高的粗脂肪含量和胶原蛋白含量,水分含量较低;剪切力和蒸煮损失明显小于其他2个部位肉。三个部位的成熟时间与a*和b*呈极显著负相关(p0.01)。三个部位的剪切力与pH呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。由此表明随着成熟时间的延长,三个部位的肉色逐渐变暗,其中三个部位的pH、系水力、蒸煮损失和剪切力均呈先下降后上升的趋势,在第5天时达到最低,马肉的成熟时间为5~7 d。     

不同贮藏温度下滩羊肉的保水性与色泽变化特性

以宁夏滩羊肉为研究对象,比较不同贮藏温度对滩羊肉保水性和色泽的影响。将宰后滩羊肉分别放置在0~4℃和15℃下保存,测定保存期间1~7d内滩羊肉的pH、蒸煮损失、系水力、滴水损失和肉色的动态变化。结果表明:保存在0~4℃的滩羊肉的蒸煮损失和滴水损失均有增加,在15℃保存的滩羊肉的pH值下降快,系水力回升速度快,肉色维持时间短。在0~4℃与15℃贮藏的滩羊肉的蒸煮损失无显著性差异(P0.05),滴水损失、系水力、L*值、a*值均有显著性差异(P0.05),说明温度对它们的影响较大。在0~4℃贮藏条件下滩羊肉品质指标的变化规律中,pH的变化与系水力呈极显著正相关,与蒸煮损失、滴水损失和a*值呈极显著负相关;蒸煮损失与a*呈显著正相关;滴水损失与色泽L*、a*呈极显著正相关;系水力与a*值呈极显著负相关。因此贮藏温度对滩羊肉保水性和色泽的影响很大。随着贮藏时间的延长,不同温度贮藏的滩羊肉的蒸煮损失、系水力、滴水损失均发生变化,其中pH的变化对保水性和色泽各指标变化影响较大。     

不同成熟方式对哈萨克羊肉冻藏品质的影响

探究了超声辅助成熟后冷冻，常规冷藏成熟后冷冻及直接冷冻方式对羊肉冻藏品质的影响。以哈萨克羊半膜肌及背最长肌为研究对象，测定羊肉冻藏期间嫩度、色泽及保水性等指标，分析3种成熟方式对羊肉品质变化的影响。结果表明：冻藏12周后的常规冷藏成熟后冷冻组的半膜肌及背最长肌冻藏解冻损失（6.93%、7.24%）、蒸煮损失（33.67%、30.12%）优于其他两组，保水性最好，色泽劣变速度缓慢，食用品质最佳；超声辅助成熟后冷冻组的半膜肌及背最长肌在第12周时剪切力（84.4 N、86.4 N）、肌原纤维小片化指数（Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index，MFI）（46.3、47.6）值较其他组最差，食用品质最不理想；而直接冷冻组在第12周时半膜肌及背最长肌的解冻损失（7.22%、11.06%）及剪切力（98.2 N、95 N）值均显著高于其他两组（P<0.05），羊肉品质最差。综上冷藏成熟处理对羊肉冻藏品质的负面影响最小，更适合作为羊肉冻藏前成熟方式，能较好保持羊肉食用品质。     

贮藏温度对马肉不同部位嫩度变化的影响

研究不同贮藏温度对马肉不同部位嫩度变化的影响。将宰后马肉的臀肌、肩肌和背最长肌在15、4、-18℃3种不同的温度条件下贮藏24h后,分析测定其水分、脂肪、胶原蛋白和剪切力等指标的变化情况,并对上述指标进行相关性分析。结果显示:臀肌和肩肌的剪切力值均与水分含量呈极显著负相关(p0.01),臀肌的剪切力值与胶原蛋白含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。肩肌剪切力值与总胶原蛋白含量呈极显著负相关(p0.01),与不溶性胶原蛋白含量呈负相关。背最长肌剪切力值与总胶原蛋白含量呈负相关,与不溶性胶原蛋白含量呈显著负相关(p0.05)。在15、4、-18℃下,3个部位的剪切力值与蒸煮损失呈负相关,与脂肪含量、系水力呈正相关。肩肌和背最长肌的剪切力值与pH呈负相关,而臀肌相反。15、4、-18℃下马肉3个部位肌肉的各项指标不能统一达到相对最佳点。     

冻藏对兔肉理化特性及微观结构的影响

以兔背最长肌为材料,研究冻藏温度对兔肉pH值、色泽、嫩度、保水性、挥发性盐基氮含量、硫代巴
比妥酸值、蛋白质溶解度、凝胶G’值和微观结构的影响。结果表明：－18 ℃冻藏时pH值下降的速度比－40 ℃和
－80 ℃冻藏快;冻藏温度越高,兔肉色泽和嫩度越差,解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率越大,挥发性盐基氮含量、硫代
巴比妥酸值越高,蛋白质溶解度和凝胶G’值越低,微观结构变化越严重。不同温度条件下,冻藏60 d后兔肉的多项
指标变化速度较快,因此冻藏时间以不超过60 d为宜。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对鱼肉保水性的影响

以罗非鱼肉为原料,研究了谷氨酰胺转氨酶对鱼肉保水性的影响。结果表明,谷氨酰胺转氨酶具有明显的保水作用,鱼肉浸泡增重率随谷氨酰胺转氨酶浓度的增加而增加,解冻损失率随之减小。经不同浓度谷氨酰胺转氨酶处理的鱼肉浸泡增重率达6.5%以上,大于对照组2%复合磷酸盐的5.35%,谷氨酰胺转氨酶浓度为0.6%时,浸泡增重率和冻藏1d时解冻损失率分别为8.04%和3.4%,保水效果较优;考察了谷氨酰胺转氨酶处理的鱼肉冻藏40d期间的蒸煮损失率和持水力的变化,冻藏40d的鱼肉蒸煮损失、水分含量和持水力值均小于冻藏1、10、20d的,说明鱼肉冻藏40d内的鱼肉品质仍较好。谷氨酰胺转氨酶保水效果显著,其浓度在0.6%时能有效保持鱼肉的持水性能,赋予鱼肉很好的品质。     

不同部位鹿肉在成熟过程中化学成分和食用品质的变化

比较研究宰后成熟处理0、3、5、7、14、21d 的花- 马杂交F1 鹿较具代表性的背最长肌、半腱肌、冈上肌和腰大肌中主要化学成分和食用品质的变化。结果表明：部位因素对经过成熟处理鹿肉的主要化学成分和食用品质有一定的影响。成熟时间对不同部位鹿肉的水分含量、粗脂肪含量、剪切力值、解冻滴水损失和蒸煮损失有显著影响(P ＜ 0.05),而对胶原蛋白含量无显著影响(P ＞ 0.05)。背最长肌具有较高的粗脂肪含量和胶原蛋白含量,水分含量较低;剪切力和蒸煮损失明显小于其他3 个部位肉。成熟时间对背最长肌和半腱肌的剪切力有影响,而对冈上肌和成熟3d 后的腰大肌没有影响。     

不同冻藏条件对鸡胸肉品质特性的影响

为研究不同冻藏条件对鸡胸肉品质特性的影响,本实验以新鲜鸡胸肉为原料,于-16、-26和-36 ℃分别冻藏1、2、3、4、5、6个月,分析比较不同冻藏温度和时间对鸡胸肉的系水力、色泽、蛋白质变性程度、嫩度、脂肪酸败及新鲜度的影响情况。结果表明,随着冻藏温度的升高及冻藏时间的延长,pH呈现先降低后升高的趋势,鸡胸肉的解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力以及b*值也逐渐增加,L*值、总蛋白及肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著降低(p<0.05),但对肌浆蛋白的溶解度无显著影响(p<0.05);a*值则在冻藏前1个月显著增加(p<0.05),但随后逐渐降低,且随着冻藏温度升高而减小(p<0.05)。衡量系水力指标的解冻损失和蒸煮损失结果,衡量色差的L*、a*和b*值以及衡量蛋白变性指标的三大蛋白溶解度和TBARS值与TVB-N值均表明,鸡胸肉在冻藏温度为-36~-26 ℃及冻藏时间为5个月内能有效维持较好的鸡胸肉食用品质。此外,各指标间的相关性分析表明,不同冻藏条件下解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、TVB-N值、TBARS值、a*值、b*值、蛋白溶解度与新鲜鸡胸肉呈现显著的差异(p<0.05),而pH、L*值与新鲜鸡胸肉差异不明显(p>0.05)。本文为快速发展的冷冻禽肉的加工及贮藏环境提供了理论依据。     

长途运输应激对西门塔尔牛不同部位肉品质指标的影响

为研究长途运输所产生应激对西门塔尔牛不同部位肉品质指标的影响,选取12 头西门塔尔公牛,随机分为运输组（运输距离＞600 km）和对照组（未运输组）,对其冷却排酸成熟72 h后背最长肌、半腱肌和冈上肌的pH值、色差值、持水力和剪切力进行测定。结果表明：与对照组相比,长途运输产生的应激反应导致西门塔尔牛肌肉宰后pH72 h值显著升高（P＜0.05）,冈上肌极显著升高（P＜0.01）;滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率和压力失水率显著增大（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,但半腱肌的滴水损失率、背最长肌的蒸煮损失率和压力失水率在长途运输前后无显著差异（P＞0.05）;运输后3 个部位肉的剪切力增大,亮度值（L*）极显著降低（P＜0.01）,红度值（a*）和黄度值（b*）分别有不同程度的变化,b*仅在背最长肌中显著增大;长途运输后,除a*和b*之外,冈上肌的其他质量指标均变化显著（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。运输应激对牛肉品质具有显著影响,会降低其品质,对不同部位肉的影响不同,其中冈上肌的变化程度最大。     

Biochemical and Quality Characteristics of Ovine Muscles as Affected by Electrical Stimulation, Hot Boning, and Mode of Chilling

The combined effects of electrical stimulation and carcass holding temperature were evaluated on some biochemical and quality characteristics of intact and hot-boned ovine muscles. Twenty-four lamb sides were randomly assigned to four treatments. Electrical stimulation was performed within 15 min postmortem (350 V with 10 Hz) for 4 min. Electrically stimulated and slowly chilled (5 hr at 14 ± 2°C) sides significantly exhibited more rapid pH decline in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle, less cold shortening in the semitendinosus (ST) muscle and greater tenderness in both LD and ST muscles than sides chilled at 2°C. None of the treatments had any effect on cooking loss in ST and LD muscles, lean color of LD muscle during a 4-day retail display, and solubility of different protein fractions as well as the swelling factor of the stroma protein of LD muscles.     

Higher drip loss is associated with protein oxidation

The study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying drip loss in meat other than those related to post mortem energy metabolism. The study was carried out on M. longissimus thoracis assessing carcass and meat quality traits plus metabolic parameters and drip loss. Based on the data obtained, three drip loss groups were established: low, medium and high. Heat treatments were performed at 100 °C for 30 min. Physicochemical protein modifications were assessed before and after cooking. IMF and L* were higher in the high drip loss group, whereas b* was higher in the medium drip loss group. Residual glycogen, glucose and glycolytic potential were higher in LT muscle from the high drip loss group. Before cooking, protein surface hydrophobicity and carbonyl levels were similar in the three groups. However, after cooking, carbonyl, oxidized actin and oxidized aggregates were higher in the high drip loss group, suggesting that protein oxidation may affect the water holding capacity of meat.     

Tenderness Improvement of the Major Muscles of the Beef Carcass by Electrical Stimulation

Steaks (arm; blade; seven-bone; rib, small-end; top loin; tenderloin; top sirloin; tip, cap-off; and round) from electrically stimulated (ES) and control sides of 20 beef carcasses were cut and frozen at 5 days postmortem. Forequarter muscles that were improved by ES were the longissimus dorsi (rib steak), the subscapularis and supraspinatus (blade steak), and the superficial pectoral (arm steak). Hindquarter muscles that were improved by ES were the longissimus dorsi (top loin steak), the biceps femoris and gluteus medius (top sirloin steak), and the semimembranosus and biceps femoris (round steak). ES, in addition to improving tenderness of the longissimus dorsi, increased tenderness of other major muscles in the carcass.     

The relationship between pH45 and drip in pig muscle

The relationship between pH₄₅ and drip loss from the M. longissimus dorsi (LD) was examined using data collected from 433 pigs of various breeds. In pork with a pH₄₅ <6.1 a high but relatively constant weight of drip was produced in storage; above 6.1 the water holding capacity improved and, with higher pH₄₅, correspondingly smaller weights of drip were lost. Assuming that the amount of drip from the LD is related to that from the whole carcass, and based on recent published survey data on pH₄₅ in British cross-bred pigs, the cost of the incidence of PSE in the U.K. can be estimated as 2.2% of the value of the weight of lean in all pigs slaughtered.     

Proteolysis and tenderisation in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) bull longissimus thoracis muscle of varying ultimate pH

The effect of dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on the uptake of α-tocopherol in ewe plasma, lamb plasma, milk, organs and muscles was investigated. The oxidative stability and colour in fresh M. longissimus dorsi and frozen M. longissimus dorsi, M. psoas major and M. gluteus medius were also investigated. Ewes (n = 12) were selected and scanned to assess pregnancy. They were divided into two groups (n = 6). The control group was fed a diet containing 20 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed/day and the supplemented group fed a diet containing 1000 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed/day, for 9 weeks ante-parturition and 3 weeks post-parturition. The lambs were weaned at 3 weeks and fed supplemented or basal feed for 10 weeks before slaughter. Plasma α-tocopherol increased significantly (p < 0.01) in ewes in the 9 weeks ante-parturition, and lamb plasma taken just before slaughter was significantly (p < 0.01) higher for the supplemented group than the basal group, following 13 weeks of supplementation. Milk α-tocopherol levels were significantly (p < 0.01) higher from ewes fed the supplemented diet at parturition and for the three weeks of supplementation post-parturition (p < 0.05). Supplementation increased the α-tocopherol levels in all tissues sampled. The α-tocopherol concentrations in M. longissimus dorsi and M. psoas major were also determined after frozen storage at -20 °C for 34 weeks. Frozen storage resulted in a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in mean α-tocopherol levels for M. longissimus dorsi but not M. psoas major. Dietary supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate significantly (p < 0.05) increased the oxidative stability of lamb muscle. Surface colour (Hunter L, a, b) was found to be negatively correlated with metmyoglobin content. Supplementation reduced surface discolouration in refrigerated display under fluorescent light over a 6-7 day storage period. The effect was more pronounced in frozen displayed muscles than in freshly displayed samples.     

The effect of post-exsanguination infusion on the composition, exudation, color and post-mortem metabolic changes in lamb

Twenty-four lamb carcasses were assigned to three treatment groups: (1) control (Ctr), (2) infused with 10% (vol/wt) of a tenderizing blend (NCa), and (3) NCa plus 0·015 CaCl₂ (WCa). Results indicated that the infused carcass solution was retained in the following order: shoulder > lion > leg. Infusion had no effect (P > 0·05) on drip and cooking losses in refrigerated samples. Samples frozen and then thawed from infused carcasses had greater thaw drip (P < 0·05) and cooking losses (P < 0·01) than control samples. The amounts of drip and cooking losses were in the order: WCa > NCa > Ctr. Frozen storage preserved the red color but lowered the lightness and yellowness of ovine muscles; the opposite effect was observed following refrigerated storage. Infused samples were lighter and yellower than control in both fresh and frozen samples (P < 0·01). WCa had less red color (P < 0·01) than NCa and Ctr at all times and storage conditions. Infusion lowered (P < 0·05) the temperature of carcasses over the first 3 h postmortem (pm) compared with Ctr. The rate of glycolysis was higher in infraspinatus (IS) than in longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle (LTL or longissimus). In both IS and LTL, glycolysis was completed within the first 6 h postmortem in NCa, whereas in Ctr and WCa, it took 12–24 h for glycolysis to be completed. The rate of glycolysis was in the order: NCa > WCa > Ctr.     

Effects of postmortem temperature and time on the water-holding capacity of hot-boned turkey breast and thigh muscle

Turkey breast and thigh muscles were excised immediately after slaughter and held from 0.25 to 4 h postmortem at 0, 12 or 30 °C to determine postmortem time and temperature effect on muscle pH, drip loss, sarcomere length, homogenate supernatant weight, salt-soluble protein and cooking yields. Higher temperature and longer storage time induced greater drip losses in breast. Longer storage time induced greater drip losses but the least drip loss occurred at 12 °C in thigh muscle. High temperature increased the supernatant weight in breast but decreased that in thigh. Storage time increased supernatant weight and supernatant salt soluble protein levels in both muscles. Homogenate cooking yields of breast containing water, salt and phosphate (HWSP) were higher for 0 and 12 °C compared with 30 °C, and increased with storage. The low postmortem temperature (0 °C) decreased homogenate cooking yields in thigh. These findings indicate that lower postmortem temperatures (0 and 12 °C) and shorter storage time (24 h) produced the greatest water-holding capacity in turkey breast muscle, whereas high and low postmortem temperatures (30 and 0 °C) and longer storage (168 h) produced the least water-holding capacity in raw turkey thigh muscle.