芸豆淀粉理化特性研究

淀粉是芸豆中的主要碳水化合物,其性质直接影响芸豆资源的开发与利用.以花芸豆、小红芸豆、红芸豆、小黑芸豆和小白芸豆等菜豆属芸豆为试验材料,采用湿磨法提取淀粉,以马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉为对照,分析芸豆淀粉的颗粒特性与糊化特性.结果表明,5种芸豆淀粉颗粒形貌相似,大淀粉颗粒多为卵圆形或肾形,小颗粒多呈圆形,淀粉颗粒长轴粒径介于玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉之间.淀粉颗粒偏光十字多为较粗的“X”形或斜“十”形,较明显.芸豆淀粉溶解度和膨胀度均随温度升高而增大,属限制型膨胀淀粉.芸豆淀粉的透光度明显小于马铃薯淀粉,冻融稳定性不及玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉.芸豆淀粉起糊温度、峰值黏度、破损值、最终黏度和回生值分别为76.6 ～ 77.8℃、117.3 ～ 150.9 RVU、5.0 ～ 32.0 RVU、205.1 ～225.2 RVU和91.9～104.2 RVU.芸豆淀粉糊表现出好的热稳定性、抗剪切,易回生.     

二次浸泡二次磨浆工艺对米粉糊化特性的影响

对浸泡磨浆工艺进行研究,结果表明:二次浸泡二次磨浆后米粉的淀粉破损含量为4.52%,水合特性变化显著,粒径明显变小,平均粒径23μm。在糊化特性上,随着浸泡、磨浆次数的增加米粉的峰值黏度、热糊黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值有上升趋势,峰值时间、糊化温度有下降趋势;经二次浸泡二次磨浆后,峰值黏度、热糊黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、糊化温度呈现极显著差异,回生值、峰值时间呈现显著差异。在热特性上,随着浸泡磨浆次数的增加,起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度有逐渐降低的趋势,而热焓值有升高的趋势;经二次浸泡二次磨浆后起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度、热焓上呈现极显著差异,可见颗粒的减小使米粉的糊化更加充分。     

商品粳米、籼米、糯米品质特性和糊化特性比较研究

采用通用的大米蒸煮食味评定方法,对商品粳米、籼米、糯米品质特性进行评定,用Brabender MicroVisco-AmLyograph 黏度仪分析米粉的糊化特性。结果表明：粳米品质特性及食味品质好,籼米较差,糯米居中。粳米峰值黏度、破损值较低,起糊温度、最终黏度和回生值居中;糯米峰值黏度、破损值较高,起糊温度、最终黏度和回生值较低;而籼米峰值黏度、破损值则居中,起糊温度、最终黏度和回生值较高。由此得出,籼米凝胶强度较大,易老化,糯米与之相反,而且糯米对剪切和加热敏感而粳米不敏感。     

苦荞淀粉颗粒及淀粉糊性质研究

为明确苦荞籽粒淀粉理化特性,以7个苦荞品种为材料,分析了其淀粉颗粒表面结构及其淀粉糊的透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、糊化特性、热焓特性。结果表明,苦荞淀粉颗粒多为不规则多面体球形,颗粒大小平均为6.8μm;苦荞淀粉糊的透明度平均为7.68%,低于玉米淀粉糊;苦荞淀粉糊凝沉性、冻融稳定性均强于玉米淀粉糊;苦荞淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终冷黏度、破损值及回生值均高于玉米淀粉;苦荞淀粉糊具有较强的热黏度稳定性、冷黏度稳定性和凝胶形成能力;苦荞淀粉糊的平均糊化温度范围为65.87℃到78.41℃,峰值温度为70.88℃,均低于玉米淀粉糊。     

氯化钠对不同品种红小豆淀粉特性的影响

从3种不同品种的红小豆中提取的淀粉为原料,通过分析淀粉及添加氯化钠后的淀粉糊的粒径、黏度值、回生值、热焓值、凝胶性等特性,探究氯化钠对淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明:低直链淀粉含量的大红袍中淀粉相较于宝清红和珍珠红淀粉,表现出较高的糊化起始温度、最终黏度、热焓值;较低的峰值黏度、较小的粒径;对比添加2%氯化钠前后,3种红小豆淀粉糊化后的平均粒径、峰值黏度、衰减值和回生值显著下降(P0.05);糊化温度、淀粉的凝沉性显著增大(P0.05);氯化钠对凝胶特性的影响体现在凝胶强度显著降低(P0.05),同时淀粉凝胶的黏度减小。     

脂类和颗粒结合蛋白对小麦A、B淀粉理化性质的影响

淀粉颗粒中的脂类和颗粒结合蛋白对其理化和结构性质存在一定影响,研究了小麦A、B淀粉经脱脂、脱蛋白处理后其化学组成、颗粒形态、糊特性等性质。结果表明:脱脂处理对小麦A、B淀粉的晶体类型、溶解度、膨胀度、起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度、热焓值、峰值黏度、谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、峰值时间、成糊温度均无显著性影响,相对结晶度降低。脱蛋白处理使小麦淀粉溶解度和膨胀度随温度的增长趋势显著增加,相对结晶度、起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度、峰值黏度、衰减值、回生值显著增大,谷黏度和峰值时间显著降低,对晶体类型、热焓值无显著影响。脱蛋白处理对小麦A、B淀粉理化性质的影响显著高于脱脂处理。     

柠檬酸和NaCl对变性淀粉糊化性质的影响

采用快速粘度分析仪(RVA)测定了蜡质玉米淀粉、交联淀粉、羟丙基淀粉和交联羟丙基淀粉的糊化性质,研究了不同淀粉质量分数及同一质量分数下氯化钠和柠檬酸对淀粉糊化性质的影响。结果表明,淀粉乳质量分数和氯化钠对交联淀粉和交联羟丙基淀粉的峰值黏度、终值黏度和回生值影响较大,而柠檬酸对蜡质玉米淀粉和羟丙基淀粉的峰值黏度、终值黏度和崩解值影响较大。随着淀粉乳质量分数的增大,淀粉的峰值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回生值均增大,成糊温度降低。随着氯化钠质量分数的增大,淀粉的峰值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回生值增大,成糊温度先增大后减小,并在氯化钠质量分数为10%时达到最大值。随着柠檬酸质量分数的增大,淀粉的终值黏度和回生值减小,崩解值增大,成糊温度不变。     

脱脂对3种豆类淀粉理化性质的影响

为研究脂类物质对豆类淀粉理化性质的影响,以红豆、鹰嘴豆、蚕豆为材料,采用湿法分离淀粉并做脱脂处理,分析了脱脂前后3种豆类淀粉颗粒特性、热特性、淀粉糊特性存在的差别。结果表明:脱脂后3种淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度和糊透明度升高,热焓值降低,冻融稳定性变差,颗粒形貌、偏光十字、淀粉晶型、起糊温度、峰值黏度、终值黏度、破损值、回生值和凝沉性无明显变化。脱脂处理使3种豆类淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、糊透明度得到改善。     

脱脂对三种豆类淀粉理化性质的影响

为研究脂类化合物对豆类淀粉理化性质的影响,以红豆、鹰嘴豆、蚕豆为材料,采用湿法分离淀粉并做脱脂处理,分析了脱脂前后三种豆类淀粉颗粒特性、热特性、淀粉糊特性存在的差别。结果表明：与脱脂前相比,脱脂处理后三种淀粉的偏光十字更加明显,溶解度、膨胀度和透明度升高,热焓值降低,冻融稳定性变差,淀粉晶型、起糊温度、峰值黏度、终值黏度、破损值、回生值和凝沉性无明显变化。脱脂处理使三种豆类淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度、糊透明度得到改善。     

脱脂对糯玉米淀粉热力学特性的影响

以4个糯玉米淀粉为材料,对其进行脱脂处理,分析了其对淀粉热力学特性的影响。结果表明,脱脂使淀粉中的磷元素含量显著降低,导致淀粉的起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度、峰值指数和热焓值降低,糊化范围扩大。淀粉和脱脂淀粉糊化冷藏后发生回生,表现为脱脂增加了回生淀粉的热焓值,进而增加了淀粉的回生值和峰值指数,而起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围受脱脂影响较小。淀粉和脱脂淀粉的热焓值存在显著的基因型差异,淀粉的热焓值以渝糯408最低,脱脂淀粉的热焓值以郑彩糯1号最低。淀粉回生后热焓值和回生值差异较小,而脱脂淀粉回生后热焓值和回生值以YA30142最高,郑彩糯1号最低。     

甘肃主要杂豆淀粉理化特性分析

以甘肃产三角豌豆、白豌豆、小白芸豆、麻豌豆为材料,采用湿磨法提取淀粉,以玉米、马铃薯及绿豆淀粉为对照,对杂豆淀粉的理化特性进行分析。结果表明：参试杂豆淀粉颗粒多呈卵圆形,偏光十字较明显,多呈“X”形和斜十字形,部分淀粉颗粒呈现明显多脐点现象,平均粒径为21～29μm,其中三角豌豆淀粉的粒径最大而麻豌豆淀粉颗粒最小;淀粉颗粒的结晶类型与绿豆淀粉相同,为C型。其直链淀粉含量远高于玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉,且麻豌豆＞小白芸豆＞白豌豆＞三角豌豆淀粉。杂豆淀粉属限制型膨胀淀粉,起糊温度为72.6～78.8℃,且具有较好的热糊和冷糊稳定性,淀粉糊的透明度较高,但凝沉速度均极快,冻融稳定性也都较差。4种杂豆淀粉的理化特性与绿豆淀粉相近,可耐受高温处理,但不宜用于冷冻类食品的生产。     

Starch characteristics of black bean,chick pea,lentil, navy bean and pinto bean cultivars grown in Canada

The physicochemical properties of starches from different cultivars of black bean, chick pea, lentil, navy bean, smooth pea and pinto bean were examined. Starch granule size ranged from 8 to 35 μm. The starch granules were round to elliptical with smooth surfaces. The total amylose content ranged from 23.0 to 29.5%, of which 6.0–14.9% was complexed by native lipid. All starches showed a ‘C’ type X-ray pattern. The peak at 2θ=5.54 (characteristic of B type starches) was most pronounced in pinto bean and black bean starches. Relative crystallinity followed the order: pinto bean>lentil∼smooth pea∼chick pea∼black bean∼navy bean. The swelling factor (at 80 °C) followed the order: black bean>smooth pea∼chick pea>lentil>navy bean>pinto bean, whereas, amylose leaching (at 80 °C) followed the order: lentil>smooth pea>chick pea>black bean>navy bean>pinto bean. Pinto bean starches showed the highest gelatinization transition temperatures and enthalpies of gelatinization, whereas, the highest gelatinization temperature range was exhibited by black bean starches. All legume starches exhibited high thermal stability during the holding cycle (at 95 °C) in the Brabender viscoamylogram. However, they differed significantly with respect to the viscosity at 95 °C and the degree of set-back. These differences were more pronounced in pinto bean starches. The extent of syneresis followed the order: black bean>chick pea∼lentil>smooth pea>navy bean>pinto bean. Differences in physicochemical properties were more marked among cultivars of black bean, and between cultivars of chick pea and smooth pea starches. This study showed that black bean and pinto bean starches differed significantly from each other, and from the other starches, with respect to the magnitude of interaction between starch chains within the amorphous and crystalline domains.     

4种杂豆淀粉结构特征和理化特性比较

以4种我国广泛种植的杂豆为原料，采用湿磨法提取豇豆淀粉、扁豆淀粉、豌豆淀粉、红芸豆淀粉，并对4种杂豆淀粉的结构特征和理化特性进行比较。结果表明：杂豆淀粉的红外光谱均呈现典型的淀粉类多糖结构特征，颗粒完整光滑，主要呈现肾型和椭圆形。样品的平均流体力学半径大小顺序为豇豆淀粉>豌豆淀粉>扁豆淀粉>红芸豆淀粉，扁豆淀粉为CC-型晶体，其余为C_A-型晶体，样品间的相对结晶度差异较大(27.6%～38.5%)。4种杂豆淀粉的糊化特性差异显著，糊化温度均较高(75.3～82.8℃)，不易糊化。豇豆淀粉直链淀粉含量最低(26.3%)，其热糊稳定性优于其他杂豆淀粉，具有不易老化的特性。红芸豆淀粉的直链淀粉含量最高(31.5%)，回生值最高(3 182.3 mPa·s)，最易发生老化行为。综上，4种杂豆淀粉的颗粒形貌相似，均为C-型晶体，分子结构和糊化特性差异较大，凝沉特性相近。     

蔗糖对不同品种赤小豆淀粉性能的影响

以三种不同赤小豆淀粉为原料,通过分析添加蔗糖前后淀粉的糊化性能、热力学性能、消化性能等特性,探究蔗糖对淀粉性能的影响。结果表明：直链淀粉含量较高的珍珠红赤小豆淀粉,具有较大的粒径、较高的峰值黏度和回生值,但其糊化温度和最终黏度较低;当添加10%的蔗糖后,三种淀粉的平均粒径、峰值黏度、凝沉性和快速消化淀粉（Rapidly digestible starch,RDS）显著降低（P<0.05）,而三种淀粉的糊化温度、热焓值、回生值和衰减值却显著增加（P<0.05）;慢速消化淀粉（Slowly digestible starch,SDS）含量除珍珠红赤小豆淀粉外均显著增加（P<0.05）,淀粉凝胶性以及抗性淀粉（Resistant starch,RS）虽有下降,但不显著。蔗糖的添加促进了赤小豆淀粉的回生;抑制了淀粉的糊化、降低了抗老化性和消化性。     

Physicochemical, pasting and thermal properties of tuber starches as modified by guar gum and locust bean gum

This study was carried out in order to compare the functional characteristics of isolated starch from five tuber crops, yam, taro, sweet potato, yam bean and potato, as well as effect of guar gum (GG) and locust bean gum (LBG) on pasting and thermal properties of tuber starches. The results showed that total amylose content of five tested starches ranged from 17.85% to 30.36%. The results of pasting behaviour showed that potato starches exhibited the highest peak viscosity and yam starch presented a stable curve with little breakdown viscosity. Addition of GG and LBG resulted in a significant increase in peak, final viscosity, breakdown and setback viscosity for all tuber starches ( P  < 0.05), but a slight decrease in pasting temperature. The gelatinisation enthalpy (Δ H ) for starches with GG and LBG was slightly lower than those of the starches alone in yam and sweet potato, but not in taro and yam bean.     

Characterization of Pea Starches in the Presence of Alkali and Borax

Refined field pea (Pisum sativum L.) starches were prepared from air‐classified pea starch by washing or from whole pea by wet milling, and analyzed for their physicochemical and pasting characteristics in the presence of alkali and borax. Commercial corn and high amylose corn starches were included in the study for comparative purposes. The two pea starches exhibited similar physicochemical characteristics. Amylose content markedly influenced pasting and other characteristics of the corn starches. Pea starch and high amylose corn starch exhibited little viscosity development during pasting in deionized water. The presence of alkali or borax significantly altered the peak viscosities and cold paste stabilities of all four starches in a concentration dependent manner. Alkali and borax increased peak and cold paste viscosity and reduced syneresis in all cases.     

Physicochemical Properties of Field Pea, Pinto and Navy Bean Starches

Legume starches were compared for physicochemical properties that may explain differences in functional properties. Field pea starch had higher amylose, greater swelling power and solubility, and lower pasting temperatures than pinto and navy bean starches. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that field pea starch had larger, more irregularly shaped granules and more broken large granules than pinto or navy starches. The most starch damage was observed for field pea. Pinto and navy bean starches had greater resistance to swelling at 60°C than field pea indicating a more strongly bonded micellar network. Higher cold paste viscosity was observed for navy bean and field pea.     

A current review of structure,functional properties,and industrial applications of pulse starches for value-added utilization

Pulse crops have received growing attention from the agri-food sector because they can provide advantageous health benefits and offer a promising source of starch and protein. Pea, lentil, and faba bean are the three leading pulse crops utilized for extracting protein concentrate/isolate in food industry, which simultaneously generates a rising volume of pulse starch as a co-product. Pulse starch can be fractionated from seeds using dry and wet methods. Compared with most commercial starches, pea, lentil, and faba bean starches have relatively high amylose contents, longer amylopectin branch chains, and characteristic C-type polymorphic arrangement in the granules. The described molecular and granular structures of the pulse starches impart unique functional attributes, including high final viscosity during pasting, strong gelling property, and relatively low digestibility in a granular form. Starch isolated from wrinkled pea—a high-amylose mutant of this pulse crop—possesses an even higher amylose content and longer branch chains of amylopectin than smooth pea, lentil, and faba bean starches, which make the physicochemical properties and digestibility of the former distinctively different from those of common pulse starches. The special functional properties of pulse starches promote their applications in food, feed, bioplastic and other industrial products, which can be further expanded by modifying them through chemical, physical and/or enzymatic approaches. Future research directions to increase the fractionation efficiency, improve the physicochemical properties, and enhance the industrial utilization of pulse starches have also been proposed. The comprehensive information covered in this review will be beneficial for the pulse industry to develop effective strategies to generate value from pulse starch.     

4种不同品种蚕豆淀粉理化性质分析

选取河北崇礼、青海马牙、云南白皮豆、云南透心绿4种高产优质蚕豆品种,对其淀粉的理化性质进行分析研究。结果表明:蚕豆淀粉颗粒呈(椭)圆或不规则球形、表面光滑,粒径在12～32μm,24h沉降积为30～32mL,透明度高于谷物淀粉、低于马铃薯淀粉,蚕豆淀粉一次冻融循环后即开始失水,持水力高于小扁豆和豌豆淀粉。蚕豆淀粉中直链淀粉含量(28%～34%)高于小扁豆和鹰嘴豆淀粉。     

Pasting and Thermal Properties of Potato and Bean Starches

Starches from potato (Mainechip, ND651-9 and Commercial) and Navy and Pinto bean were isolated and the pasting and thermal properties examined. Analysis by Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) showed potato starches had lower pasting temperatures, higher peak viscosity, and lower setback than bean starches. High intrinsic viscosity values obtained for the potato starch indicated higher average molecular weight for the potato starches compared to the bean starches. Characterization of thermal (gelatinization and retrogradation) properties of starches by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that potato starches had sharp, well-defined gelatinization thermograms, while bean starches had broad, shallow thermograms with higher peak temperature (Tp). Potato starches required higher gelatinization enthalpies than bean starches. In comparison with gelatinization, the retrogradation thermograms of starches stored at three different temperatures (23,4 and −10°C) were broader and occurred at the lower temperatures. Compared to potato starches, Navy and pinto bean starches showed a higher retrogradation enthalpy at 4 and 23°C storage temperatures, but a lower enthalpy at −10°C.