CL-20/HATO复合物的制备、表征及性能

以二水合1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑(H2DHBT)和羟胺水溶液为原料,通过中和反应,采用原位结晶法在六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)水悬浮液中制备了一种CL-20与1,1'-二羟基-5,5'-联四唑二羟胺盐(TKX-50,HATO)的复合物样品。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外图谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(NMR)以及X射线衍射(XRD)表征了复合物的形貌和结构,研究了不同工艺条件对复合物样品形貌的影响;利用差示扫描量热技术(DSC)分析了其热性能,按GJB772A~(-1)997方法测试其撞击、摩擦感度;使用Urizar公式计算了其爆速。结果表明,获得附着完整均匀的CL-20/HATO复合物样品工艺条件为:反应温度90℃,反应时间10 min,羟胺水溶液的滴加速率为60 mL·min~(-1),制得的CL-20/HATO复合物样品中CL-20晶型未发生变化,由定量碳谱所得复合物质量比为m(CL-20)∶m(HATO)=55∶45;复合物存在两个放热分解峰,其峰温分别为238.3℃和250.7℃,特性落高为44.7 cm,撞击爆炸概率为52%,摩擦爆炸概率为76%;复合物样品的理论爆速为9516 m·s~(-1)。     

CL-20/DMMD共晶炸药的制备与表征

通过溶液共晶法制备得六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)与二硝基二氮杂戊烷(DMMD)的共晶炸药CL-20/DMMD.采用X射线单晶衍射(SCXRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射(PXRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、差式扫描量热法(DSC)对其进行测试及表征.结果表明该晶体为单斜晶系,P21/c空间群,分子间以氢键为主要作用力并形成层状结构.PXRD表明CL-20与DMMD之间有新的晶相生成,FT-IR表明CL-20/DMMD部分衍射峰发生偏移的原因是产生了氢键作用.DSC显示CL-20/DMMD共晶熔点为180.8℃,比CL-20和DMMD的熔点分别提高了21.5℃和120.9℃;其主要热分解峰为240.1℃,比CL-20增加了3.5℃.根据Rothstein和Petersen理论预测爆速和爆压分别是9255 m·s-1和41.08 GPa,较CL-20的爆速9386 m·s-1,爆压45.09 GPa均略微下降,较DMMD的爆速7287 m·s-1,爆压21.79 GPa、奥克托今(HMX)的爆速9048 m·s-1,爆压40.55 GPa、黑索今(RDX)的爆速8945 m·s-1,爆压37.28 GPa、梯恩梯(TNT)的爆速7042 m·s-1,爆压21.44 GPa有所提高.     

六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷/3,5-二硝基苯甲酸(CL-20/DNBA)球形复合物制备及性能

为了降低六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷(CL-20)的感度,采用超声辅助乳液法(UAE),以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,明胶为表面活性剂,在常温条件下,制备了摩尔比为1∶1的CL-20/3,5-二硝基苯甲酸(DNBA)球形复合物。分别采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对其形貌和结构进行了表征;采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其热分解性能进行了测试,按照GJB772A-1997测试了其摩擦感度和撞击感度。结果表明:制备的球形复合物表面光滑,无明显棱角,粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为6.7μm;XRD和FT-IR测试结果表明两种分子间有一定的相互作用,可能形成新的球形复合结构;与原料CL-20相比,CL-20/DNBA球形复合物的撞击感度明显降低,特性落高由13 cm提高到50.4 cm,摩擦感度也降低,爆炸概率从100%降低到65%;同时,复合物的热分解性能和CL-20相比明显不同,放热峰提前了20.3℃。     

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷的粒度控制生产工艺

六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的粒度和形貌对其感度、安全性以及填药密度有重要的影响。研究通过控制和优化重结晶工艺条件,分别探索超声辅助重结晶法和反溶剂法中不同因素以及搅拌器类型对CL-20晶体粒度的影响。在超声辅助重结晶法中,考察了超声连续震动和间歇震动频率以及不同超声频率(20~40 kHz)对生产小粒经产品的影响;在反溶剂法中,以乙酸乙酯和三氯甲烷为良溶剂和不良溶剂,考察了三氯甲烷滴加速度(20、50、100 mL·h^-1)、三氯甲烷与乙酸乙酯滴加量比例(1∶1、1∶2、1∶3),重结晶时间(24、48、72 h)以及重结晶温度(30、40、50℃)对大粒径产品的影响。通过设计正交试验,确定了最优条件;在对搅拌器对产品影响的研究中,选择了四直叶开启涡轮式、六直叶涡轮式和双层分散盘三种搅拌器类型以及相应的多种转速对产品的粒度和形貌的影响。结果表明,间歇超声辅助重结晶可显著减小晶体粒度,采用频率40 kHz,每震动30 min,停5 min的超声方式,可以获得平均粒度为14μm的CL-20颗粒;反溶剂法控制粒径的研究中,结晶时间72 h、结晶温度30℃、三氯甲烷滴加速度为20 mL·h^-1、滴加量为150 mL时,可获得大粒径的CL-20产品(平均粒度为140μm);采用双层分散盘制备的CL-20晶体外形为类球形,表面光滑均匀,粒径在40~100μm之间可控。对比四直叶开启涡轮式和六直叶涡轮式搅拌器制备的晶体,采用双层分散盘制得的产品撞击感度和摩擦感度较低,撞击感度特性落高值和摩擦感度爆炸概率分别为23.5 cm和44%。     

含CL-20改性双基推进剂的性能

从物理化学性能、安全性能、燃烧性能和内弹道性能四个方面对含六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的改性双基推进剂(CMDB)--CL-20/CMDB进行了研究.燃烧性能的测试表明,在6～20 MPa下,CL-20/CMDB较RDX/CMDB推进剂的燃速高2.5～8.94 mm·s-1,其压强指数为0.28(10～20 MP...     

超细CL-20/HMX共晶的制备、表征及其与推进剂组分的相容性

通过加入微量溶剂,采用超高效混合技术,在70 g的加速度条件下反应30 min制备得到摩尔比为2∶1的超细六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷与奥克托今(CL-20/HMX)共晶,通过X射线粉末衍射、差示扫描量热法鉴定了CL-20/HMX共晶的形成,并对其形貌、粒度、感度等进行了表征测试。结果表明:制备的超细CL-20/HMX共晶纯度为92.6%,共晶炸药呈规则块状、表面光滑、粒径小于1μm、粒度分布均匀,其X射线衍射图在11.558°,13.264°,18.601°,24.474°,33.785°,36.269°处出现新的较强的衍射峰。超细CL-20/HMX共晶放热分解过程中只有一个放热分解峰,其放热峰温为248.3℃,其分解放热量(2192.1 J·g^-1),显著高于相同摩尔比的物理混合物(1327.3 J·g^-1)。按照GJB772A-1997《炸药试验方法》测得的摩擦感度比原料CL-20降低了16%,特性落高比原料CL-20提高28.6 cm,比原料HMX提高11.5 cm,形成共晶后安全性能更高。采用DSC法研究了超细CL-20/HMX共晶与推进剂常用组分均聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(HGAP)、硝化甘油/1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯混合物(NG/BTTN)、缩二脲三异氰酸酯(N-100)、高氯酸铵(AP)、铝粉(Al)的相容性,发现超细CL-20/HMX共晶与NG/BTTN、AP、Al的相容性较好,与HGAP、N-100不相容。     

喷雾干燥法制备亚微米鞣酸铁/硝胺炸药复合微球及其催化性能

为了研究鞣酸铁催化剂对固体推进剂中常见组分热分解性能的影响,采用超声喷雾干燥法制得三种亚微米复合微球(鞣酸铁(Ta-Fe)/六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)、鞣酸铁/黑索今(RDX)、鞣酸铁/奥克托今(HMX))。利用扫描电镜(SEM)和粒度分析等方法分别对复合微球的形貌、粒度和组分进行表征。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究复合微球中鞣酸铁对CL-20、RDX、HMX热分解的催化过程及动力学参数的影响。结果表明,鞣酸铁分布均匀,样品均呈球状颗粒,且流散性好,粒度为500~1000 nm;鞣酸铁能有效促进CL-20、RDX、HMX的热分解,使得CL-20、RDX、HMX的热分解峰温分别提前了17.2,8.2,11.5℃,其中鞣酸铁对CL-20的热分解催化效果最佳,Ta-Fe/CL-20复合微球的活化能与原料CL-20相比降低了9.6 kJ·mol……-1。     

3,4-二硝基吡唑与六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷分子间相互作用的理论研究

为研究钝感炸药3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP)与高能炸药六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)分子间相互作用,基于密度泛函理论(DFT)优化了DNP/CL-20复合物的结构,得到六种稳定构型;运用自然键轨道(NBO)、电子密度拓扑和约化密度梯度(RDG)分析了复合物中分子间相互作用类型。从CL-20引发键的键长、键解离能、键级和相关硝基电荷与复合物电子密度差等方面分析了分子间相互作用对CL-20感度的影响。结果表明,DNP/CL-20复合物中存在分子间氢键和范德华作用,包括N—H…O、C—H…O和N…O、O…O作用。硝基电荷和电子密度差分析表明这些分子间作用影响了CL-20分子的电荷分布和电子密度分布,改变CL-20引发键稳定性,导致其感度下降。CL-20引发键键长、键级、键解离能和键临界点电子密度的变化量之间具有良好的线性关系。六种构型的相互作用能大小排序为:构型Ⅳ构型Ⅵ构型Ⅲ构型Ⅴ构型Ⅱ构型Ⅰ。     

微纳米CL-20颗粒级配对低共熔DNAN/TNT基熔铸炸药性能的影响

为了获得高能高强熔铸炸药,以2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)和三硝基甲苯(TNT)为低共熔载体,六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)为高能组分,采用浇铸成型工艺,成功制备了CL-20/DNAN/TNT熔铸炸药。研究了微纳米CL-20颗粒级配以及N-甲基-4-硝基苯胺、三-(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯、邻苯二酚三种功能助剂对CL-20/DNAN/TNT熔铸炸药性能的影响。对制备的CL-20基熔铸炸药分别进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、粘度、密度及均一性、X射线衍射(XRD)、机械感度、力学性能以及爆速等分析测试。结果表明,当原料粗颗粒CL-20和100 nm CL-20的质量比为70:30,添加0.5%三-(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯时,制备的熔铸炸药表面光滑,内部无明显缺陷,密度均一性好,与只含有粗颗粒CL-20的熔铸炸药相比,其撞击感度降低了32.7%,摩擦感度降低了57.1%,抗压强度从7.93 MPa提高到33.74 MPa,抗拉强度从3.48 MPa提高到4.94 MPa,爆速从8188 m·s~(-1)提高到8225 m·s~(-1)。     

量气法研究CL-20热分解动力学

采用一种新型的热稳定性量气测试系统"拉瓦"装置,在接近真空的密闭条件下对CL-20的全分解过程进行恒温实时监测。实验结果表明,CL-20全分解放出的气体量为628.5 mL.g-1;在170~200℃范围内,分解深度为0%~50%范围内时,其反应机理函数符合成核和生长(n=1.5)的Avrami-Erofeyev方程;表观活化能和指前因子分别为Ea=174.1 kJ.mol-1,ln(A/s-1)=42.34。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Design and Implementation of One Missile Visual Simulation System Based on OpenGL

The implementation of a missile＇s visual simulation system is explained that is developed with OpenGL（open graphic library） and the flight path and flight carriage in different stages of the missile are displayed. The establishment problems of the 3D scene are circumstantiated including the construction and redeployment of the model, creation of the virtual scene, setting of the multi-viewports and multi-windows etc. The missile＇s data driver, system flow, the modules and their mutual relations of the missile visual simulation system are discussed. The missile flight simulation results and effect of the scenes are given.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Dynamic Encryption Technology in Ad-hoc Networks

A new dynamic encryption application in ad-hoc networks is proposed. The advantages of this method are its being able to use the previous ciphertext as a seed of a new encryption process, rendering the encryption process effective in all communication process by continuous dynamic key generation together with synchronization, and its capability to cut back on system bandages to a greater extent, which is valuable for the ad-hoc circumstance. In addition, the rationality and effectiveness of this novel encryption method have been verified by the test results.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.