阴离子多糖对大豆蛋白性质的影响

通过在大豆蛋白中分别添加5%（w/w）的水溶性大豆多糖（SSPC）、果胶、羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）,然后共同喷雾干燥。与对照相比较,添加这三种阴离子多糖后,大豆蛋白的氮溶指数略有下降,乳化活性有所下降,乳化稳定性显著提高,其中添加CMC后热性质也有提高。添加阴离子多糖后,大豆蛋白的zeta电位发生了明显变化,等电点下降超过了一个pH单位。粒径分析表明,三种阴离子多糖在pH4.5处对大豆分离蛋白的分散稳定效果依次为：SSPC〉果胶〉CMC。     

西兰花茎果胶的提取及理化性质研究

以西兰花废弃茎为原料,探究其果胶提取工艺和理化性质。通过单因素试验和正交试验优化果胶提取工艺,以商品橘子皮果胶（commercial orange pectin,COR）为对照,通过西兰花果胶（Brassica oleracea L.pectin,BOP）酯化度、溶解度、半乳糖醛酸含量等指标来评价其理化性质,采用扫描电镜和傅里叶红外光谱表征其结构。结果表明,BOP提取最佳条件为pH值1.5,料液比1∶25（g/mL）,提取温度90℃,提取时间80 min,该条件下验证试验的平均得率为9.42% ;与COR相比,BOP中半乳糖醛酸含量为70.34% ,酯化度为46.7% ,西兰花果胶属于低酯果胶、溶解度为74% ,果胶灰分含量为7.56% ,果胶酸不溶物含量为3.85% ,果胶pH值为3.05。BOP和COR的表观颗粒形态存在较大差异,BOP颗粒直径较COR的大,呈清晰片状,排列不紧密,有较多的孔隙。     

负载生育酚的玉米醇溶蛋白纳米颗粒的构建及性质表征

采用反溶剂法制备负载生育酚（TOC）的玉米醇溶蛋白（zein）-阿拉伯胶的复合纳米颗粒。探究不同zein ∶ AG比例,不同搅拌速度对zein-AG纳米颗粒稳定性的影响;不同pH值,不同盐离子浓度对负载TOC的zein-AG纳米颗粒稳定性的影响。试验结果表明：当zein ∶ AG质量比1 ∶ 1.5,搅拌速度800 r/min时所得纳米颗粒稳定性较好,粒径125.4 nm,多分散指数（PDI）0.19,电位-32.8 mV;当pH=3~9,盐离子浓度小于20 mmol/L时,zein-AG纳米颗粒相对稳定,表明zein和AG可有效结合,产生电荷屏蔽效应以抵御一定浓度的盐离子;负载TOC的zein纳米颗粒在结合AG后的稳定性显著提高,比负载TOC前对DPPH、ABTS和超氧阴离子都有更高的清除能力;zein/AG-TOC纳米颗粒能够在胃肠道模拟试验中实现缓释。     

低酯果胶和乳清分离蛋白复合凝胶性质的研究

本实验研究混合体系pH 值、NaCl 浓度和CaCl2 浓度对低酯果胶与乳清蛋白复合凝胶的硬度和持水能力的影响。响应面分析结果表明,pH 值、NaCl 浓度和CaCl2 浓度对凝胶性质有显著影响。低酯果胶和乳清分离蛋白复合凝胶的最佳条件为pH6、NaCl 浓度0.2mol/L、CaCl2 浓度10mmol/L,在此条件下制得的复合凝胶强度接近200g,持水能力接近75%。     

藻酸丙二醇酯的流变学特性研究

利用MCR101流变仪研究了质量分数、pH、蔗糖、NaCl、温度对藻酸丙二醇酯(PGA)流变学特性的影响。结果表明:藻酸丙二醇酯溶液是假塑性流体,其流动特性符合Power-law模型,其粘度随PGA质量分数和蔗糖浓度的增加而升高;随剪切速率、pH、温度的增加而降低;在较低NaCl浓度下(0.01和0.1mol/L),PGA溶液粘度降低,NaCl浓度在1mol/L时,溶液粘度增加。PGA溶液具有一定的触变性和粘弹性,在低频率区域体系以粘性为主,高频率区域体系以弹性为主,G′和G″的交点受PGA浓度、pH和温度的影响。     

乳酸钙对高酯柑橘果胶乳化性的影响

以高酯柑橘果胶（high methoxy citrus pectin,HMP）在溶液中形成的胶束为出发点,通过分析HMP胶束在水溶液和在乳酸钙溶液中形态和大小变化,研究乳酸钙对HMP乳化性质的影响。结果表明：乳酸钙显著改变HMP胶束在溶液中的形态和大小,在乳酸钙溶液中HMP胶束变大,HMP胶束和HMP分子通过钙离子的交联作用形成网状结构。乳化性分析表明乳酸钙可显著提升HMP的乳化指数,抑制乳析现象的发生。当乳酸钙浓度达到12.50 mmol/L时,在室温下贮藏28 d后乳液无乳析现象发生。乳滴粒度分布和乳滴形态分析显示,乳酸钙影响乳滴粒度分布和乳滴形态,在HMP中加入乳酸钙后,乳滴d（0.9）值略微减少,乳滴形态出现非规则球形。染色乳滴形态显示在HMP中加入乳酸钙后,乳滴表面有附着物。用HMP和乳酸钙制备的乳液类似于Pickering乳液。     

粒径分析法研究稳定剂对含乳饮料稳定性的影响

研究水溶性大豆多糖(SSPS)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)和高酯果胶(HMP)在含乳饮料中的粒径分布和离心沉淀率。结果表明：在SSPS、CMC和HMP的质量分数大于0.3%时,酸性含乳饮料的体系开始趋于稳定,当HMP添加量为0.3%、SSPS和CMC的添加量分别为0.5%时,含乳饮料体系稳定性最好,而且粒径分析与离心沉淀率结果相一致。通过分析含乳饮料的粒径分布和离心沉淀率可以快速、准确的判断所添加稳定剂的含量在含乳饮料体系中应用的可行性。     

海藻酸钠和低甲氧基果胶抑制油炸甘薯淀粉吸油效果及结构变化（网络首发、推荐阅读）

为探明海藻酸钠（sodium alginate,AG）和低甲氧基果胶（low methoxyl pectin,LMP）对油炸甘薯淀粉吸油率的影响,使用低场核磁共振仪、激光共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪、红外光谱及差示扫描量热仪分别分析了添加0.5%（w/w）、2%（w/w）AG和2%（w/w）LMP的油炸甘薯淀粉的油含量及其分布、热性质等。结果表明,添加AG或LMP可以显著降低油炸甘薯淀粉总油含量,油主要分布在淀粉颗粒表层,淀粉结晶类型由A+V型变为V型,糊化焓和相对结晶度明显降低。与添加LMP的油炸甘薯淀粉相比,添加AG后总油含量、相对结晶度和糊化焓更低。添加AG质量分数为2%时,油炸甘薯淀粉糊化程度最高,淀粉颗粒表层呈连续、致密结构,总油含量和表层油含量均为最低。可为健康、低脂油炸淀粉类食品加工提供参考。     

乳清分离蛋白/阿拉伯胶复合物纳米颗粒制备及其pH稳定性

本实验对乳清分离蛋白(WPI)和阿拉伯胶(GA)分子内复合物进行热处理,旨在固化WPI/GA,使其形成稳定的纳米复合物颗粒并研究其pH稳定性。结果表明,当WPI/GA混合物浓度为1%,85℃加热15 min,可形成稳定分散的纳米复合物颗粒,并呈现出良好的pH稳定性。WPI/GA纳米复合物颗粒具有良好的乳化活性,1%浓度下的纳米复合物颗粒可制备含20%中链甘油三酯(MCT)的分散均一的水包油型乳液。结论:通过对WPI/GA分子内复合物进行热处理,使蛋白在聚集过程中与GA缠绕,形成稳定的WPI/GA纳米复合物颗粒,改善了WPI/GA分子内复合物的pH敏感性。并呈现出良好的乳化活性,为其作为纳米载体荷载功能因子方面的应用提供了很好的前景。     

负载白藜芦醇的大麦醇溶蛋白/海藻酸丙二醇酯复合纳米颗粒的制备及表征

以大麦醇溶蛋白(hordein)、海藻酸丙二醇酯(PGA)为原料，通过溶剂蒸发法制备大麦醇溶蛋白-海藻酸丙二醇酯复合纳米颗粒(Hordein/PGA)，并对白藜芦醇进行包封。结果表明，随海藻酸丙二醇酯添加量的增加，Hordein/PGA的粒径由1 654.9 nm逐渐下降至475.9 nm。同时Hordein/PGA的电位均为负值，并随海藻酸丙二醇酯添加量的增大由-3.62 mV下降至-8.04 mV。红外光谱结果显示:大麦醇溶蛋白与海藻酸丙二醇酯主要通过氢键、静电吸引及疏水相互作用结合。以Hordein/PGA1∶1对白藜芦醇进行包封，构建三元复合纳米颗粒(Hordein/PGA/Res)，白藜芦醇的包封率可达87%。红外光谱和X射线衍射分析表明白藜芦醇与大麦醇溶蛋白、海藻酸丙二醇酯有效结合。Hordein/PGA/Res经85 ℃处理30 min后白藜芦醇保留率为88%，显著高于游离白藜芦醇保留率(73%)；经6 h紫外光辐射处理后白藜芦醇保留率可提高约16%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.