Al含量对镁合金组织与冲击韧度的影响

以挤锻复合成形AZ61、AZ71和AZ81镁合金板材为对象,在室温条件下,进行V型缺口冲击试验,研究了铝含量对镁合金冲击韧度的影响。结果表明,随铝含量的增加,镁合金的抗拉强度和冲击韧度均有明显提高,断口形貌由韧脆混合断裂转变为晶间断裂。铝的加入既可以提高镁合金的强度,又可以提高其韧性。     

风电机用低温球墨铸铁疲劳性能和断裂韧度试验的研究

对一种强度相近而低温性能优于QT400-18球铁的新型低温球墨铸铁进行了疲劳性能测试和断裂韧度测试,得到了旋转弯曲条件下的S-N曲线及断裂韧度KI C。通过经验公式转换得到了拉压状态下的S-N曲线及P-S-N曲线。将试验结果与G-L规范的设计曲线和GB／T 1348中规定的球铁性能相比较表明,该新型低温球铁的疲劳性能和断裂韧度均达到了QT400-18球铁的水平。     

含B中碳低合金铸钢及B、Al、Ti的相互作用和对冲击韧度的影响

对B在中碳低合金铸钢中的作用进行了试验研究,探索了微量元素B、Al、Ti的相互作用和对冲击韧度的影响.结果表明,B能够显著提高中碳低合金铸钢的冲击韧度,Al、Ti对中碳低合金铸钢冲击韧度无明显影响,但Al能一定程度地影响B的吸收,从而间接地影响铸钢的冲击韧度.最佳的B、Al、Ti的含量为0.0021%～0.0038%B、0.02%～0.04%Al、0.012%～0.025%Ti.     

含镍量对QT400-18L低温冲击韧度的影响

球墨铸铁在低温下常发生脆断,限制了其在工程上的应用,采取适当措施,进行合金化和热处理控制组织,以解决球铁低温冲击韧度不足的问题。试验在球铁QT400-18L中加入0~1.0%的镍进行合金化并采用两阶段石墨化退火对铸件进行热处理;将无水乙醇与干冰在密封容器内按一定比例混合,模拟三种低温环境,将冲击试样放入,待试样达到预定温度后,测定其冲击韧度。分别测试试样在室温、-20℃、-40℃、-60℃条件下的冲击性能。试验结果表明,加入质量分数0.3%Ni的球铁,经热处理后具有良好的冲击韧度。在四种温度环境下,其冲击韧度αkv分别可达到23.425 J/cm2、23.738 J/cm2、20.867 J/cm2和15.886 J/cm2。尤其在-40℃时,αkv>12 J/cm2,可以满足球墨铸铁件在高寒地区的使用要求。     

原始组织和回火处理对奥贝球铁冲击韧度的影响

试验在球铁化学成分、熔炼、球化孕育处理和等温淬火工艺完全相同条件下,研究了等淬前试样的不同基体组织和等淬后回火处理对奥贝球铁冲击值的影响。结果表明,淬火前铸态混合基体组织和等淬后回火处理有益于奥贝球铁冲击韧度的提高     

加载速率对结构钢力学性能和断裂韧度的影响

在常温下进行了常用建筑结构钢(16Mn和Q235B钢)动态拉伸和动态断裂韧度试验。试验结果表明，材料在动载下无论是屈服强度还是抗拉强度均有一定的提高，塑性有了一定的降低；由于缺口尖端区域温度的升高，常温下动载对于16Mn钢母材和焊缝的断裂韧度是有利的；Q235B钢常温下，焊缝的断裂韧度值较低，且动载对母材的断裂韧度影响较大，和静载相比动载下断裂韧度值降低了4倍有余，可以看出，Q235B钢的抗震性能较差。通过研究发现，对于低韧度水平的材料，研究动载下结构的断裂行为时．材料的强度也应该作为一个考虑因素。     

锰含量对铝锰合金冲击韧度和金相组织的影响

测试了不同锰含量的Al-Mn合金的硬度和冲击韧度,分析锰含量对Al-Mn合金断口形貌特征及断裂形式的影响。结果表明:随锰含量的增加,Al-Mn化合物数量增加,铸态硬度提高,冲击韧度降低;同时,Al-Mn化合物形态由细变粗,由长变短,由头部圆形转变为具有尖角形块状,材料的冲击韧度急剧下降。随着锰含量的增加,Al-Mn合金断口形貌由塑性断裂向准解理断裂、脆性断裂特征变化。     

ADI的疲劳强度

论述了ADI的疲劳强度。ADI的疲劳强度优于普通球铁,具有与锻钢相当或比锻钢更好的疲劳强度。表面滚压或喷丸可以进一步增加ADI的疲劳抗力而与气体氮化钢和表面碳化处理钢相匹敌,使ADI完全可以在一定应用中替代碳钢和低合金钢铸件,锻钢件。     

锰含量和热处理对中碳低合金耐磨铸钢强韧性的影响

研究了锰含量和奥氏体化温度对中碳低合金耐磨铸钢组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,随Mn含量的逐渐升高,实验钢的硬度略有升高,但变化并不显著;冲击韧度先升高后降低,且在Mn含量为1.64%时达到最高值(253J/cm2).随奥氏体化温度的升高,实验钢的硬度和冲击韧度先升高后降低;实验钢经过880℃淬火和250℃回火后可以获得硬度与冲击韧度的最优配合.用SEM衍射分析发现,实验钢断口形貌均为韧窝断裂.     

微量B对大厚度17Ni4．5CrMoV铸钢低温冲击韧度的影响

通过成分优化,在大厚度17Ni4.5CrMoV铸钢中添加微量元素B,在显著提高铸钢淬透性的同时,也较大幅度提高了铸钢的低温冲击韧度.试制的大厚度铸钢低温冲击韧度较指标值(-20℃,Akv≥65 J)有一定富裕量,有效提高了大厚度铸钢的韧性储备.同时,由于铸钢采用感应电炉 氩氧脱碳精炼法冶炼.以及合理的热处理工艺,充分发挥了微量硼在铸钢中的作用.     

高韧性等温淬火球铁力学性能的研究

根据欧洲等淬球铁标准EN1564的数据，建立各力学性能之间的数学模型。对高韧性等淬球铁铸件的生产检测结果进行了分析，发现合金化的高韧性等淬球铁铸件的力学性能之间的关系与一般非合金化等淬球铁铸件不同，其伸长率、冲击韧度、屈服强度、硬度在一定范围内随抗拉强度的提高改变不大。生产实践证明：设计合理的化学成分，经过适当的合金化，铸造优质的球铁毛坯，采用有效的热处理工艺，可大幅度提高等淬球铁的综合力学性能，稳定生产高韧性等淬球铁铸件。     

Effect of C and Si on mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron

It is well known that ductile cast iron can be strengthened and toughened by austempering. The tensile strength and the fatigue strength of austempered ductile iron (ADI) are equal to those of forged steel. Previous studies have been aimed at establishing a suitable process to obtain both strength and toughness in ADI.^1,2 These studies focused on the effect of alloying such as Mo, Ni, Mn, Cu, etc. and the austempering conditions such as temperature and holding time. In this study, a new type of ADI with higher toughness and higher elongation was developed as compared with conventional ADI. A new type of ADI with a low carbon content was achieved by reducing the initial carbon content, long annealing and ordinary austempering. The suitable silicon content was found to be 2.5% and effective alloying was 0.25% Mo and 0.7% Cu to obtain maximum impact energy and elongation.     

低温高韧性球墨铸铁件生产过程的韧性控制

分析了球墨铸铁件低温冲击韧性的影响因素,探讨了生产过程中控制低温韧性的方法。通过调整熔炼原材料及热处理工艺的试验验证,指出铁液冶金质量、球化孕育处理和热处理工艺的控制是生产低温高韧性球墨铸铁件的关键。     

Effect of low temperatures on charpy impact toughness of austempered ductile irons

Impact properties of standard American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) grades of austempered ductile iron (ADI) were evaluated at subzero temperatures in unnotched and V-notched conditions and compared with ferritic and pearlitic grades of ductile irons (DIs). It was determined that there is a decrease in impact toughness for all ADI grades when there is a decrease in content of retained austenite and a decrease in test temperature, from room temperature (RT) to −60 °C. However, the difference in impact toughness values was not so noticeable for low retained austenite containing grade 5 ADI at both room and subzero temperatures as it was for ADI grade 1. Furthermore, the difference in impact toughness values of V-notched specimens of ADI grades 1 and 5 tested at −40 °C was minimal. The impact behaviors of ADI grade 5 and ferritic DI were found to be more stable than those of ADI grades 1, 2, 3, and 4 and pearlitic DI when the testing temperature was decreased. The impact toughness of ferritic DI was higher than that of ADI grades 1 and 2 at both −40 °C and −60 °C. The impact properties of ADI grades 4 and 5 were found to be higher than that of pearlitic DI at both −40 °C and −60 °C. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of fracture surfaces revealed mixed ductile and quasicleavage rupture morphology types in all ADI samples tested at both −40 °C and −60 °C. With decreasing content of retained austenite and ductility, the number of quasicleavage facets increased from ADI grade 1–5. It was also found that fracture morphology of ADI did not experience significant changes when the testing temperature decreased. Evaluation of the bending angle was used to support impact-testing data. Designers and users of ADI castings may use the data developed in this research as a reference.     

提高P91耐热钢焊接接头冲击韧度的研究

探讨了影响P91耐热钢焊接接头冲击韧度的工艺因素,对P91钢的常规焊接工艺进行调整,并模拟该工艺进行焊接试验。最后通过拉伸、弯曲、冲击试验、断口扫描和金相观察检验接头组织及性能。结果表明,在模拟焊接工艺下,P91耐热钢可以获得良好的焊接接头。焊缝拉伸强度高于母材;焊缝侧向弯曲试验外弧面未发现开裂;焊接接头的显微组织为回火板条马氏体,未出现非正常组织,焊缝晶粒明显细化;接头冲击韧度得到了大幅度提高。     

等温淬火球墨铸铁的生产工艺

简单介绍了等温淬火球铁的性能特点与应用状况,分析了化学成分与合金化处理对等温淬火球铁性能的影响。重点介绍了等温淬火球铁的热处理工艺,指出在保证完全奥氏体化的同时应适当降低奥氏体化温度,同时应根据产品最终性能要求来选择等温温度及其保温时间。比较了ADI、普通球铁、低合金球铁的性能和金相组织,说明ADI具有的特殊奥贝双基体结构使得其具有高强度的同时有良好的塑性和韧性。     

The influence of chromium on mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of microstructure and chromium on the tensile properties and plane strain fracture toughness of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). The investigation also examined the growth kinetics of ferrite in these alloys. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from ductile cast iron with Cr as well as without Cr. These specimens were then given four different heat treatments to produce four different microstructures. Tensile tests and fracture toughness tests were carried out as per ASTM standards E-8 and E-399. The crack growth mechanism during fracture toughness tests was also determined. The test results indicate that yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of ADI increases with an increase in the volume fractions of ferrite, and the fracture toughness reaches a peak when the volume fractions of the ferrite are approximately 60% in these alloys. The Cr addition was found to reduce the fracture toughness of ADI at lower hardness levels (<40 HRC); at higher hardness levels (≥40 HRC), the effect of chromium on the fracture toughness was negligible. The crack growth mechanism was found to be a combination of quasi-cleavage and microvoid coalescences, and the crack trajectories connect the graphite nodules along the way.     

电站主管道用铸造奥氏体不锈钢断裂韧度尺寸效应试验研究

为了探究电站主管道用铸造奥氏体不锈钢韧性断裂的尺寸效应,对五种不同厚度的标准紧凑拉伸试样在室温下进行了断裂韧度试验,通过SEM观察并分析了断裂面的显微结构.结果表明:试样厚度在12～20 mm时,断裂韧度随着试样尺寸的增大呈上升趋势,在20～50mm厚度范围时断裂韧度随试样尺寸的增大而减小;撕裂模量随试样尺寸的减小而增加.断裂面上接近中截面的位置容易产生以大型韧窝为主的沿晶断裂,在接近外表面位置较易产生以大量微小韧窝为主的穿晶断裂.利用断裂韧度的定义进行理论分析,用约束水平和断裂影响区域体积的变化解释不同尺寸效应,通过有限元分析模拟得到断裂面上三向应力比的分布变化是影响断裂应变和断裂韧度的重要因素.     

Tailoring Variant Pairing to Enhance Impact Toughness in High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels via Trace Carbon Addition

Alloying can make conventional metals reach ultra-high strength, but this usually comes at dramatic loss of toughness. In this work, a desirable strength–toughness combination in high-strength low-alloy steel achieved via trace carbon addition. The significance of carbon in tailoring variant pairing and tuning impact toughness was elucidated from the perspective of crystallography and thermodynamics. As the carbon content increases, the packets and blocks are refined, and the-40 impact toughness improves. The enhancement of impact toughness results from the higher density of block boundaries, and the fracture mode shifts from brittle fracture to ductile–brittle combined fractures, then to ductile fracture due to the increased carbon. Increasing the carbon content would lower the martensite start temperature(M_S) temperature and driving force for martensitic transformation, and increase the strength of austenite matrix, which in turn contributes to producing more V1/V2 variant pairs to accommodate the transformation strain.