分子沉积膜的制备与应用

随着微型机械、高密度磁记录技术的发展，其器件的润滑及磨损成为制约其发展的一个关键问题。纳米复合薄膜有望解决这一问题。对化学法制备纳米复合薄膜的方法进行了综述，重点对分子沉积膜的发展及应用进行了概述，提出了分子沉积膜今后的发展趋势。     

Modified Reynolds Equation for Different Types of Finite Plates with the Combined Effect of MHD and Couple Stresses

We make an effort to analyze the behavior of squeeze film characteristics of different finite plates with couple stress fluid in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. On the basis of the Stokes couple stress fluid model and hydromagnetic flow model, a modified Reynold's equation is derived, which is solved by using appropriate boundary conditions to obtain squeeze film pressure, load-carrying capacity, and squeeze film time. The graphical representation of the results suggests that the different bearing systems register an enhanced performance with couple stresses compared to that of a bearing system working with a conventional lubricant in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. It is observed that the effect of applied magnetic field on the squeeze film lubrication between different finite plates with conducting couple stress fluids is to increase the load-carrying capacity significantly and to delay the time of approach compared to the corresponding nonconducting Newtonian case. It is seen that for all of the finite plates of different shapes, the circular shape gives the maximum load and time.     

挤压式磁流变液阻尼器--转子系统的动力学特性与控制

用磁流变液代替常规挤压油膜阻尼器的润滑油,可制成阻尼特性受磁场控制的挤压油膜阻尼器,用于转子系统的振动控制。依据Bingham模型推导了磁流变液挤压油膜的雷诺方程及其解的表达式,给出了油膜流速、压力分布、油膜反力和阻尼器内磁拉力等的计算公式;以磁流变液阻尼器—刚性转子系统为例,理论分析了挤压油膜的力学特性和转子系统的不平衡响应特性;设计和制造了一种用于转子振动控制的挤压式磁流变液阻尼器;试验研究了支承在该阻尼器上的单盘偏置柔性转子系统的不平衡响应特性和控制方法。研究表明,磁拉力可降低一阶临界转速和临界振幅;油膜反力可降低转子系统在无阻尼临界转速处的振幅,并使一阶有阻尼临界转速增大;通过开关控制能使阻尼器具有最佳的减振效果,使转子振幅在全转速区达到最小。     

外加磁场对磁流体润滑油膜轴承的影响

为了研究磁流体润滑油膜轴承内磁场的分布情况,分别通过永磁铁、螺线管及亥姆赫兹线圈对其施加3种不同形式的外磁场。通过磁场二维实体有限元模型的数值仿真,分析在3种模型下磁流体润滑油膜轴承的磁场分布特性,并比较磁场在油膜区的分布情况。结果表明,永磁铁模型的磁场主要分布在永磁铁、油膜、轴承座以及靠近磁铁的轧辊部分,螺线管模型的磁场主要分布在油膜、轴承座以及靠近磁铁的轧辊部分,亥姆霍兹线圈模型的磁场主要分布在线圈以及油膜的端部;3种模型在油膜区磁场分布沿轴向均呈现中间小、两端大的不均匀现象,且具有端部效应;永磁铁模型和螺线管模型在油膜区磁场沿径向分布均匀,亥姆霍兹线圈模型沿径向分布不均匀。     

Effect of lubricants and additives on the tribological performance of solids. Part 2. Active friction control

The paper presents an analysis of the state of the art in the study of the effect of magnetic and electric fields on lubrication and active control over the friction of solids. The lubricity of magnetic and electrorheological fluids is shown to depend greatly on the properties and component composition of fillers and to be related to the provision of the required rheological characteristics (varying over a wide range), which affect the lubricating film thickness. It is noted that the application of structural-sensitive LC systems and materials in joints is a promising method for the active and effective control over their friction.     

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON ACCURACY OF ECM BY CHANGING THE CONDUCTIVITY OF ANODE FILM

The change of conductivity, thickness and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） appearance of the anode film of CrWMn in 10% NaNO3 at different anode potential either with or without the magnetic field applied are investigated by testing film resistance, galvanostatic transient and using SEM to design magnetic circuit in magnetic assisted electrochemical machining （MAECM）. The experiments show that the anode film has semi-conducting property. Compared with the situation without magnetic field applied, the resistance of the film formed at 1 .SV （anode potential） increased and decreased at 4.0V while B=0.4T and the magnetic north pole points toward anode. The SEM photo demonstrates that the magnetic field will densify the film in the passivation area and quicken dissolution of the anode metal in over-passivation area. Based on the influence of magnetic field on electrochemical machining（ECM） due to the changes of the anode film conductivity behavior, the magnetic north pole should be designed to point towards the workpiece surface that has been machined. Process experiments agree with the results of test analysis.     

磁流体润滑螺旋槽机械密封中的热流固耦合分析

为了研究磁流体润滑螺旋槽机械密封中的热流固耦合效应,利用ANSYS Workbench软件计算了磁流体膜的压力分布、温度分布和动环的变形量,分析了电流强度、转速和磁性颗粒体积分数对磁流体膜压力、温度和动环变形的影响。结果表明：随着电流强度、转速和磁性颗粒体积分数的升高,磁流体膜的动压、温度和密封环的热变形都增大;内径处的磁流体温度最高但压力最低,磁流体基液易汽化;动环的压力变形远小于热变形;磁流体膜的压力、磁流体膜温度的数值解大于试验值和解析值,其主要原因在于数值解考虑了密封堰和离心力对磁流体膜的影响。     

Investigations on a permanent magnetic–hydrodynamic hybrid journal bearing

In the present work, a permanent magnetic–hydrodynamic hybrid journal bearing is developed. The force of the journal bearing comes from the hydrodynamic film and the permanent magnetic field. When a hydrodynamic film does not form, such as during starting and stopping a machine, the journal bearing relies on the magnetic force to support the rotor system. This paper studies a model of the permanent magnetic force and develops an experimental rig of the journal bearing. Experiments show that the hydrodynamic film force uncouples with the magnetic force in the journal bearing. Predictions from the model are compared with experimental data.     

纳米摩擦学研究进展

随着纳米科技的发展而新兴的纳米摩擦学是在原子分子尺度上研究摩擦界面上的行为、变化、损伤及其控制,成为超精密机械和微型机械研究的重要技术基础之一.在20世纪90年代初期,我国摩擦学工作者开始该领域的研究,并取得可喜的成果.概述清华大学摩擦学国家重点实验室在纳米摩擦学主要方面的研究进展,包括薄膜润滑、受限液体特性与有序分子膜润滑、界面摩擦与粘滑现象、微尺度表面工程与薄膜特性、磁头--磁盘纳米摩擦学研究以及试验测试仪器研制等,能对今后该领域的发展提供参考.     

计算机磁头/磁盘超薄气膜润滑稳定性

以任意拉森数的超薄气体润滑方程为基础,给出磁头刚体小扰动对空气轴承滑块 (ABS)气膜压强摄动方程。采用算子分裂法求解气膜压强和非结构三角网格的有限元法解压强摄动方程,得到气膜的刚度系数和阻尼系数矩阵。模态分析得到磁头气固耦合系统的固有频率,衰减率和振型。以Ω型磁头为例,分析了在不同气膜厚度和磁盘转速下的磁头稳定性。研究结果表明,磁头稳定性对气膜厚度很敏感,在小气膜厚度运行时,系统固有频率高,稳定性好;磁头升沉和纵倾运动的动力耦合,使磁头系统固有频率和衰减率降低,对稳定性不利;高转速的磁盘对磁头稳定性不利,但影响不大。     

超磁致伸缩薄膜磁致伸缩耦合机理的有限元分析

从微观能量角度分析了超磁致伸缩薄膜的磁致伸缩机理,建立了超磁致伸缩薄膜的非线性强磁—机械耦合模型。设计了简支梁式超磁致伸缩薄膜的驱动磁场并对其进行实验研究。通过Ansys有限元分析软件对简支梁式超磁致伸缩薄膜驱动模型进行了模拟分析,最终得到的薄膜的内部磁场分布结构及固有频率。结果表明,采用椭圆积分法得到薄膜内部磁场分布的数学模拟计算结果与有限元仿真结果基本一致。     

Effect of roughness on hydromagnetic squeeze films between porous rectangular plates

The theoretical investigations made in this paper are to study the combined effects of unidirectional surface roughness and magnetic effect on the performance characteristics of a porous squeeze film lubrication between two rectangular plates. The stochastic Reynolds equation accounting for the magnetic effect and randomized surface roughness structure is mathematically derived. The expressions for dimensionless pressure, load carrying capacity and squeeze film time are obtained. Results are computed numerically and it is observed that a roughness effect enhances pressure, load carrying capacity and squeeze film time.     

Temperature dependence dynamical permeability characterization of magnetic thin film using near-field microwave microscopy

A temperature dependence characterization system of microwave permeability of magnetic thin film up to 5 GHz in the temperature range from room temperature up to 423 K is designed and fabricated as a prototype measurement fixture. It is based on the near field microwave microscopy technique (NFMM). The scaling coefficient of the fixture can be determined by (i) calibrating the NFMM with a standard sample whose permeability is known; (ii) by calibrating the NFMM with an established dynamic permeability measurement technique such as shorted microstrip transmission line perturbation method; (iii) adjusting the real part of the complex permeability at low frequency to fit the value of initial permeability. The algorithms for calculating the complex permeability of magnetic thin films are analyzed. A 100 nm thick FeTaN thin film deposited on Si substrate by sputtering method is characterized using the fixture. The room temperature permeability results of the FeTaN film agree well with results obtained from the established short-circuited microstrip perturbation method. Temperature dependence permeability results fit well with the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. The temperature dependence of the static magnetic anisotropy H(K)(sta), the dynamic magnetic anisotropy H(K)(dyn), the rotational anisotropy H(rot), together with the effective damping coefficient α(eff), ferromagnetic resonance f(FMR), and frequency linewidth Δf of the thin film are investigated. These temperature dependent magnetic properties of the magnetic thin film are important to the high frequency applications of magnetic devices at high temperatures.     

Effects of fluid inertia forces on the squeeze film characteristics of conical plates—ferromagnetic fluid model

On the basis of the Shliomis ferromagnetic fluid model, this paper is mainly concerned with the influences of convective fluid inertia forces in magnetic fluid‐based conical squeeze film plates in the presence of external magnetic fields. By applying the averaged momentum principle, a lubrication equation governing the film pressure is derived. Some previous contributions can be obtained from special cases of the present studies. Comparing with the non‐inertia non‐magnetic case, better squeeze film performances are predicted for the magnetic fluid‐based conical plates operating with a larger value of the inertial parameter of fluid inertia forces, the volume concentration of ferrite particles and the strength of applied magnetic fields. Some numerical results with specific cone angles are also provided in tables for engineering applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

FeGa 膜 / AT 切石英晶片双面复合蝶形谐振磁场传感器

蝶形磁致伸缩膜由于磁汇聚,其中心区域的磁致伸缩应变增强,但是和矩形 AT 切石英晶片复合时,磁膜耦合至矩形晶 片电极区的应变会向周围无磁膜区域扩散,降低应变对晶片厚度剪切振动的作用,降低磁场传感器灵敏度。 提出 AT 切石英晶 片和 FeGa 膜形状一样的蝶形谐振磁场传感器,蝶形晶片可以将蝶形磁膜增强的晶片应变汇聚至晶片电极区,以提高传感器灵 敏度。 仿真结果预测,在 23. 8~ 118. 9 Oe 的磁场范围内,蝶形结构的灵敏度为蝶形磁膜/ 矩形晶片结构的 3. 73 倍。 通过微机械 加工,制作了蝶形器件,对实际器件测试的结果表明,在 76. 4~ 117 Oe 的线性区间内,蝶形传感器的灵敏度可达-29. 08 Hz/ Oe。     

滑动轴承磁流体薄膜和润滑特性的研究

在横向外磁场作用下，同时伴随磁流体中磁粒子的转动时，推导磁流体薄膜中压力的雷诺方程表达式；研究不同载体类型的磁流体在外磁场作用下，对无限长挤压薄膜轴承和滑动轴承的润滑特性的影响。结果表明：磁场增加磁流体液膜的粘度，提高薄膜承载力，而对轴承的滑动摩擦力影响很小。     

Study on the Ferrofluid Lubrication with an External Magnetic Field

Ferrofluids (FFs) are stable colloidal systems consisting of single-domain magnetic particles with a diameter of approximately 10 nm coated with surfactants and dispersed in a carrier liquid. By applying an external magnetic field, these fluids can be confined, positioned, shaped and, controlled at desired places. The load capacity of a lubricant film of FF can also be increased with an appropriate magnetic field. In this paper, Fe₃O₄-based FFs with different saturation magnetizations (M _s) were prepared by the co-precipitation technique. The tribological experiments of FFs under different magnets distributions were conducted on a ring-on-cylinder tribometer. The results show that the magnetic field intensity distributions on the rubbing surface have a significant influence on the tribological properties of FFs. The experimental results also indicate that FFs have a good friction-reduction performance in the presence of an external magnetic field compared with the carrier liquid and that its lifetime of friction can be greatly improved.     

A study of optimum load-bearing capacity for slider bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids in magnetic field

A theoretical study of slider bearings in general form is presented, considering the lubricant to be an isothermal, incompressible electrically conducting couple stress fluid in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. An expression for a modified Reynolds equation is derived in order to obtain pressure gradient in terms of inlet–outlet (IO) film height ratio (simply IO film ratio) of slider bearings. As a special case, a study of the IO film ratio of four particular types of slider bearings is analysed. For the study of optimum load capacity, three-dimensional geometry has been assumed in order to consider side flow. Values of maximum load capacity for various values of couple stress and magnetic parameters, and the corresponding IO film ratio of the four bearings are obtained numerically, and a comparative study of these values has been presented. A comparative study of optimum load-carrying capacity for finite and infinite slider bearings has also been made. It is observed that both the values of maximum load capacity and the corresponding IO film ratio depend on couple stress and magnetic parameters and the shape of bearings conjointly. The present results are also compared with the similar available data in Newtonian cases.     

Development of a magnetic quartz crystal microbalance

A new technique for measurement of magnetic properties of materials is demonstrated. It can be used for the measurement of thin magnetic films during their chemical modification. The resonance frequency of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) with conducting polymer (polyaniline) suspension in poly(ethylene glycol) was observed to increase with increasing the externally applied uniform dc magnetic field. Slowly sweeping the magnetic field between 0 and 3.1 T results in a frequency-field response curve. Chemical doping was done by exposing the polyaniline-emeraldine base film to HCl vapor. The change in population of free spins is reflected in increased frequency-field curve magnitude after HCl doping. Two working hypotheses explaining this observation are offered to explain how frequency of QCM with deposited magnetic film shifts with increasing intensity of the magnetic field.     

Flexible media — recent developments from the tribology point of view

With the increase in the recording density of hard disk systems, the demand on the increase in the data recording capacity of tape drive systems as back-up systems is increasing. One of the advantages of the tape drive systems is high volumetric recording density, which is obtained by high areal recording density and thin tapes. The areal recording density can be increased by introducing high performance tapes, such as metal evaporated tapes, with superior magnetic characteristics and smooth magnetic surface to reduce the spacing loss. However, a smoother surface often produces a higher friction coefficient, which could cause tape damage by rotary heads and unstable tape runnability in the tape drives. Adoption of MR heads to tape drive systems is also effective in increasing the areal recording density. However, the wear allowance of the MR heads (shield type) is much smaller than that of the inductive heads. Thinner tapes show lower mechanical stiffness in general, which could cause damage to tape edges easily during tape transportation. In the second or later generation of tape drive systems, a thinner tape is often introduced. These thinner tapes should also have the interchangeability of the original thickness tape. New materials for a base film, such as PEN (polyethylene naphthalate) or aramid in which the elastic moduli are larger than those of PET, are required for thinner tapes. It was found that these side effects by the increase in the volumetric recording density can be improved by tribology. The tribological improvements from the drive design side is very important, as well as from the tape design side.