山西老陈醋醋醅中产酸菌的分离、鉴定及醇酸耐受分析

以山西老陈醋醋醅为研究对象,从中筛选得到耐醇耐酸的产酸菌。结果表明,从山西老陈醋醋醅中筛选得到7株产酸菌,经鉴定,菌株SAV-1、SAV-2、SAV-5和SAV-9为醋酸菌,菌株SAV-6、SAV-7和SAV-8为乳酸菌。筛选获得3株具有高产酸、高醇酸耐受性的优良菌株,分别为巴氏醋杆菌（Acetobacter pasteurianus）SAV-1、植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）SAV-7和SAV-8。其中菌株SAV-1摇瓶发酵96 h后产酸水平为3.06 g/100 mL,且能够耐受体积分数为13%的乙醇和体积分数为3%的乙酸;菌株SAV-7和SAV-8菌株摇瓶发酵96 h后产酸水平分别为2.05 g/100 mL、1.73 g/100 mL,且均能够耐受9%的乙醇和2%的乙酸,是潜在的食醋生产优良菌株。     

高活性醋酸菌的选育

利用山西老陈醋的固态醋醅进行醋酸菌的分离筛选,并对所得到的菌种进行纯化、驯化、诱变,得到一株产酸活性较高的菌株UV—1,其产酸率比对照菌株的1.41高6.3％,而且在较高产物浓度下(6g/100ml)仍有相当高的醇酸转化率。     

醋醅中醋酸菌的分离及产酸耐酸能力分析

以山西老陈醋正常发酵的醋醅为样品,从中分离并筛选出产酸高、耐酸能力强的醋酸菌菌株,为从微生物学角度改良食醋酿造工艺,提高产量和质量奠定基础。醋醅经富集培养,碳酸钙平板初筛,获得了14株产透明圈较大的菌株,命名为JC1~JC14,经鉴定11株为醋酸杆菌。产酸能力强的菌株,其耐酸能力也较强。测定产酸量,5株产酸能力强的菌株依次为JC 7(18.30g/L)JC 5(15.90g/L)JC10(13.95g/L)JC 8(13.35g/L),这5株醋酸杆菌在发酵后期,其产酸速率基本不受影响,酸性环境反而更利于JC8产酸。筛选出的这5株醋酸菌,产酸高、耐酸强,有望用于高酸度醋的发酵生产,将其改良还可用于液态发酵生产。     

高活性醋酸菌的选育

利用山西老陈醋的固态醋醅进行醋酸菌的分离筛选，并对所得到的菌种进行纯化，驯化、诱变，得到一株产酸活性较高的菌株UV－1，其产酸率比对照菌株的1．41高6．3％，而且在较高产物浓度下（6g/100ml)仍有相当高的醇酸转化率。     

镇江香醋醋醅中优势高产酸醋酸菌菌株的筛选

镇江香醋是中国传统发酵香醋之一,具有较高的营养价值。本实验对镇江香醋醋醅中高产酸的优势醋酸菌进行了筛选和分离鉴定。最终分离得到15株产酸菌,通过16S r DNA序列分析,鉴定出8株醋酸菌。8株醋酸菌产酸分析结果表明,醋酸菌D-3-4的产酸量达到60 g/L,为高产酸菌株。对8株醋酸菌进行耐酒精、耐温度、耐乙酸性能测试后发现:在酒精浓度不超过9%时,醋酸菌D-3-4的产酸量最高;当酒精浓度大于9%时,醋酸菌C-3-2-1的产酸量最高,酒精转化率最高;当温度为42℃时,醋酸菌D-3-4和R-4-2仍有30 g/L的产酸量;当乙酸浓度大于30 g/L时,醋酸菌D-3-4与C-3-2-2的产酸量在各菌株中最高;综合各性能比较得出醋酸菌D-3-4性能最优,为优势高产酸醋酸菌。     

传统广式米醋中醋酸菌的分离与鉴定

从表面发酵法生产的广式米醋发酵醪中分离出8株自然驯化的醋酸菌,经分离纯化及产酸试验,筛选出一株醋酸及细菌纤维素高产菌株RF4,发酵醋酸浓度可达4.80 g/dL,细菌纤维素产量达8.0 g/L,产酸最适酒精度为5％(v/v).通过形态观察、生理生化试验及16S rDNA鉴定证实为萄糖醋杆菌属的木醋杆茵(Gluconacetobacter xylinus).     

山西老陈醋醋酸发酵过程中优良产酸菌株的筛选及鉴定

为了获得高产酸且条件耐受性较好的产酸微生物,采用纯培养方式对山西老陈醋醋酸发酵过程中的产酸微生物进行了分离纯化,共获得54株产酸菌。对分离得到的22株醋酸菌和32株乳酸菌进行了产酸能力测试及环境耐受性分析,筛选出的醋酸菌经菌落形态、菌体形态和16S rDNA序列分析法鉴定后为巴氏醋杆菌,产酸能力为(35.5±0.48)g/L,能耐受42℃高温、体积分数10%的乙醇和5.0 g/100mL的乙酸,且遗传性能较稳定;筛选出来的优势乳酸菌经鉴定后为戊糖片球菌,其产酸能力为(9.56±0.23)g/L,能耐受50℃高温和体积分数12%的乙醇。参与发酵的酿造微生物经过长期的高温、高酒精度和高酸驯化,分离得到功能菌种,具有耐受性好、致病率低等特点。     

苹果醋发酵用醋酸杆菌的筛选与鉴定

近年来,苹果醋逐渐兴起,但是目前用于苹果醋生产的醋酸菌还存在着各种各样的不足,因此有必要进一步筛选产酸性能好、适应苹果醋发酵的醋酸菌。该研究从自然发酵的苹果醋和苹果园土壤中筛选到19株醋酸菌,菌株YT06,YT10,YT12,YT14和YT17的产酸能力较好,在乙醇浓度为6%时产酸量最大,其中菌株YT17在第8天时产酸量达到27.91g/L;对这5株菌进行分子生物学鉴定,发现按照亲缘关系分属于3个种:桃醋酸杆菌(Acetobacter persici):YT06;苹果醋杆菌(Acetobacter malorum):YT12,YT14;芝庇侬醋杆菌(Acetobacter cibinongensis):YT10,YT17。     

复合醋酸菌的研究

由山西老陈醋醋醅中筛选出的一株产酸高、醋酸转化快的SM-16醋酸杆菌,并通过紫外诱变得到的乙醛脱氢酶活性较高的SM-17菌株,与沪酿1.01、AS1.41、葡萄糖酸杆菌组成复合醋酸菌,通过添加葡萄果汁、多菌种营养强化曲,利用半连续发酵技术,产品总酸及不挥发酸含量等指标都有较大提高,缩短了醋酸发酵周期。     

7 种天然发酵水果中醋酸菌的分离鉴定及其发酵特性

为筛选适合发酵果醋的优良醋酸菌,对苹果、草莓、香瓜、芒果、杏、樱桃、百香果7种天然发酵水果中的菌株进行分离,并采用生理生化试验、16S rDNA基因序列分析进行鉴定,对筛选鉴定的菌株进行耐乙醇、耐温、耐酸的发酵特性研究。结果表明,共分离得到29株菌落较大的菌株,经6 d发酵,筛选出产酸量大于30 g/L的菌株8株,并成功鉴定出8株醋酸菌。其中N8、Y21、A12、T11、C7为热带醋酸杆菌（Acetobacter tropicalis）,Y11和M8为塞内加尔醋杆菌（Acetobacter senegalensi）,S21为可可豆醋酸杆菌（Acetobacter fabarum）。N8、A12、T11、Y21在乙醇浓度为4%时,产酸量比其他菌株和醋酸菌AS1.41（商业菌株）高,最高可达到36.36 g/L。当温度为39℃时,这4株醋酸菌的产酸量也能达到10 g/L以上,能够耐受40 g/L的乙酸含量。结果表明N8、A12、T11、Y21具有良好的发酵产酸能力。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.