Plasticized Whey Protein Edible Films: Water Vapor Permeability Properties

Heat treatment, protein concentration, and pH effects on water vapor permeability (WVP) of plasticized whey protein films were examined. The best film formation conditions were neutral pH, aqueous 10% (w/w) protein solutions heated for 30 min at 90°. Isoelectric point adjustment of whey protein with calcium ascorbate buffer increased WVP with increasing buffer concentration, The importance of vacuum application to minimize film pore size was identified using scanning electron microscopy. Polyethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitol plasticizer concentration affected film WVP. Determining the effects of relative humidity on WVP for plasticized whey protein films enabled prediction of film behavior under any water vapor partial pressure gradient.     

水热法制备纳米TiO2改性锦纶织物

利用水热合成技术,以钛酸四丁酯为原料,于去离子水溶液中直接在锦纶织物纤维表面包覆纳米TiO2薄膜,并使用活性艳蓝R-X染料对锦纶织物染色,借助扫描电镜、X射线衍射、红外光谱、X光电子能谱、差示扫描量热和热重测试手段对改性前后织物的表面形貌、结构和热学性能进行表征,测定织物漫反射光谱、拉伸、吸水和染色性能.结果表明:锦纶...     

多孔钛片表面ZnO薄膜的表征及其对腐败希瓦氏菌生物被膜的抑制性能

为研究ZnO薄膜微观形貌对其抑制腐败希瓦氏菌生物被膜性能的影响,采用水热合成法制备了ZnO薄膜,并对其进行X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和水接触角表征分析。结果表明,ZnO为六方纤锌矿晶体结构,水热反应时间影响ZnO薄膜的微观形貌。延长水热反应时间,薄膜表面ZnO均匀堆积,其附着量不断增加。多孔钛片呈疏水性,水热合成ZnO薄膜呈亲水性。ZnO薄膜表面的生物被膜附着量随菌体培养时间延长而增加。0~2 h,ZnO薄膜表面生物被膜粘附率和被膜菌总数上升很快,菌体在生物被膜内迅速繁殖;2~12 h,生物被膜粘附率和被膜菌总数持续增长,生物被膜进入生长期;12~36 h,被膜粘附率及被膜菌菌落总数变化较小,生物被膜进入成熟期;36 h后,生物被膜粘附率和被膜菌总数下降,生物被膜进入衰退期。由于ZnO具有杀菌性能,ZnO薄膜对生物被膜的抑制性能增强,且制备ZnO薄膜的水热反应时间越长,样品对生物被膜的抑制性能越优。ZnO杀菌性能对材料表面抗生物被膜粘附性能的贡献远优于材料表面的疏水性能。     

ZnO薄膜的sol-gel法制备及其对腐败希瓦氏菌生物被膜的抑制性能

借助真空条件,采用溶胶-凝胶（sol-gel）法在孔径约为50?nm的多孔钛片上制备具有不同微观形貌的ZnO薄膜,并对其进行X射线衍射光谱、红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、亲水性表征分析,研究ZnO薄膜微观结构对其抑制腐败希瓦氏菌生物被膜性能的影响。结果表明,ZnO为六方纤锌矿型,溶胶涂膜次数影响ZnO薄膜的微观形貌。溶胶涂膜1?次所得薄膜表面沉积的ZnO总量较小,且ZnO首先在TiO2孔的边缘沉积,溶胶涂膜4?次所得薄膜上ZnO沉积量增大,沿孔道顶端密集堆积。多孔钛片呈疏水性,ZnO薄膜呈亲水性,且随涂膜次数增多,其亲水性增强。由于多孔钛片具有疏水性,其抑制水产品腐败希瓦氏菌生物被膜的性能高于普通钛片;由于ZnO具有杀菌性能,则ZnO薄膜对生物被膜的抑制性能增强,且涂膜4?次的样品对生物被膜的抑制性能更优。     

超声与光催化作用对大豆蛋白/TiO_2复合膜抗菌特性的影响

采用光催化/超声预处理,结合涂膜法制备大豆蛋白/TiO_2纳米复合膜,分析光催化和超声预处理以及膜中TiO_2含量对复合膜性质的影响。当TiO_2含量低于2%时,扫描电子显微镜观察发现TiO_2纳米颗粒均匀地分散在大豆蛋白基质中,从而有效地改善复合膜的机械性能,降低膜的溶胀变形程度,提高膜的热稳定性,增强复合膜的抗菌活性。荧光光谱分析、红外光谱和X-射线衍射分析证实了大豆蛋白和纳米颗粒间以氢键为主要作用力,且光催化可进一步增强TiO_2颗粒与大豆蛋白链间交联作用,因而光催化复合膜的机械性能、热稳定性和抗菌活性均高于超声复合膜。但当TiO_2含量过高(2%)会加剧TiO_2间的自聚,导致复合膜机械性能下降、溶胀变形程度增大及荧光淬灭。因此光催化大豆蛋白/TiO_2纳米复合膜有望成为新型绿色抗菌包装材料。     

Development and characterization of an antimicrobial packaging film coating containing nisin for inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes

The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a packaging film coating containing nisin. A spot-on-lawn assay was used to determine the effect of acid type (ascorbic, acetic, hydrochloric, lactic) and nisin level (equal increments from 10,000 IU to 9 IU) to be used in the formulation of the film coating. Zones of inhibition were measured after incubation on tryptic soy agar (37 degrees C, 48 h). Low-density polyethylene films coated with differing levels of nisin were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, tensile strength, elongation, and water vapor transmission rate. The MIC of nisin in solution was 157 mg/ml. All acids were equally inhibitory (P > 0.05), but acetic acid produced the largest zone of inhibition (21 mm). Field emission scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the cloudy appearance of the films was due to sodium chloride found in the commercially prepared nisin. Tensile strength increased as nisin concentration increased, which also corresponded to increasing film thickness. The nisin coatings (10,000 and 2,500 IU/ml) did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on the water vapor transmission rate of the low-density polyethylene film.     

Microstructure and optical properties of sodium caseinate films containing oleic acid–beeswax mixtures

The effect of internal and surface structure of films obtained from sodium caseinate (NaCas), containing glycerol and lipid mixtures of oleic acid (OA) and beeswax (BW) (1:0.3:0.5 protein:glycerol:lipid ratio) on optical properties (gloss and transparency) was studied. Gloss was measured at different angles of the incident light (20, 60 and 85°) using a gloss meter, and transparency was evaluated through Kubelka–Munt coefficients obtained from the film reflection spectra (400–700 nm). Film structure was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Control films (without lipid) exhibited the greatest transparency and gloss whereas lipid imparts opacity and loss of gloss to the film, especially as beeswax increased in the lipid mixture, due to the formation of greatest lipid aggregates in the internal and surface parts of the film. Good correlation was established among gloss, transparency and surface roughness parameters of the films.     

壳聚糖/姜黄素/γ-聚谷氨酸可食性复合膜的制备及对培根和火腿的保鲜效果

以壳聚糖（chitosan,CS）、γ-聚谷氨酸（γ-polyglutamic acid,γ-PGA）为成膜材料,添加姜黄素（curcumin,Cur）制备可食性复合膜,对膜的厚度、水溶性、透明度、表面结构等进行研究,并对其在培根和火腿表面的抗菌保鲜效果进行评价。结果表明：γ-PGA的添加可减小复合膜的厚度,增加膜的水溶性;通过扫描电子显微镜观察到,CS/Cur/γ-PGA复合膜的表面较为紧密;通过分析各单一成分和复合膜的傅里叶变换红外光谱初步推测,复合膜液中CS、Cur、γ-PGA三者之间发生了相互作用。将不同涂膜处理的培根和火腿于28?℃、相对湿度50%条件下贮藏3?d,与市售保鲜膜包装组相比,CS/Cur/γ-PGA复合膜涂膜组肉制品感官品质更优,且菌落总数约低1（lg（CFU/g））。因此,CS/Cur/γ-PGA可食性复合膜的开发有望在食品抑菌保鲜等方面发挥潜在的积极作用。     

响应面试验优化拉伸法制备低成本玉米蛋白粉源膜工艺

以玉米蛋白粉代替玉米醇溶蛋白为原料,采用拉伸法制备低成本的阻油玉米蛋白粉源膜;以抗拉强度为指标,通过响应面法确定最佳成膜工艺为：乙醇体积分数84.5%、浸提温度62 ℃、pH 7.7。此条件下制得的玉米蛋白粉源膜最大抗拉强度为20.77 MPa。研究表明,膜厚度对膜抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、溶解率、热稳定性无显著影响,但与透油系数及透光率有相关性,当膜厚度为0.021 mm时,透油系数最小为0.018 9（g·mm）/（m2·d）,透光率最大为82.33%;当膜厚度为0.101 mm时,透油系数最大为0.159 8（g·mm）/（m2·d）,透光率最小为65.53%。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,所有样品表面光滑,无明显颗粒、气泡或凸起,但膜表面有线状条纹,且随拉力的增大,由不规则线条状变为直径较大的椭圆形,分布由密集转为稀疏,且逐渐减少。拉伸作用减少了蛋白质凝聚在膜表面所形成的条纹结构,利于形成结构稳定且致密的玉米蛋白粉源膜,对其阻油性产生了积极影响。     

Biological reduction of nanoengineered iron(III) oxide sculptured thin films

Sculptured thin films (STFs) are assemblies of nominally identical, parallel nanowires with tailored shapes such as chevrons and spirals. A series of iron(lll) STFs were produced with varied crystallinity (from hematite toferrihydrite) and nanowire shapes (slanted columnar, clockwise helical, and counterclockwise helical). When the dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 was used to measure their bioreducibility, it was found that bioreduction was controlled primarily by oxide crystallinity. STFs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering. Postbioreduction characterizations determined that mineralogy of the film materials did not change, but surface roughness generally increased. Changes caused by bioreduction were assessed in terms of both transmittance and reflectance of light incident normal to the STFs. The greatest optical changes were obtained with crystalline hematite films. These results underscore the feasibility of an STF-based fiber optic iron(lll) reduction sensor for in situ subsurface deployment.     

氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖改性涤纶织物的抗静电性能

通过改进Hummers法制备氧化石墨烯(GO),采用层层自组装法将氧化石墨烯和壳聚糖(CS)组装在涤纶织物表面构成CS/GO复合膜.通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射表征氧化石墨烯的形貌、化学组成及层间距;采用扫描电子显微镜、织物感应静电仪分析CS/GO复合膜织物的表面形貌结构和抗静电性能.研究发现,GO和CS成功地交替组装在涤纶织物表面,改性织物的吸水率和抗静电性得到改善.其中,CS质量浓度为2g/L,组装5层复合膜的织物,其静电半衰期值从181.54s下降至2.44s,且耐水洗性良好.     

含微米颗粒的乳清蛋白复合膜物理性质的研究

乳清蛋白具有一定的营养价值和良好的凝聚造粒及成膜性能。使用喷雾干燥技术制备乳清蛋白微米颗粒,并将上述颗粒以1.0%、1.7%、2.5% 及3.3% 的质量分数添加到乳清蛋白成膜液中,制备含微粒的乳清蛋白复合膜。利用质构仪、扫描电镜(SEM)及差示热量扫描仪(DSC)测定颗粒对乳清蛋白膜性能的影响。结果表明,在上述实验浓度范围内,加入的颗粒对乳清蛋白膜的机械性能、水蒸气透过率、透明度及透光率值、膜的玻璃化温度及熔点均未产生显著影响,乳清蛋白基础膜的性能得到很好的保持。     

石墨烯基锆钛复合材料改性棉织物的制备及其远红外发射性能

为进一步提高石墨烯基纳米复合材料的远红外发射特性,通过一步水热法利用锆钛氧化物对氧化石墨烯进行纳米复合改性,制备了二氧化锆/二氧化钛/还原型氧化石墨烯(ZrO₂/TiO₂-rGO)纳米复合材料。以水溶性聚氨酯为黏合助剂将ZrO₂/TiO₂-rGO与纺织品相结合,制备出具有远红外发射性能的棉织物。借助扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外分析光谱对制备的ZrO₂/TiO₂-rGO复合材料表观形态和内部结构进行表征;通过远红外发射率和红外热成像技术表征了改性棉织物的远红外发射性能。结果表明:在温度为120 ℃,时间为4 h,氧化石墨烯、二氧化钛、氧氯化锆质量比为5∶3∶2的合成条件下整理棉织物时,其远红外发射率较未整理棉织物高出约2.5%;这种方法可有效减少石墨烯含量,且远红外发射性能优良。     

Effects of plasticizers, pH and heating of film-forming solution on the properties of pea protein isolate films

Effects of glycerol (3-7% w/w) and sorbitol (4-8% w/w) concentration, pH (7.0, 9.0, 11.0) and heating (90 °C, 20 min) of film-forming solution (FFS) on the water vapor permeability (WVP), moisture content (MC), solubility, light transmission and transparency of pea protein isolate (PPI) films were investigated. Films plasticized with sorbitol exhibited significantly lower WVP, lower MC and higher solubility, in comparison with glycerol-plasticized films. Increasing glycerol content of the films led to increases in WVP and MC but did not affect film solubility. In contrast, increase in sorbitol content had no effect on permeability and MC but resulted in increased film solubility. Moisture sorption isotherms of PPI films suggested that the difference in WVP observed among films plasticized with glycerol and sorbitol might be due to the different hygroscopicity of these plasticizers. The pH of FFS did not have a significant effect on WVP and MC. Solubility of PPI films formed from non-heated FFS was not affected by pH, whereas solubility of films formed from heat-treated FFS generally increased when pH was increased from 7.0 to 11.0. Heating of FFS resulted in improved film transparency. All tested films were characterized by excellent ability to absorb UV radiation. Microstructural observation by scanning electron microscopy did not show differences between sorbitol- and glycerol-plasticized films.     

纳米二氧化钛薄膜光催化处理造纸废水的研究

采用微波辅助低温法制备锐钛矿结构的二氧化钛薄膜。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和接触角测定分析技术对其物相、显微结构和亲水性进行了表征;在波长为254nm的紫外灯照射下,对TiO2薄膜光催化降解造纸废水前后COD值变化作了研究,探讨了不同光催化条件、造纸废水初始COD浓度、pH值及水温变化对COD去除率的影响。结果表明:与传统溶胶凝胶法制备的薄膜相比,微波辅助低温制备的薄膜光催化效果更佳。当废水初始COD值在500～1000mg/L之间、pH为4.0、水温为35℃、紫外灯照射8.0h时,光催化效果最佳,COD去除率为81.3%。     

Quantifying the dimensions of nanoscale organic surface layers in natural waters

Nanoscale surface films are known to develop on surfaces exposed to natural waters and have potential impacts on many environmental processes. A new method using atomic force microscopy is presented which physically removes the developed film in a defined area and then quantifies the difference in height between the film and the area where the film has been removed. The difference gives the absolute thickness of the surface film, which has not previously been measured. Suwannee River humic acid was exposed to substrates, and the surface film thickness as a function of pH and exposure time was measured. Discrete and very small colloids in the range 1-5 nm were observed as expected, and these sat on a coherent surface film, notthe original mica substrate. Low pH values of 2 gave rise to relatively thick surface films of about3 nm, although these films were not continuous at higher pH values. At pH 4.8, the film thickness increased with exposure time up to about 5 h and did not subsequently increase. The maximum film thickness measured was about 1 nm at that pH. The method is applicable to the measurement of many environmental surfaces, although resolution will depend on the substrate and film roughness.     

蛋清蛋白/苹果多酚提高多糖基可食性包装薄膜性能及在腰果贮藏保鲜中的应用

海藻酸钠（sodium alginate,SA）、κ-卡拉胶（κ-carrageenan,κ-C）具有天然无毒、成膜性好的特点,常被用于制备可食用多糖基包装膜。但多糖薄膜具有亲水性强、机械性能差、抗氧化活性低等缺陷。本实验以SA、κ-C为复合多糖成膜基质,以乳酸钙为交联剂,并添加蛋清蛋白粉（egg white powder,EWP）增强多糖薄膜综合包装性能,添加苹果多酚（apple polyphenol,AP）作为抗氧化剂赋予薄膜抗氧化功能。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、紫外吸收光谱等方法分析各组分基团间相互作用,并对腰果仁进行包装贮藏保鲜实验。结果表明：本研究制备的多糖基可食用包装薄膜具有较好的综合包装性能和突出的抗氧化性能。与SA/κ-C薄膜相比,Ca2＋的交联使可食性薄膜的机械性能、阻隔性能显著提升。在最优添加量下,添加EWP使薄膜断裂延伸率由7.99%提高至20.81%,水蒸气渗透率降低了28.84%,氧气渗透率降低了27.07%;加入AP后,可食性薄膜抗张强度由18.58 MPa提升到30.23 MPa,水蒸气渗透率降低了42.35%,氧气渗透率降低了34.13%,同时薄膜阻光性能显著提升。此外,AP/EWP/SA/κ-C可食性薄膜包装降低了腰果仁贮藏期间的水分活度、水分质量分数、过氧化值和酸价,能有效抑制腰果仁的氧化酸败。结论：研究可为多糖/蛋白质基可食性复合包装薄膜的制备及应用提供参考。     

负载纳米TiO2织物的制备及甲醛降解

 为提高室内装饰织物对甲醛的吸附能力及过滤纺织材料对甲醛的过滤能力,采用射频磁控溅射方法,在纯棉机织物和涤纶针织物表面负载二氧化钛(TiO₂)功能纳米结构层。利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分别分析其表面形貌和晶态结构,对2种负载TiO₂织物光催化降解甲醛气体的性能进行了对比分析。实验表明,在相同制备工艺条件下,TiO₂功能层的结构形态有较大区别,且负载纳米TiO₂的棉织物光催化降解甲醛气体的性能优于负载纳米TiO₂的涤纶织物。     

海藻酸钠-明胶-鞣花酸共混膜的制备及特性

以海藻酸钠和明胶为成膜基质,利用溶液共混法荷载鞣花酸,在不同pH值下制备5 种共混膜。采用不透明度、质量损失率、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除率、抑菌圈直径以及傅里叶变换红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR）和扫描电子显微镜（scanning electronmicroscope,SEM）表征共混膜的性能和结构。结果表明：添加鞣花酸可以明显改善共混膜的不透明度和DPPH自由基清除率,5 种共混膜体系对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用,对革兰氏阴性菌（大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌）的抑制作用较强,改变pH值也会影响共混膜的性能。pH 9.0的海藻酸钠-明胶-鞣花酸共混膜性能最优,其不透明度为15.54,水溶性为0.38%,水蒸气透过系数为0.74×10－10 g/（m·s·Pa）,DPPH自由基清除率为57.42%。FTIR谱图和SEM图显示鞣花酸可以与海藻酸钠-明胶共混膜交联,5 种共混膜都有完整的形貌结构和良好的相容性。     

Calcium Alginate Films: Thermal Properties and Permeability to Sorbate and Ascorbate

Calcium alginate films were prepared by the pH-controlled release of calcium ions into alginate solution or by the cooling of hot calcium alginate gels. Thermogravimetry and calorimetry showed that the controlled Ca release films contained a greater amount of high-temperature component, and required extra energy to dissociate the tightly crosslinked calcium alginate. Structural differences were reflected by the permeability of the two films to potassium sorbate: 1.06 × 10^–7 (controlled Ca release) and 1.58 × 10^–7 cm²sec^–1 (cooled). Apparent activation energy was estimated to be for the diffusion of potassium sorbate 24.1 KJ·mol^–1, sodium ascorbate 23.7, and ascorbic acid 36.2. Results suggested that the pH of the diffusant solution had an interactive effect on the alginate film.