典型生物质燃料层燃燃烧特性的试验研究

在小型单元体炉中进行了不同形状尺寸及种类的生物质燃料的层燃燃烧试验.采用着火锋面传播速率及着火锋面温度研究了生物质燃料在同一给风量条件下的层燃燃烧特性,并分析了不同给风量对层燃燃烧的影响.结果表明:尺寸较小的燃料颗粒,完全燃尽需要的时间较长,燃烧过程中床层温度较高,而经过压缩的成型生物质燃料,燃烧稳定性好,适合层燃燃烧;对于不同种类的生物质,挥发分含量越高,其燃尽时间越短,灰分含量越高,燃烧稳定性越差;着火锋面传播速率与着火锋面温度都随着给风量的增加而提高.     

混合生物质颗粒燃料的燃烧特性

从生物质燃料的灰熔融性和热值两个关键性的特性指标着手,以玉米秸秆和水稻稻壳作为主要原料,用试验优化设计和分析的方法 ,寻求混合生物质颗粒燃料的优化配方,提高混合生物质颗粒的软化温度ST>1 400℃,有效地解决了玉米秸秆颗粒结渣问题。对混合生物质颗粒进行了热重试验研究和燃烧机理、动力学特性分析,结果表明:混合生物质颗粒具有易着火和单峰值热解特性,燃烧性能良好。此研究为改善单一成分生物质燃料的燃烧性能,推广利用生物质能提供指导性建议。     

纤维素和木质素含量对稻草、锯末热解及燃烧特性的影响

利用热重分析仪分析了生物质中纤维素和木质素含量对稻草、锯末热解及燃烧特性的影响。在热解过程中,生物质中纤维素含量较高的锯末,与纤维素含量较低的稻草相比,燃料失重要大。在燃烧过程中,通过实际生物质与纤维素和木质素混合物的对比,发现稻草和锯末的燃烧分为挥发分的脱除和焦的燃烧两个阶段,且燃烧特性与焦的形貌密切相关。     

木基和竹基生物质燃料燃烧动力学特性研究

选用木基和竹基生物质燃料进行燃烧热重实验,分段推断其燃烧反应机理及拟合计算动力学参数,探究燃烧动力学特性随温度变化规律。结果表明:木基生物质燃料着火温度、燃尽温度、挥发分析出燃烧最大速率及其对应温度均低于竹基生物质燃料,焦炭燃烧阶段前者的燃烧速率大于后者;木基生物质燃料挥发分析出燃烧初期(260~280℃)和过渡阶段(360~440℃)燃烧反应机理为三维扩散机理(G11),挥发分析出燃烧及焦炭燃烧最大速率前后的机理函数不相一致,竹基生物质燃料整个燃烧反应过程可用同一机理函数描述。挥发分析出燃烧阶段,木基生物质燃料活化能随温度按"增加-下降-增加-下降"变化,竹基生物质燃料则先增加至峰值后下降。     

生物质燃料层热解过程的传热传质模型研究

通过分析生物质热解过程的传热传质特点,建立了生物质燃料层热解过程的传热传质教学模型。通过数值计算,研究了生物质燃料层在热解过程中所发生的热量和质量迁移现象,分析了热解过程生物质床内部温度场的分布、生物质固体密度的变化和热解区的迁移规律。     

活性污泥混合木屑制备生物质燃料及其燃烧特性的研究

以活性污泥混合木屑为原料制备生物质燃料,考察成型压力、物料含水率和活性污泥占比对生物质燃料的抗破碎强度和松弛密度的影响,并研究生物质燃料的燃烧特性。研究结果表明:生物质燃料的抗破碎强度和松弛密度均随着成型压力和活性污泥占比的增大而增大,物料含水率控制在15%～20%较为合适;成型压力和物料含水率对生物质燃料的抗破碎强度有显著影响,而成型压力和活性污泥占比对生物质燃料的松弛密度有显著影响;活性污泥的燃烧过程可分为水分析出、挥发分燃烧及无机盐分解3个阶段,木屑的燃烧过程可分为水分析出、挥发分析出及剩余挥发分和固定碳燃烧3个阶段;生物质燃料的燃烧过程因活性污泥占比的多少而有所差异。生物质燃料的综合燃烧性能随着木屑占比的增加而逐渐提高,活性污泥的加入可以改善生物质燃料的着火性能,合理的活性污泥混合木屑工艺和配方能够制备出燃烧性能较好的生物质燃料。     

生物质燃料的燃烧与热解特性

根据实验研究得出生物质的燃烧和热解特性：生物质的燃烧过程分为四个阶段，即生物质的脱水，生物质热解和挥发物燃烧，挥发物的燃烧与固体碳表面燃烧并存，固体碳的表面燃烧。不同生物质的放热规律类似。第一个燃烧峰的放热面积小于第二个峰的面积。挥发物的燃烧速率比碳化物质快。生物质的纯热解过程有三个阶段，即脱水、热解和碳化。     

生物质与煤掺烧燃烧特性的实验研究

利用热重分析仪,在不同条件下,对单一生物质、煤及其混合物的燃烧特性进行分析,研究了木屑、稻壳、稻草及耒阳白沙煤的着火温度、燃烧最大速率温度和燃烬温度等燃烧特性参数。实验结果表明,生物质的着火温度比白沙煤低,生物质在燃烧过程中有两个明显的失重阶段,而煤只有一个明显的失重阶段。通过掺烧可以使生物质与煤的混合物着火温度降低,着火时间缩短,延长了整个燃烧的温度区间,使煤能更好地燃尽,使燃料的燃烧特性得到了优化。随着生物质掺混比例的提高,掺混样品着火点温度降低得更加明显;且生物质颗粒尺寸由R90变为R200时,同样的掺混比例下,尺寸R200的掺混样品着火温度更低。     

几种生物质的TG-DTG分析及其燃烧动力学特性研究

采用热重分析技术对木屑、麦秆、玉米秆和玉米芯4种生物质的燃烧特性进行了研究,考察了其着火、燃尽特性和综合燃烧特性,研究了升温速率对生物质燃烧特性的影响,同时在热天平上对其进行了动力学试验研究.研究表明:生物质燃烧过程大致可以分为3个阶段,即水分析出阶段、挥发分析出燃烧阶段、固定碳燃烧与燃尽阶段:生物质具有着火温度低、燃尽温度低、燃尽率高等优点;随着升温速率的提高,着火温度、各试样挥发分最大释放速率、燃尽温度均呈升高趋势,燃烧特性随升温速率的提高而变好.采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,生物质具有较低的活化能,有利于点燃.     

生物质振动炉排锅炉炉膛压力温度周期性波动的原因及影响

生物质能源作为可再生能源的重要组成部分受到广泛重视,振动炉排可以自动播料、均料,有利于生物质燃料的干燥、着火、燃烧,是一种比较理想的生物质燃烧方式。为了发展生物质大型直燃发电,我国已经重点引进了丹麦水冷振动炉排燃烧技术,但在运行发现,炉排的振动造成了炉膛的压力和温度发生周期性的大幅波动,锅炉的自动化控制要求比较高。为了更好地对水冷振动炉排进行控制,重点分析了炉膛压力和炉膛温度随炉排振动而剧烈波动的原因。     

煤粉热解特性对其富氧气氛下着火机理的影响

利用非等温热重分析法对两种烟煤的热解特性及富氧下的燃烧特性进行研究.实验结果表明,煤粉中低温下的热解行为对其富氧气氛下的着火机理有明显影响.挥发分初析温度低、热解特性指数D大的煤,随着氧体积分数的增加,着火方式逐渐由非均相转变为均相.而挥发分初析温度高、D较小的煤,着火方式则无明显变化.热解活性高的煤,在着火机理转变后,着火温度显著降低,但燃尽温度基本不受影响.氧体积分数提高后两种煤粉的燃烧特性指数S都有所增大,但相同氧体积分数下不同煤种之间的S相差不多,说明着火机理的改变对S无明显影响.     

Interactive processes in gasification and combustion—Part III: Coal/char particle arrays, streams and clouds

A comprehensive review is presented on the interactive transport processes in the gasification and combustion of a cloud of drops and solid particles. The review is divided into three parts. Part I is concerned with the interactive processes for arrays, streams and clouds of drops, Part II presents a review of isolated coal, carbon and porous char particles pertaining to interactive processes, and finally Part III deals with the interactive processes for solid particle arrays, streams and clouds. Isolated particle gasification (pyrolysis and heterogeneous) and combustion were briefly reviewed in Part II. Because of strong analogy of the group ignition and combustion, to porous char ignition and combustion, the literature on porous char combustion was also included in Part II and new results were presented on the internal ignition of porous char particle using Frank-Kamanetsky type of analysis. Part III presents an integrated approach starting from arrays to clouds and gasification to combustion. The interactions occur through processes ranging from pure diffusive to convective transport processes. Approximate criteria for interactive processes are given.

As opposed to liquid drop arrays and clouds, there is no systematic study for arrays of char or coal particles. Due to the similarity between droplet evaporation and char combustion, new results are presented for the combustion of char arrays in quiescent atmosphere. Convective effects are also briefly discussed. Expanding the Frank-Kamenetsky analysis to ignition of clouds, simple solutions are presented for cloud ignition temperatures. A comparison of results between different techniques and between theory and experiment is given.

Interesting results for the ignition characteristics of coal dispersions are obtained in that the particles with relatively small or low volatile matter which ignite heterogeneously when isolated are found to ignite homogeneously under cloud conditions. The minimum ignition temperature is found to increase with decrease in size under isolated mode while the opposite is true under interactions. The problems of the gasification, ignition, and combustion of clouds in confined and unconfined volumes are reviewed.

Experiments conducted with streams (laminar flow reactors, LFR) and clouds (TGA, heated grids, shock tubes, batch of particles in LFR, Hertzberg Ignition apparatus) are reviewed. Following the drop literature, the relation between array and group combustion is presented. Finally, the relevance of the reviewed literature to pollutants' formation and destruction and spray combustion modeling is briefly discussed.     

褐煤混煤燃烧特性的热重分析法研究

利用热重分析法对三种褐煤及其混煤的热解、着火和燃尽等燃烧特笥及其活化能进行了研究。试验结果表明,混煤中的单一煤种在混煤燃烧过程中基本保持各自的着火和燃尽特性;而其热解特性和活化能与掺混比例有关。提出了能够表征单煤及混煤燃烧性能的综合燃烧特性指数SN。     

Thermogravimetric analysis of the co-combustion of coal and paper mill sludge

The thermal behavior of semi-anthracite coal, paper sludge and their blends during pyrolysis and combustion processes was investigated in this study. The experiments were conducted in a differential thermogravimetric analyzer at different heating rates (10 K/min, 20 K/min and 30 K/min) and at temperatures ranging from 310 K to 1300 K. The results revealed that de-volatilization of paper sludge occurred earlier with a higher rate, and that the process was further accelerated under oxygen-enriched conditions. The blends had integrative thermal profiles that reflected both paper sludge and coal. In addition, the blends showed different ignition and combustion behavior depending on the percentage of sludge. Two types of non-isothermal kinetic analysis methods were applied to evaluate the combustion processes. The kinetic parameters of the blends confirmed the improved ignition characteristics. In addition, both the TG profiles and activation energy indicated that the combustion of their blends with low percentages of sludge, such as 10 wt.%, were similar to that of coal. These experimental results help explain and predict the behavior of coal and paper sludge blends in practical applications.     

玉米秆与玉米芯热重分析

用热重分析仪对玉米秆和玉米芯的热解和燃烧动力学特性进行了研究,通过热解试验发现玉米秆和玉米芯挥发分的析出基本在一个阶段内完成,而燃烧试验研究表明燃烧过程主要由挥发分的燃烧和焦碳及残余挥发分的燃烧这两个阶段组成。上述结果为进一步有效利用玉米秸秆提供了一定的理论基础。     

生物质压缩颗粒的燃烧特性

采用TG-DTG热分析技术对麦秸、玉米秸、胶合板粉粒和松木粒4种生物质压缩颗粒的燃烧特性进行了实验研究,考察了其着火及燃尽特性,结合前人提出的综合燃烧特性指数,提出用相对失重速率进行计算.结果表明:生物质压缩颗粒与煤相比,其着火与燃尽温度均较低,燃烧迅速且集中;与生物质粉末相比,其固定碳的燃烧更平稳,燃烧时间延长.4种物质之中,松木粒综合燃烧特性最好,玉米秸最差.     

Use of pyrolysis oil in a test diesel engine to study the feasibility of a diesel power plant concept

The economic viability of power production in a diesel power plant utilizing flash pyrolysis oil produced from sawmill wastes in Finland has been investigated. A combination of biomass feedstock costs, pyrolysis oil fuel properties (ignition quality, lubricating properties, combustion speed and duration, emissions, etc.) and their effect on power plant investments and maintenance will ultimately determine electricity busbar costs and the economic competitiveness of the concept. Pyrolysis oil is not a suitable fuel for a conventional diesel engine as such. The preliminary tests with additive treated pyrolysis oil demonstrated, however, that once ignition has taken place, pyrolysis oil burns rapidly. Pyrolysis oil may be a suitable primary fuel for a diesel engine with a pilot injection system, which secures the ignition of the main fuel.     

运行参数对锅炉煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量影响的数值研究

为了达到锅炉的优化运行以保证煤粉气流及时着火和充分燃尽，采用IPSA两相流动模型和煤粉燃烧综合模型，在不同的一次风率和煤粉细度的工况下，对1台350MW锅炉煤粉燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，得出了炉内燃烧器区域以及出口处烟气温度场和燃烧产物的组分浓度分布。分析了一次风率和煤粉细度对煤粉着火燃烧和飞灰含碳量的影响规律，并确定了优化的运行参数。结果表明：一次风率对煤粉气流的着火影响较大，而对出口处烟气温度、氧量以及飞灰含碳量影响较小。煤粉细度对煤粉气流的着火、燃烧以及燃尽均有较大影响。图8表2参9     

蔗糠热解与燃烧特性研究

对蔗糠进行了工业分析实验和热解实验,总结出了其热解反应动力学规律。对钝体、开缝钝体燃烧器后蔗糖挥发分着火性能进行了分析。在扩散控制、动力控制条件下,分别对蔗糠挥发分燃烬时间进行了计算。得出了蔗糠悬浮燃烧宜采用开缝钝体燃烧器的结论。