单环刺螠体壁胶原蛋白的提取及其理化性质

采用0.5mol/L醋酸提取,结合NaCl沉淀法从单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)的体壁中提取酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC),并对其理化性质作初步研究。紫外光谱分析表明ASC的特征吸收波长位于228nm,初步推断所提取的蛋白为典型的胶原蛋白;氨基酸组成分析表明ASC为典型的Ⅰ型胶原蛋白;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)结果表明ASC有两条不同的α链(α1和α2链)、β链和γ链,其胶原蛋白中含有二硫键;傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明其存在三螺旋结构;示差扫描量热仪(DSC)分析表明热变性温度(td)和热收缩温度(ts)分别为33.6℃和67.5℃。     

鲽鱼骨胶原蛋白的结构及流变学特性

采用酸法和酶法从鲽鱼骨中提取制备得到酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC),对ASC与PSC进行紫外吸收(UV)、红外吸收(FTIR)、亚基组成(SDS-PAGE)、热稳定性(DSC)、微观结构(SEM)以及流变学特性(DHR)分析。UV显示:ASC与PSC分别在227 nm与226 nm处有最大紫外吸收峰。FTIR图谱表明:ASC与PSC保持了三螺旋结构。SDS-PAGE电泳图表明:ASC与PSC是Ⅰ型胶原蛋白。DSC测定ASC与PSC的热变性温度分别为52.24℃与49.65℃。SEM显示:ASC与PSC呈现交织状纤维网状结构。DHR表明:1%的ASC溶液或PSC溶液在振荡频率0.1~10 Hz范围主要表现为弹性且具有较高的凝胶稳定性。     

酸法和酶法提取牦牛骨胶原蛋白的特性分析

以牦牛骨为原料,分别采用酸法和酶法提取胶原蛋白并进行理化性质分析。通过氨基酸组成、紫外光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、热收缩温度、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis,SDS-PAGE）和扫描电子显微镜图像分析对胶原蛋白进行比较。结果表明：2?种方法的提取物都为典型的胶原蛋白,在230?nm波长左右出现最大紫外吸收峰;酸溶胶原蛋白（acid-soluble collagen,ASC）和酶溶胶原蛋白（pepsin-soluble collagen,PSC）的热收缩温度分别为40.12?℃和40.94?℃,变性焓值分别为0.25?J/g和0.22?J/g;红外光谱及SDS-PAGE分析表明,ASC和PSC主要由α、β、γ三种亚基组分组成,属于I型胶原蛋白,且三股螺旋结构完整;扫描电子显微镜结果表明,2?种方法提取的胶原蛋白都保留了较为完整的纤维网状结构,但酸法提取的胶原蛋白结构分布相对均匀。综合来看,2?种方法所提胶原蛋白在理化特性上并无太大差别,但酶法提取的胶原蛋白得率较高,酸法提取成本较低。     

斑点叉尾鮰鱼皮胶原蛋白的理化特征研究

选用斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)鱼皮为材料,用乙酸和乙酸-胃蛋白酶,分别提取鱼皮中的酸溶性胶原蛋白(acid-solubilise collagen,ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(pepsin-solubilise collagen,PSC),并对其理化性质特征进行研究研究发现,提取得到的ASC纯度高达93.11％,PSC纯度高达93.46％;紫外吸收分析表明,ASC和PSC的吸收峰值均在233nm处;蛋白图谱中两种胶原蛋白均由两种不同的α链(α1) 2α2组成,具备Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的特征;ASC和PSC的傅里叶红外图谱相似,具有完整的三螺旋结构;ASC的变性温度为34.2℃,PSC的变性温度为33.9℃.     

鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白的提取及性质分析

通过热水浸提,醋酸酸提及胃蛋白酶促提从鲢鱼皮中提取得到水溶性胶原蛋白(RSC),酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC),并分析其部分性质。鲢鱼皮中RSC,ASC和PSC的得率以湿基计分别为13.2%,11.8%和13.6%;RSC,ASC和PSC的紫外光谱分析表明,其最大吸收峰都接近231 nm,但在280 nm处的吸收很小;傅立叶变换红外光谱结果表明鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白具有特殊的三螺旋结构;SDS-PAGE电泳图谱显示鲢鱼皮胶原蛋白有两条α链(α1和α2)和β链,表明该胶原为典型的I型胶原蛋白;鲢鱼皮RSC,ASC和PSC热变性温度分别为27.1℃,31.3℃和30.5℃。这些结果为进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

草鱼皮酸溶性和酶溶性胶原蛋白的提取及性质

本文研究了从草鱼皮中提取酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)及其部分性质。草鱼皮中ASC和PSC的提取得率以干基计分别为8.0%和18.6%;对草鱼皮ASC和PSC的紫外光谱分析,最大吸收峰都接近223nm;SDS-PAGE电泳图谱显示草鱼皮胶原蛋白是由两条不同的α链组成,分子量都在100kDa以上,与猪皮I型胶原蛋白相似;草鱼皮ASC和PSC热变性温度分别为33.8、34.5℃,只比猪皮的热变性温度(37℃)低3℃左右。结果表明草鱼皮胶原蛋白在功能食品、医药、化妆品、制药等方面有潜在的应用。     

鲟鱼皮胶原蛋白的理化特性研究

本文以俄罗斯鲟鱼皮为原料,采用酸法和酶法提取胶原蛋白,研究了酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶促溶性胶原蛋白(PSC)的蛋白类型、结构、热变性温度和溶解度等理化性质,并与牛跟腱I型胶原蛋白(BATC)进行比较。SDS-PAGE电泳图显示ASC和PSC均包含了两条α链(α1链和α2链),为I型胶原蛋白;傅立叶红外光谱图表明提取的2种胶原蛋白均保存了完整的三螺旋结构,但ASC的有序度相对较高;ASC和PSC的热变性温度分别为32.48℃和32.68℃,低于BATC;在酸性pH条件下(pH 1~4),ASC和PSC溶解度较高,当Na Cl浓度大于2%时,PSC的溶解度较高;扫描电镜显示2种胶原蛋白均为网状结构,ASC的孔径较均匀,且孔径较小。上述结果表明提取方法不同,导致2种胶原蛋白的理化性质具有一定的差异,但都具有较好的热稳定性、溶解性,能形成较好的网状结构,有潜力的作为胶原蛋白的替代来源。     

酸法和酶法提取鳄鱼皮胶原蛋白及性质研究

对以鳄鱼皮为原料得到的酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(psc)的性质进行比较分析.紫外扫描结果表明所提取出的胶原蛋白在232nm波长处有显著吸收峰;SDS-PAGE结果表明ASC和PSC的肽链组成具有很大的相似性,均含有两种a肽链及其交联链(β链及γ链);溶解性分析表明鳄鱼皮胶原蛋白的等电点在pH7左右;ASC和PSC的保水性经过6h (25℃)仍然高于85％; ASC的吸油性(24mL/g)和PSC的吸油性(41 mL/g)差异较大.根据上述测定结果可知,鳄鱼皮胶原蛋白ASC和PSC组成类似,符合Ⅰ型胶原蛋白的特征,但二者具体的功能性质略有差异.     

人工养殖大鲵皮胶原蛋白的性质研究

在低温4 ℃条件下,采用酸法（0.5 mol/L乙酸）和酶法（胃蛋白酶）对人工养殖大鲵皮中的胶原蛋白进行了提取,对提取纯化后的两种不同类型的胶原蛋白--酸溶性胶原蛋白（acid-soluble collagen,ASC）和胃蛋白酶酶促溶性胶原蛋白（pepsin-soluble collagen,PSC）其各项理化性质进行了研究。结果表明：ASC和PSC均包含2 条α链及它们的二聚体β链,为Ⅰ型胶原蛋白;ASC和PSC中甘氨酸含量最高,其次为谷氨酸和脯氨酸,胱氨酸含量最低;ASC和PSC中亚氨基酸含量分别为144和173（以残基/1 000残基计）,两者热变性温度分别为23.5 ℃和26.5 ℃,表明PSC的热稳定性较优;ASC和PSC的紫外最大吸收峰分别位于233.0 nm和232.0 nm波长处,符合胶原蛋白的特征;ASC和PSC的红外特征吸收频率相似,均含有酰胺Ⅱ带、酰胺Ⅲ带及在两酰胺带间的一系列吸收峰,表明ASC和PSC中胶原蛋白的三螺旋结构较为完整。     

中华鳖裙边胶原蛋白的提取、鉴定及其理化性质

为增加中华鳖产品附加值,开发新型胶原蛋白资源,该研究以中华鳖裙边为原料,采用不同提取方式,分别提取酸溶性胶原蛋白(acid-soluble collagen,ASC)和胃蛋白酶可溶性胶原蛋白(pepsin-soluble collagen,PSC),并对2种胶原蛋白结构和理化性质进行分析。利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、圆二色光谱(circular dichroism specturm,CD)对胶原蛋白的结构进行分析,采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳、肽指纹质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight,MALDI-TOF)和氨基酸分析仪对ASC和PSC进行蛋白质和氨基酸比较分析,利用差示量热扫描(differential calorimetry scanning,DSC)对胶原蛋白进行热稳定性分析。结果表明,ASC和PSC的得率分别为26. 79%和37. 50%; PSC与ASC相比存在更完整的三级螺旋结构; ASC和PSC均为I型胶原蛋白,且具有较高的亚氨基酸和精氨酸含量; ASC和PSC的热变性温度分别为38. 39和38. 11℃,高于常见的猪皮和鱼皮胶原蛋白,具有较好的热稳定性。该研究为深入研究和开发中华鳖的裙边资源提供了理论依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.