Production of black rice cake using ground black rice and medium-grain brown rice

Puffed rice cakes were produced from a blend of ground black rice (GBR) and medium‐grain brown rice (GMBR) by using a rice cake machine. Effects of moisture content, heating temperature and heating time on quality of the black rice cake were investigated. The specific volume of black rice cakes showed an increasing trend with increasing tempering moisture, heating temperature and heating time. The hardness of puffed black rice cake decreased as tempering moisture and heating time increased, and was influenced more by GMBR content than heating temperature. In general, the black rice cake lightness and yellowness decreased steadily with increasing GBR content, while tempering moisture, heating temperature and heating time did not significantly affect the colours of black rice cake. On the contrary, the redness increased with increasing GBR contents. The weight loss during tumbling was not found at all puffing conditions.     

Puffing of Rice Cakes as Influenced by Tempering and Heating Conditions

Puffed rice cakes were produced from long grain brown rice by a pressure-drop puffing method. Effects of raw rice tempering conditions (time and moisture level) and heating conditions (temperature and time) immediately before puffing on rice cake volume were investigated. In general, a lower moisture level (14% vs 16–20%) in raw rice and longer tempering time (5 hr vs 1–3 hr) resulted in higher specific volumes in rice cakes. Higher heating temperature (230°C vs 200–220°C) and 8 sec heating produced rice cakes with higher specific volumes. Darker cakes were obtained with the high temperature and long time combinations.     

Puffing of Okara/Rice Blends Using a Rice Cake Machine

ABSTRACT: Okara is the insoluble byproduct of soymilk and tofu manufactures. It is cheap, high in nutrients, and possesses great potential to be applied to functional human foods. In this study, a puffed okara/rice cake product was developed with blends of okara pellets and parboiled rice. Consumer preference and acceptance tests were conducted for the product. Okara pellets were prepared by grinding the strands obtained from extruding a mixture of dried okara and rice flour (3:2, w/w) with a twin‐screw extruder. Okara pellets and parboiled rice were blended in 4 ratios, 90:10, 70:30, 40:60, and 0:100 (w/w), and tempered to 14% and 17% moisture. The blends were puffed at 221, 232, and 243 °C for 4, 5, or 6 s. The okara/rice cakes were evaluated for specific volume (SPV), texture, color, and percent weight loss after tumbling. Overall, the decrease in okara content and increase in moisture, heating temperature and time led to greater specific volume (SPV) and hardness, lighter color, and lower percent weight loss after tumbling. The consumer tests indicated that the okara/rice cake containing 70% okara pellets was preferred and the 90% one was liked the least. The possible drivers of liking for the puffed okara/rice cakes could be the okara content, hardness, SPV, bright color, and percent weight loss after tumbling.     

垩白对稻米吸湿产生裂纹的影响

将有垩白与无垩白的籼稻米和粳稻米浸入相同温度的水中,测定浸水时间与稻米吸湿产生裂纹率的关系。结果表明：稻米在水中吸湿后,有垩白的稻米比无垩白的稻米容易产生裂纹;粳稻米比籼稻米容易吸湿产生裂纹;有垩白籼稻米比有垩白粳稻米裂纹率峰值更高,裂纹产生更剧烈,但裂纹率峰值出现时间滞后。     

Effect of drying and tempering on rice fissuring analysed by integrating intra-kernel moisture distribution

The fissure generation of one short- and two long-grain rough rice dried at different air conditions for 15, 30 and 60 min, and respectively, tempered at 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C for tempering duration ranging from 0 to 330 min was analysed by integrating moisture gradients in rice kernels. Results indicated that drying and tempering processes had significant effects on the moisture gradient and rice fissuring. The percentage of fissured kernels increased with increasing drying time and decreasing tempering time. The tempering duration required for long-grain rice was shorter than that for short-grain rice to prevent kernel fissuring. Higher tempering temperatures can effectively eliminate moisture gradients and then lower the rice fissuring generation. Tempering at 50 °C reduced fissuring incidence by 32 to 50% compared to tempering at 20 °C. Moreover, short-grain rough rice was very susceptible to fissure whereas long-grain rough rice with a high amylose content was much more fissure-tolerance.     

挤压预糊化淀粉的性能及其添加对糙米发糕品质的影响

通过挤压不同水分含量（45%、25%和18%）的大米淀粉制备预糊化大米淀粉,测定其分子量、结晶度、糊化度、水吸收指数、水溶解指数、冷糊黏度等指标,并考察了预糊化淀粉添加对糙米粉糊化特性及糙米发糕品质的影响。结果表明,与原大米淀粉相比,45%、25%和18%水分含量挤压制备的预糊化大米淀粉结晶度分别降低了51.93%、58.93%和59.04%;水吸收指数分别提高了1.56、4.69和6.11倍;水溶解指数分别提高了7.04、16.30和27.64倍;冷糊黏度分别提高了2.00、21.44和14.67倍。挤压还使大米淀粉分子发生降解,产生了更多的小链分子。预糊化大米淀粉性能变化与挤压过程中淀粉的水分含量有关。添加预糊化大米淀粉显著提高了糙米发糕的品质（P<0.05）,高的冷糊黏度和低的分子量（18%水分挤压）更有利于制备比容大（1.64 cm3/g）、孔洞细腻均匀、硬度低（338.59 g）和有弹性的糙米发糕。     

Influence of Flour Particle Size on Quality of Gluten-Free Rice Cakes

There is a growing interest in developing gluten-free bakery products in recent time. In cake making, gluten network formation is not essential, but hardly any information exists about the influence of the gluten-free flour characteristics affecting the final cake product. This study analyses the influence of two different rice cultivars (short and long) with different flour particle size in batter characteristics (specific volume, viscosity and internal structure) and in sponge and layer cake formulas (volume, shape, texture and colour). During starch gelatinization, the finest flours (median particle size finer than 100 μm) increased their viscosity and reached the peak viscosity (RVA) later than the coarsest flours. Moreover, the finest flours gave batters with lower specific volumes but with an air distribution in smaller and uniform bubbles in both formulas. These flours also produced higher volume and lower firmness in sponge cakes and greater symmetry index both in sponge and layer cakes. The rice type also influenced batter and cakes characteristics but in a lesser extent. The different results obtained depending on the rice flour particle size, type flour and cake formulation indicate the need to define them both in industrial specifications and in research studies.     

无糖香糕的试制

绍兴香糕系宁绍式糕点中的名点。根据绍兴香糕的生产工艺原理,研制了无糖香糕的配方和工艺。试制结果表明,通过适量添加糯米粉,可以解决无糖香糕由于不含蔗糖而造成物料之间粘结性差的问题。使用木糖醇作甜味剂,无糖香糕新产品是糖尿病人较理想的保健食品。     

不同水分含量糙米动态储藏过程中叶黄素含量及色度值变化

本研究重点研究动态温湿度环境对不同水分含量糙米中色度及叶黄素含量的影响。初始水分含量分别为14.4%、16.6%、18.7%、20.5%的糙米动态温湿度储藏150 d,每隔30 d测定叶黄素含量及色度值。结果表明,糙米中叶黄素含量随储藏时间的增加均呈下降趋势。在相同储藏时间下,糙米水分含量越高,叶黄素含量下降越快。温度对糙米中叶黄素含量影响极显著(p<0.01),水分含量对糙米中叶黄素含量影响显著(p<0.05)。L*值与糙米中叶黄素含量极显著正相关(p<0.01),a*、b*值均与糙米中叶黄素含量极显著负相关(p<0.01)。实验表明,过高的温度不利于糙米中叶黄素的保留,通过控制糙米在低温下(15 ℃)储藏,并保持低水分含量(14.4%),可减缓糙米中叶黄素含量的流失。     

高温连续干燥与干燥-通风联合对稻谷品质的影响

利用不同的干燥方式对稻谷进行干燥,降至安全水分含量12%（湿基）,测定干燥后稻谷的整精米率（head rice yield,HRY）、脂肪酸值以及RVA特征值。结果表明：对于连续干燥作业,缓苏过程中存在一个临界缓苏时间,达到临界缓苏时间能显著提高整精米率,且干燥温度越高,该临界缓苏时间的出现越明显;但干燥温度高于60 ℃,且一次降水幅度不小于9.4%,缓苏温度与干燥温度相同时,通过延长缓苏时间,整精米率难以达到70%;对于干燥-通风联合作业,干燥温度高于60 ℃,且缓苏温度不低于干燥温度时,虽能保持较高整精米率（＞72%）,但稻米的RVA特征值（峰值黏度、最低黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值）总体上随着干燥温度、缓苏温度的升高和缓苏时间的延长而增加,且存在一些波动,干燥温度、缓苏时间对其影响显著性低于缓苏温度。两种干燥方式的脂肪酸值都存在不同于恒低温干燥持续增加的变化趋势。     

Process of Producing Parboiled Rice with Different Colors by Fluidized Bed Drying Technique Including Tempering

Steamer is utilized to gelatinize rice starch. High pressure or long steaming time is conventionally applied to obtain the dark brown color of the product. A new alternative method to produce dark brown parboiled rice was proposed in this work. High temperature fluidized bed drying technique including tempering was therefore explored to determine the operating condition to meet the requirement of light and dark brown parboiled rice along with high head rice yield. In addition, the couple of heat and mass transfer model was developed to determine the effective moisture diffusion coefficient, the temperature and moisture distributions within a grain kernel during drying. The effective diffusion coefficient was well correlated with grain temperature by Arrhenius equation. The drying temperature and moisture content after drying caused the drop of head rice yield. When the parboiled paddy at the intermediate moisture contents of 22 and 27% d.b. was tempered, the head rice quality was improved while the parboiled rice color was browner. To obtain high drying capacity, high head rice yield, and light brown color, the parboiled paddy should be dried at a maximum allowable temperature of 150 °C and tempered for 30 min. The tempering time should be extended to 60 min for the dark brown parboiled rice.     

发芽糙米粉对米糕老化抑制作用的研究

本论文研究了发芽处理对米糕的抗老化作用,采用全质构、DSC和感官分析比较了不同发芽时间糙米粉单独或按不同比例混配制得糙米糕的老化特性,并分析了糙米发芽过程中主要成分的变化规律。结果表明:发芽处理抑制米糕老化的作用随发芽时间的延长而增加,不同发芽时间糙米粉按特定的比例混配能进一步增强其抗老化效果。发芽2 d和发芽3 d的糙米粉按1:2的质量比例混配时抗老化效果最佳。糙米发芽后淀粉的降解导致其总淀粉、直链和支链淀粉含量的显著降低(发芽0~4 d,总淀粉、直链和支链淀粉含量分别从77.26%、4.08%和73.18%下降到46.77%、2.56%和44.21%)以及糊精和小分子糖含量的增加(发芽0~4 d,还原糖含量从0.98%增加到8.22%)是发芽处理延缓米糕老化的重要原因。此外,蛋白和脂肪等成分的变化及各组分的交互作用都可能影响最终产品的回生速率,还需进一步实验验证。     

不同品种和粒度对米粉糊化特性及米蛋糕品质的影响

为研究不同品种和粒度米粉对米蛋糕品质的影响,选取粳米、籼米、糯米三个品种,分别制备80、100、120、140目的米粉。通过测定不同品种和粒度米粉的糊化特性、米蛋糕的质构特性和感官品质等,采用定性方法分析得出不同品种和粒度米粉对米蛋糕品质的影响。结果表明:随着目数的增加,米粉小颗粒受到的机械损伤增大,水分迅速蒸发,米粉的水分含量逐渐减小;小颗粒粉体更容易吸水膨胀,糊化温度逐渐减小。而衰减值和回生值逐渐增大,峰值黏度和最终黏度先增大后减小;随米粉目数的增加,米蛋糕的咀嚼性逐渐减小,而硬度和弹性逐渐增大,内聚性和感官评分先增大后减小;不同品种米粉的糊化特性、老化特性以及蛋糕品质等均存在差异,米粉粒度对蛋糕品质具有一定的影响。在过筛目数为120目时,蛋糕的感官得分达到最高。当米粉过筛目数在140目粒径较小时,质地过于松软,食用时咀嚼性差,口感欠佳,蛋糕品质下降。相比于糯米粉而言,粳米粉和籼米粉更适宜制作蛋糕,由粳米粉为原料制作的蛋糕品质更好。综上所述,过筛目数为120目的粳米粉更适合制作蛋糕。     

储藏条件下糙米水分扩散规律研究

为探讨储藏条件下糙米籽粒的水分扩散规律,以环境温度和相对湿度为影响因素,采用全因素组合试验方法设计试验,应用静态称重法对糙米籽粒进行了不同温度和相对湿度条件下的吸附与解吸试验,推导出储藏条件下糙米籽粒的水分扩散系数求解方程,求出不同储藏温湿度以及不同原始含水率条件下糙米籽粒的水分扩散系数,应用SAS软件拟合出关于储藏条件下糙米水分扩散系数的二次回归方程。结果表明:储藏环境温湿度及含水率显著地影响糙米水分扩散规律,研究结果可以为探讨糙米水分分布及传递机理提供理论参考。     

米发糕的储藏品质研究

以大米为原料,采用专用发酵剂制作米发糕,研究包装方式和温度对米发糕储藏品质的影响,为方便型米发糕的工业化生产提供技术参数。结果表明,储藏温度、包装方式对米发糕储藏品质有显著影响。储藏过程中米发糕菌落总数上升,结晶度、硬度、咀嚼度增加,弹性、黏聚性和水分含量降低,导致感官品质下降。CO2气调包装后低温度储藏有利于抑制水分损失和细菌繁殖,米发糕于-18℃储藏,菌落总数、水分变化缓慢。-18℃储藏米发糕的结晶度小于4℃储藏时的结晶度。气调包装有利于保持米发糕的质构特征。米发糕采用CO2气调包装后于-18℃储藏,使米发糕的保质期可达10天以上。     

The effect of par‐baking and frozen storage time on the quality of cup cake

The effects of frozen storage and initial baking time of par‐baked cake on baking loss, volume, moisture, colour and textural properties of cake obtained after thawing and rebaking were investigated. Cakes, par‐baked at 175 °C for 15, 20 and 25 min, were stored at ?18 °C for 3, 6 and 9 months. After storage, par‐baked cakes were thawed and rebaked at 175 °C for 10, 15 and 20 min. Baking loss, moisture content, L and +b colour values, firmness, gumminess and chewiness of the resulting full‐baked cakes were significantly affected by both par‐baking and frozen storage time, while specific volume, cohesiveness, springiness and resilience values were significantly affected by frozen storage time. The increase in the time of frozen storage of the par‐baked cake leads to a decrease in the quality of the rebaked cake, namely an increase of baking loss and cake crumb firmness, and a loss in the moisture content and specific volume. Moisture of cake crumb, L and +b colour values, firmness, gumminess and chewiness significantly increased as the par‐baking time increased. However, regarding baking loss, specific volume, moisture content and textural properties, 3‐month intermediate storage at ?18 °C and 20‐min initial baking time gave the best result among the cakes produced by using the two‐step baking procedure.     

Pasting Properties of Ohmically Heated Rice Starch and Rice Flours

ABSTRACT:  Pasting characteristics were examined for conventionally or ohmically heated rice starch and rice flours. Brown rice flour showed the greatest cooking stability and least retrogradation potential. Brown rice flour also showed the greatest pasting temperature and lowest peak viscosity, whereas commercial starch had the lowest pasting temperature. Nonstarch components of the brown rice flour, such as fat and protein, may have acted as stabilizers delaying water access into the granules and reducing swelling of the starch. Ohmic heating reduced pasting temperature for commercial rice starch, resulting in a starch that swelled faster. Furthermore, ohmic heating produced better cooking stability in white rice flour 1 and 2 than in the native sample, and caused white rice flour 2 to have less potential for retrogradation than the conventionally heated sample. At lower electric field strength (20 V/cm), ohmic heating resulted in the greatest cooking stable starches compared to higher voltages (40 and 70 V/cm) because more starch granules were disrupted from a longer cooking time, so there were fewer intact granules for pasting. Ohmic heating has been shown to alter rice starch and flour pasting characteristics with an added influence of lipids, proteins, and amylose contents.     

传统糕团类食品防腐保鲜技术的研究

本试验以传统糕团为研究对象,研制能够显著延长糕团保鲜期的复配型防腐剂.试验了五种防腐剂在传统糕团食品中的抑菌效果.研究结果表明,将尼泊金复合酯和双乙酸钠复配使用,可以显著提高传统糕团食品的保鲜期,又不影响其食用品质.     

稻谷储藏期对米粉品质的影响

将不同储藏期的湘早籼33号稻谷加工成米粉,并对米粉品质进行分析,以确定稻谷储藏期与米粉品质之间的关系。结果表明:随着稻谷储藏期的延长,米粉加工的成型及散粉质量可以得到明显改善;米粉吐浆值及酸度呈现增加趋势;成品含水量呈现下降趋势;用储藏期为9个月的稻谷加工的米粉断条率为零;当储藏期超过21个月时,感官品质开始下降;综合考虑米粉各品质指标,确定储藏期为9~11个月的稻谷较适宜加工高品质的米粉。     

稻谷薄层热风干燥工艺优化及数学模型拟合

对稻谷进行薄层热风干燥,采用正交试验方法研究稻谷在不同热风温度、初始含水率和热风风速条件下的热风干燥特性,比较10种数学模型在稻谷热风干燥中的适用性。结果表明:稻谷在热风干燥过程中没有出现明显的恒速干燥阶段,且干燥主要发生在降速干燥阶段;热风温度是影响稻谷热风干燥的最主要因素,其次是初始含水率;取初始含水率20%、热风温度50℃、热风风速1.4 m/s的方案为稻谷的最优热风干燥工艺,此时的最佳数学模型为Page模型;缓苏可有效抑制稻谷的爆腰率,缓苏温度越高,缓苏时间越长,缓苏效果越好;当初始含水率24%、热风温度40℃时,实验值和模型值的相对平均误差分别为1.563%和1.474%,表明模型预测的干燥曲线和实验所得的干燥曲线一致性较好;随着热风温度的升高,稻谷的有效水分扩散系数变大,经热风温度从40℃升高到60℃,其有效水分扩散系数由9.69×10~(-10) m~2/s增加到10.77×10~(-10) m~2/s,稻谷的干燥活化能为47.1 k J/mol。