新型营养调味品鮟鱇鱼肝酱的加工工艺研究

以东海海域黑鮟鱇鱼肝为主要原料,通过设置不同参数,研究乳化剂、食用植物油、不同搅拌时间及冰水的不同添加量对鮟鱇鱼肝酱品质的影响,研制了利用黑鮟鱇鱼肝生产出的营养型鮟鱇鱼肝酱的最佳配方。通过感官评价和正交实验分析最终得到鮟鱇鱼肝酱的最佳工艺配方为:搅拌时间20 min,2%的蔗糖脂肪酸酯和卵磷脂(1∶2),冰水80 mL,食用植物油的用量为20 g。对配制的鮟鱇鱼肝酱进行感官比较评价和低温贮藏试验,结果表明该鮟鱇鱼肝酱营养、美味以及质量均符合要求。     

新型鹅肝酱的制备技术研究

以鹅肥肝为主要原料,研制了新型鹅肝酱的工艺流程和最佳工艺配方。研究了乳化剂对鹅肝的乳化作用,及搅拌时间、增稠剂、加水量对鹅肝酱品质的影响。通过感官评价及正交实验分析,最终得到的新型鹅肝酱的最佳工艺配方为:乳化搅拌时间15min、1%的单甘酯和酪蛋白、5%的CMC和β-环糊精、冰水120mL。对配制的鹅肝酱进行感官评价和低温贮藏试验,结果表明该鹅肝酱符合营养、美味和质量要求。     

胡萝卜鹅肝酱罐头的研制

以胡萝卜和鹅肝为原料,研究了胡萝卜鹅肝酱罐头的配方和生产工艺。通过感官评定及正交实验分析,得到最佳配方,即鹅肝泥:胡萝卜泥:混合增稠剂:植物油:水的比例为100:60:5:12:100。对按该配方生产的产品进行感官评价、理化指标分析、微生物检测,以及保温贮藏实验,结果表明,所得胡萝卜鹅肝酱罐头符合相关的质量标准,贮藏期内没有质量变化。     

模糊数学评价法在鹅肝酱研制中的应用

利用模糊数学评价法，通过对鹅肝酱的感官评价，从而准确客观、方便地得到新型鹅肝酱的工艺配方，同时也说明模糊数学评价法是食品感官评价的较好方法。     

樱桃鹅肝的改良工艺

以普通鹅肝为主要原料,通过不同参数设置,研究牛奶浸泡时间、淡奶油添加量、洛神花煮制时间、卡拉胶添加量等单因素对樱桃鹅肝品质的影响,得到樱桃鹅肝的改良工艺流程和最佳工艺配方。通过感官评价和正交试验分析,得到樱桃鹅肝最佳改良配方为:鹅肝200 g、牛奶300 m L、牛奶浸泡时间4 h、淡奶油100 g、洛神花干花20 g、纯净水500 g、卡拉胶15 g。对配制的半成品樱桃鹅肝进行感官比较和低温保藏试验,结果表明该半成品最佳保藏要求为-18℃, 5 d。     

一种新型鹅肝酱的研制

以鹅肥肝为原料,研制了一种新型营养鹅肝酱。应用气相色谱分析,研究了成熟温度和抗氧化剂对鹅肝酱脂肪酸含量的影响,确定了加工鹅肝酱最佳工艺参数为:熟化温度80℃,VE添加量1%。通过对成品水分含量、粗脂肪含量、粗蛋白含量和蛋白质成分的检测,证明了采用本工艺加工的鹅肝酱能很好地保持鹅肝中的营养成分。     

水晶鹅肝冻制备方法研究

以普通鹅肝和鸭肝为主要原料,研制了新型水晶鹅肝冻的工艺流程和最佳工艺配方.研究了单甘脂、蛋黄粉等乳化剂对肝冻的乳化作用,以及鸭肝、β-环状糊精、糯米粉的添加量对肝冻感官品质的影响,卡拉胶和海藻酸钠添加量对肝冻热稳定性的影响.通过正交实验分析,最终得到肝冻的最佳工艺配方为:糯米粉7％、鸭肝:鹅肝为1∶2(w/w)、β-环状糊精3％ (w/w)、单甘脂:蛋黄为1∶2(w/w);海藻酸钠:卡拉胶为1∶10.     

风味鸭肝酱的研制

以普通鸭肝为主要原料研究风味鸭肝酱的最佳工艺配方.利用香辛料和不同温度的水处理鸭肝.为达到进一步去腥减色的目的,通过单因素实验获得鸭肝、瘦猪肉、鸡肉的最佳比例;匀浆过程中冰水的添加量;以及柠檬酸和β-环糊精的添加量.最终获得风味鸭肝酱的最佳工艺配方.     

鹅血酱的研制

本研究利用鹅副产物鹅血开发酱类产品,以鹅血为主要原料,以鹅肉、鹅油为辅料,探索鹅血酱的配方、工艺流程和最佳工艺参数。研究调味剂用量、搅拌时间、蒸煮时间和主辅料配比对鹅血酱风味的影响。通过单因素和正交试验结果分析,最佳工艺参数为:调味剂用量5%为最佳;主辅料配比鹅血∶鹅肉∶鹅油为20∶3∶2,蒸煮时间为10 min;加水量为20%最为适宜。     

朗德鹅肥肝酱加工过程中品质控制条件的研究

试验采用优质朗德鹅肥肝作为主要原料,通过对天然香辛料的配制和不同类型淀粉的筛选,利用单因素试验和正交试验,在保证鹅肥肝酱品质的前提下,确定了鹅肥肝酱加工过程中品质控制的最佳工艺参数为:食盐4%、红薯淀粉170 g/kg、酪蛋白0.5 g/kg、水400 mL/kg,并对成品朗德鹅肥肝酱进行低温贮藏试验,试验结果表明该鹅肥肝酱符合营养、美味的品质要求.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.