食物过敏原重组蛋白的研究进展

食物过敏原蛋白单一组分的品质是制约食物过敏研究的关键因素之一。通过大肠杆菌、酵母表达系统生产出的过敏原重组蛋白,具有产量高、纯度高、均一性好等优点,已在过敏原蛋白标准物质的制备、食物过敏原的检测、低致敏性蛋白的生产以及其他基础研究等方面得到了具体的应用。食物过敏原重组蛋白作为天然过敏原提取物的替代物显示了巨大的发展潜力。总之,DNA重组技术是制备高品质过敏原蛋白的一条崭新途径。     

基于液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测食物过敏原研究进展

食物过敏是目前重要的食品安全问题,检测食物过敏原对保护过敏患者具有重要意义。检测食物基质中痕量的过敏成分依赖于可靠的分析方法。液相色谱-质谱联用技术具有高灵敏性、高分辨率、高自动化等特点,被广泛应用于食物过敏原蛋白质的研究中。本文主要阐述了液相色谱-质谱联用技术在单一过敏食物中过敏原蛋白质的检测方面和在复杂基质中多个食物过敏原蛋白质的检测方面的应用,并简要概述了提高液相色谱-质谱联用技术检测过敏原蛋白精确度的措施,指出液相色谱-质谱联用技术在检测食物过敏原方面还需要继续深入研究。     

模拟消化方法在食物过敏原潜在致敏性评价中的应用进展

食物过敏已成为全球范围内日益严重的食品安全问题。对食物过敏原的潜在致敏性进行评价有助于更好地了解食物过敏原自身特性及其对过敏人群免疫系统的影响。模拟消化实验是食物过敏原潜在致敏性评价的有力手段。食物过敏原蛋白的消化稳定性为其潜在致敏性评价结果提供了重要参考依据,但并非所有食物过敏原均具有较强的消化稳定性。食物过敏原的潜在致敏性一方面取决于过敏原蛋白在通过消化道时的消化稳定性,另一方面取决于消化产物中具有免疫刺激能力的过敏原表位的丰度。不同模拟消化方法的应用对食物过敏原的消化结果及潜在致敏性评价结果的真实性和可比性具有重要影响。本文系统地介绍了体内及体外模拟消化方法的优缺点及在食物过敏原潜在致敏性评价中的应用研究进展,并综述了食物过敏原消化稳定性与其潜在致敏性评价结果的关系。以期对食物过敏原致敏性评价体系的进一步完善和发展有所帮助。     

矿物质对食物过敏原结构和稳定性的影响

蛋白质是引发食物过敏的一类重要物质,食物过敏原与矿物质的结合会影响其结构和功能的改变。本文阐述了食物中矿物质与过敏原结合的影响因素和矿物质对过敏原结构与稳定性的影响,以及不同条件下金属离子对几种过敏原的影响。通过分析其结构和致敏性的关联变化,为一种既能丰富营养素又能降低过敏原致敏性的方法提供理论基础,以用于指导低致敏食物的研发。     

大米过敏的研究进展

食物过敏是机体针对摄入的食物产生的一种有害的、具有复发性的特定免疫反应,能够引起食物过敏反应的物质称为食物过敏原,食物中含有的致敏蛋白是引发食物过敏反应的一大来源。大米是世界上公认的最重要的粮食作物之一,全球约有一半以上的人口以大米为主食。大米蛋白占大米总量的8%~10%,含有丰富的必需氨基酸,易于被人体消化吸收,是公认的谷类蛋白中的上佳者。传统上认为,大米是低致敏性谷物,已被广泛应用于婴幼儿及配方食品中,但近年来的研究表明,大米也可引发食物过敏反应,可诱发过敏性皮肤炎、过敏性荨麻疹等症状,严重者还可引起过敏性休克。本文从大米过敏的流行性分布、主要的大米过敏蛋白以及过敏蛋白的检测方法等方面阐述了大米过敏的研究进展。     

热处理对食物致敏性的影响及其体外细胞学评价

综述了热加工处理对典型食物过敏原致敏性的影响,重点介绍了体外细胞学评价方法在评价食物过敏原致敏性变化方面的一些研究进展。人们生活方式和环境的改变,以及日常食物丰富所致过敏诱发因素的增加,食物过敏发生比例大幅提高,食品过敏问题已成为目前国内外食品安全研究的热点之一。食品热加工可以改变食物过敏原的蛋白表位结构、聚合特性以及过敏原诱发淋巴细胞释放细胞因子的特性。由于食品基质、配料和处理过程的差异,加工过程中食品致敏性的变化尚无普遍规律可循。通过对典型食物过敏原的分离纯化、分子鉴定,可以追踪过敏原组分在食物加工过程中的改变规律。目前过敏效应分子IgE抗体的水平变化常常被作为致敏性评价的指标,酶联免疫分析和免疫印迹试验是常用的测定手段。然而,对于过敏反应阶段由IgE抗体与效应细胞上FcεR受体之间的结合引发系列炎症反应的部分,则无法通过这些方法进行判断。全面评价食物过敏原的致敏效应不但需要监测IgE抗体水平,也需要监测效应细胞致敏程度,以及释放的细胞因子水平。     

膳食脂质-过敏原互作的研究进展

随着全球过敏人群数量逐年升高,食物过敏已成为一个重要的公共卫生问题。脂质是食物的重要组成成分,越来越多的研究表明,膳食脂质的过量摄入能够增强食物过敏原的致敏特性,增加人群患食物过敏的机率。本文主要从膳食脂质与食物过敏原的关系出发,阐述了膳食脂质影响食物过敏的具体途径及高脂饮食对食物过敏的影响,归纳总结了近10 年来文献中报道的具有膳食脂质结合能力的食物过敏原种类和参与食物致敏过程的脂质种类,以期为食物过敏的预防及治疗提供新的方向。     

生物传感器检测食物过敏原的研究进展

食物过敏是严重的公共卫生问题,它影响全世界5%的成人和8%的儿童,且患病率仍在上升。食物过敏目前尚无根治疗法,避免摄入或接触含过敏原的食物仍是患者的最佳选择。食物过敏原的检测与食物生产、标识及风险管理等息息相关,是保障食品安全的关键环节之一,故开发出快速、灵敏、准确、可重现和标准化的方法对保护过敏患者至关重要。相较于传统的检测方法,生物传感器作为一类多学科交叉融合的新兴技术,具有灵敏度高、高度自动化、易操作、响应快速和样品用量微等优点,已广泛应用于食物过敏原的检测。本文从原理、优缺点和应用等方面对光学生物传感器、电化学生物传感器、压电免疫生物传感器在检测食物过敏原上进行了阐述和总结,对生物传感器在食物过敏原检测中未来发展的趋势进行了展望,以期为快速现场定量检测食物过敏原提供参考。     

欧盟、澳大利亚和新西兰食物过敏原标识管理及对我国启示

食物过敏已成为世界关注的重大公共卫生学和食品安全问题。欧盟、澳大利亚和新西兰已出台法规要求必须强制性标识食物过敏原,其中欧盟有14种,澳大利亚和新西兰有8种。同时,这些国家还开展了过敏原标准物质和阈值的基础研究,确定了有证标准物质候选物和群体阈值。在此基础上,通过对比我国食物过敏原现状,本文提出了加快中国过敏原标识管理的建议。     

食物过敏发病机制及诊疗策略的研究进展

随着人们食物多样性日益增加,食物过敏的发病率逐年升高,已经成为全世界越来越关注的公共卫生问题。食物过敏可以由IgE（免疫球蛋白E）或非IgE介导,包括过敏性反应、花粉食品综合征、食物蛋白诱发肠炎综合征、嗜酸性粒细胞引起的胃肠疾病和特应性皮炎,其中IgE介导的速发型过敏反应在食物过敏中最常见。食物过敏原可分为主要过敏原与次要过敏原,一般为蛋白质或糖蛋白。许多复杂的人体自身因素（如免疫耐受、遗传因素和胃肠道因素）和食物过敏原的特性（如抗原表位和热变性）影响食物过敏的发生和发展,随着对这些因素如何相互作用以及发病机制的不断深入研究,新型的诊断和治疗方法正在不断的涌现和发展,对寻找有效的个体化和规范化诊疗策略具有重要的意义。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the