纤维素基柔性压力传感器及其性能表征

利用3-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(MPS)对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)进行改性,通过水浴成型制备形状可逆的纤维素/MWCNTs空间导电网络并用作柔性压力传感器;利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对压力传感器的性能进行表征,探讨了MPS改性MWCNTs的结合牢度及该压力传感器的力学性能和灵敏度。结果表明,MPS改性MWCNTs可均匀分散在纤维素基材表面,使得传感器结构中羟基和C—H单元增多,但对基材的结晶结构影响不显著;含10 wt%MPS改性MWCNTs的压力传感器经20次洗涤后的电阻值较洗涤前仅提高了7.7%,导电性能略微降低;当应变量为55%、MPS改性MWCNTs含量由1 wt%增至10 wt%时,压力传感器所需应力提高了180.3%,达87.2 kPa;压力传感器的灵敏度总体随着MPS改性MWCNTs含量的增加而提高,当MPS改性MWCNTs含量为10 wt%时,外界压强从0提高至30 kPa会使压力传感器电阻值降低63.2%。     

纳米微晶纤维素/石墨烯柔性导电薄膜的制备与表征

以微晶纤维素为原料,采用酸水解法制备纳米微晶纤维素(NCC)悬浮液,基于真空抽滤法获得NCC薄膜。然后,以NCC为分散剂,并改变其加入量,制备石墨烯/NCC复合涂料液。最后,基于旋涂法将不同配方的石墨烯/NCC涂料液施涂在NCC膜的表面,获得NCC/石墨烯柔性导电薄膜。实验结果表明:添加NCC可有效地提高石墨烯的水相分散性;相比于纯NCC薄膜,NCC/石墨烯复合薄膜的电导率和力学性能均有所增强,但复合薄膜的透光率和热稳定性有所下降;与NCC薄膜相比较,NCC/石墨烯导电薄膜的抗张强度和弹性模量分别增加了207.1%和128.3%,NCC/石墨烯导电薄膜的电导率最大值可达到2.25 s·cm^-1。     

聚乙烯醇对芳纶复合纱聚苯胺导电层耐久性影响

为提高聚苯胺导电层与基材之间的黏结牢度,以聚乙烯醇为共混高聚物,通过连续原位聚合法在对位芳纶纱线表面形成聚乙烯醇/聚苯胺导电层,制备得到芳纶/聚苯胺/聚乙烯醇复合导电纱。分析了导电纱的结构与性能,并研究了聚乙烯醇对聚苯胺导电层耐水洗和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:适量添加聚乙烯醇有助于提高导电纱导电层的结构规整性及电导率,随着聚乙烯醇质量分数的提高,导电纱的电导率呈先上升后下降的趋势,当聚乙烯醇占苯胺的质量分数为4.30%时,制得的复合导电纱线的电导率最高,达到(1.120±0.198) S/cm;聚乙烯醇的添加和质量分数的提高,有助于聚苯胺导电层耐水洗性及在较小外力作用下的耐磨性的提高。     

功能化碳纳米管复合薄膜及其膜卷纱的电热性能

碳纳米管(CNT)具有优异的电学性能,为了更好地将其应用于纺织品加热领域,采用加捻CNT薄膜的方法制备膜卷纱,并通过预喷涂导电聚合物聚(3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩):聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐) (PEDOT:PSS)溶液的方式进一步优化CNT膜卷纱的电热性能;随后分析PEDOT:PSS喷涂浓度对CNT薄膜及其膜卷纱的结构和导电性能的影响,以及施加不同电压条件下CNT薄膜及其膜卷纱的温度变化。结果表明:随着PEDOT:PSS质量分数从0.01%增加至1.4%,所喷涂的CNT薄膜电导率由344.2 S/cm逐渐增大至668.9 S/cm;当PEDOT:PSS质量分数为0.07%时,所制备的CNT复合膜卷纱具有优异的电热性能,当在其两端施加电压时,温度可到达214 ℃,响应时间为5 s,发热温度是其未加捻薄膜的1.6倍,具有较好的应用潜力和开发价值。     

纳米氧化锌改性锦纶6长丝的结构与物理性能北大核心CSCD

选用无机抗菌剂纳米氧化锌(ZnO)对锦纶6长丝改性,通过熔融纺丝法制备纳米ZnO改性锦纶6长丝(ZnO/PA6)。经对抗菌母粒结构与性能的分析,结果表明:ZnO质量分数5%时,ZnO均匀分散于抗菌母粒中,对黏度、灰分与熔点影响较小。经对ZnO/PA6结构与物理性能的分析,结果表明:当抗菌母粒中ZnO质量分数5%、抗菌母粒添加量5%时,ZnO/PA6的白色念珠菌、大肠杆菌与金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌率分别为92%、93%、99%,且ZnO均匀分散于ZnO/PA6中,对力学性能影响较小。     

新型抗静电聚酯纤维的制备及其结构性能

以三氧化二锑、醋酸钴和醋酸钠为催化剂,采用原位聚合方法制备改性共聚酯/无机导电粉体复合物,经过熔融纺丝得到纤维。采用SEM、DSC、XRD、TG等方法对聚酯切片及纤维的结构和性能进行表征。结果表明:经过表面处理后的无机导电粉体在改性共聚酯(MCPET)基体中分散均匀;无机导电粉体的加入提高了MCPET的结晶速度和结晶度。加入质量分数为1%的导电粉体的纤维质量比电阻为2.1×108Ω.g/cm2,具有优异的抗静电效果。     

纳米微晶纤维/聚乙烯醇复合薄膜的制备及性能

采用蔗渣为原料制备出粒径大小为20～50nm的纳米微晶纤维素(NCC),并用溶胶/凝胶方法制备出不同NCC含量的纳米微晶纤维素/聚乙烯醇(NCC/PVA)复合薄膜,重点研究了NCC加入量对复合薄膜综合性能的影响。结果表明,NCC的加入能使薄膜的热稳定性有所提高,当NCC的添加量在0.5%时,聚乙烯醇薄膜的拉伸强度提高了115%,吸水性降低了12.0%,断裂伸长率减少了68%。     

聚乳酸/乙酰化纳米纤维素薄膜制备及性能研究

为改善聚乳酸(PLA)薄膜的力学及阻隔性能,采用纳米纤维素(NCC)对其进行改性。以微晶纤维素(MCC)为原料,用硫酸法制备NCC,进而制备乙酰化纳米纤维素(ANCC),然后将PLA与ANCC按不同比例混合后制备复合薄膜。采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对其微观结构和形态进行观测。采用拉伸仪和氧气透过率仪对其力学和气体阻隔性能进行分析。结果表明,使用酸法制备的纳米纤维素长度为100~200 nm,直径范围为10~20 nm。乙酰化处理对纳米纤维素的外观形态没有明显改变。与纯聚乳酸膜相比,ANCC添加量为1%时制备的复合薄膜的拉伸强度增加了29.09%,进一步增加ANCC含量则会导致复合薄膜力学性能下降。添加ANCC有效降低了复合薄膜的氧气透过量,ANCC添加量为0.5%时,薄膜的氧气透过率与纯PLA薄膜相比降低42%。添加ANCC对于薄膜的透光率和雾度没有明显影响。     

聚苯胺/聚丙烯腈导电纤维的结构与性能

将十二烷基苯磺酸掺杂的聚苯胺(PANI-DBSA)与聚丙烯腈(PAN)共混,通过常规腈纶湿法成型技术制备出PANI-DBSA/PAN复合导电纤维。采用扫描电镜及透射电镜对PANI-DBSA在PAN中的分散情况进行了分析,探讨了PANI-DBSA含量对复合纤维力学性能及导电性能的影响。结果表明:PANI-DBSA在PAN基体中分散均匀,呈纳米尺寸分散,在较低的PANI-DBSA含量下复合纤维中的导电网络已经形成;PANI-DBSA的质量分数为5%时,复合导电纤维具有良好的力学性能,电导率可达10-3S/cm。     

采用铜导电油墨在改性柔性基材上实现喷墨印刷

本文采用铜导电油墨在聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜上进行喷墨印刷形成铜导电层,并研究基于铜络合物的铜导电油墨与柔性基材的相关性.本研究首先采用氧等离子体对PI薄膜表面进行改性,以测试接触角来表征改性前后薄膜表面性能的变化.通过优化等离子体反应参数使接触角降低.再利用喷墨印刷在改性前后PI薄膜上沉积铜导线,在200℃氢气环境下进行热处理,印制铜线发生烧结而收缩.采用光学显微镜(OM)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、非接触式三维轮廓仪和四点探针分析铜导线形状、微观结构、晶体结构及电导率.结果表明,经氧等离子体改性的PI基材上可成功沉积具有纯铜相的连续铜导线且具有良好的烧结微观结构,同时确定了铜导电油墨与基材表面性能的相关性.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.