第三方资金流提供商的采购协同问题研究

在传统的供应链采购运作过程中,由于核心制造商一直对其供应商供货采取下线结算的方式,从而导致供应商一直承担着巨大的库存持有成本.在基于Supply Hub的供应链运作模式下,提出了一种新的资金结算方式:令传统的3PL充当第三方资金流提供商来对供应商提前支付货款.从而解决供应商库存成本压力过大的问题,并且实现对资金流、信息流、物流的整合.在新的结算模式下,通过对供应链的成本分析研究得出一种有效的供应链运作机制,从而提高供应商的响应速度及协同性,降低供应链的总成本.通过数据模拟进一步证明.在该模式下核心制造商能够获得更快的产品交货期;供应商能够有效地降低库存持有成本;第三方资金流提供商可以通过对供应商采取适当的惩罚来约束供应商,促使供应商对交货期做出最合适的选择,并且使自身获利.     

ATO通用策略在费用分担模型的应用

以由一个零部件供应商和一个产品组装制造商组成的ATO两级供应链为对象,研究零部件供应商和组装产品制造商共同投资缩短零部件供应提前期以缩短产品交货期的相关模型.在此情况下,主要从成品组装制造商的角度建立相关成本模型,以总运作成本最小化为目标求解零配件供应提前期和订货批量两个决策变量,通过比较三种产品结构的结果考察了通用件和制造商费用分担份额对产品交货提前期及总运作成本的影响.算例分析表明,采用通用件有助于减少制造商的总运作成本,并在制造商费用分担额度较大时,有利于缩短产品交货提前期.     

供应商管理库存的供应链管理绩效模型

使用多目标规划的方法描述了供应链及其成员的运作性能、供应链的协调运作、供应链成员的利润等,建立了由一个制造商和一个供应商构成的多产品、多阶段供应商管理库存的供应链管理绩效模型;通过应用算例的研究验证了模型的有效性和可行性;并与未实行供应商管理库存的供应链管理绩效模型进行比较,验证了供应商管理库存能够提高供应链的绩效.     

具有产品再制造的闭环供应链动态运作模型

考虑了一类同时具有再分销、再制造和再利用的闭环供应链,并建立了其动态运作模型.供应链由一个制造商和一个供应商组成,废旧产品的回收及对废旧产品的再处理均由制造商完成.采用离散概率分布描述最终产品废旧的可能性,闭环供应链的运作是动态的且满足诸如供应链成员之间协调、各成员运作收益最大等多个目标.设计了一个数值算例验证模型的有效性,并就回收率对闭环供应链的运作性能的影响进行了分析.结果表明,闭环供应链的整体运作性能随着回收率的增大而增加.     

基于VMI的供应链协调模型应用研究

以一个制造商和一个供应商构成的多产品、多阶段供应链为背景,使用多目标规划的方法构造了生产原料平衡、制造商利润和供应商利润等目标函数及其约束条件,建立了供应商管理制造商生产原料库存的供应链协调模型.为验证模型的有效性和可行性,设计了一个应用算例.算例的分析表明:基于VMI的供应链协调模型能够保证各阶段供应商的交付量等于制造商的订购量,使制造商的利润提高,但供应商因实施VMI利润降低了.最后,通过对产品市场价格、原材料价格、生产能力、市场容量等参数的灵敏度分析,找出了供应链各参量的变化规律.     

带有两维延迟交货惩罚因子的供应链协同研究

在一个供应商之间信息不共享的二阶供应链系统中,研究不同类型的供应链延迟交货惩罚因子的设定对供应商交货响应时间决策的影响,并基于此建立一种供应商与供应商的交货时间协同机制。文章以集中决策下供应链最佳交货响应时间为目标值,分别找出了横向及纵向延迟交货惩罚因子的值,制造商可以通过此种方式设定这两种惩罚因子的值,使供应商与供应商之间主动采取相同的并与供应链最优决策一致的交货期,数值分析表明,采用本文提出的协同机制还可以调整供应链总成本在三者之间的分配。同时文章提出增加纵向延迟惩罚因子有利于促进供应链横向关系的和谐这一新观点。     

考虑订单合批批量的在线制造商承诺交货期决策研究

承诺交货期策略即向所有顾客承诺一致的交货时间是在线制造商最常用的基于时间的竞争策略。制造商通过调整运营参数来改变交货时间以实现向顾客承诺的交货期。基于运营批量对生产提前期的影响,本文构建了考虑订单合批批量的承诺交货期决策模型,分析了各种参数对生产提前期与运输提前期决策的影响。研究表明,库存成本、单位产品的加工时间、顾客需求的价格敏感性和时间敏感性系数等参数对于在线制造商的生产提前期和运输提前期决策往往具有不同的影响。最后本文的算例验证了研究的结论。     

产能与需求不确定下基于MOI和VMI的供应链比较研究

为分析供应链运作机制对降低产能不确定和需求不确定的影响,对比研究了MOI和VMI两种供应链运作模式下单关键零部件供应商-单制造商组成的两级供应链系统。MOI模式下,制造商负责产品的库存决策,并承担相应的零部件库存成本和缺货成本;VMI模式下,供应商负责产品的库存决策和额外产能储备决策,并承担相应的零部件库存成本和过剩能力闲置成本。给出了供应链的最优解及期望利润;为进一步讨论供应链管理模式对提升供应链运作效率的管理意义,分析了随机需求、随机产能及批发价格对两种模式的影响。     

突发事件影响的供应链系统动态仿真

为了研究突发事件对供应链绩效的长期效应,基于系统动力学构建了传统供应链模型、渠道库存控制供应链模型及供应商管理库存供应链模型.以包含一个制造商和一个供应商的二级供应链为研究对象,基于对供应链模型的仿真实验获取了供应链总库存和需求短缺量等绩效指标在无突变风险、生产突变风险和运输突变风险三种情境下的原始数据,通过对供应链绩...     

基于双源供货的闭环供应链最优决策和社会福利分析

运用博弈论建立双源供货下的闭环供应链模型,着重探讨不同认可度下,新零件供应商、回收件供应商和产品制造商的最优决策、经济收益及社会福利。研究结果表明:当消费者对再制造产品的认可度高于某一阈值时,制造商才有动力从事再制造业务,此时供应链系统通过生产新产品和利用回收件生产再制造产品两种方式满足消费者需求。从利润来看,随着认可度的提高,制造商和回收件供应商从再制造中获得更多收益,而新零件供应商则受到较大冲击。从社会福利来看,闭环供应链系统要优于传统供应链系统,表明再制造业务能够增加社会福利。     

Dynamic supply chain design: a Delphi study of drivers and barriers

Supply chain management has both in academia and practice proven its important role to sustain and further develop companies’ competitive advantages. This is with initiatives that focus on cost-efficiencies and turnover improvement. During the last two decades, companies have faced complexity in their supply chains currently with increased global operations. The dynamic business environment forces companies to secure a competitive (re-) design of their supply chains. This paper seeks to advance the understanding on the drivers and barriers for such designs. In total, 39 experts (30 from industrial enterprises, 4 senior supply chain consultants and 5 supply chain management professors) have participated in a four-step Delphi study and have identified main drivers for dynamic supply chain design as being cost reduction, delivery reliability and change in demand for agility. The main barriers are identified as forecasting being too weak, supply chain complexity and product portfolio complexity. In addition, an explorative factor analysis has been carried out to identify how drivers and barriers can be grouped together. Finally, the paper compares the drivers and barriers underlining different competitive strategies.     

Taxonomy of the manufacturing strategies of large Spanish industrial companies

This work presents a classification of the manufacturing strategies of large Spanish industrial companies in Spain. For this purpose the various international empirical studies on alternative manufacturing strategies have been taken as a reference, reviewed and compared. The database used in this study is made up of information on 114 factories and has been designed using the information from a survey mailed to the industrial companies which have production plants in Spain and which in the financial year of 1994 (reference date of this research) employed over 200 workers. Cluster analysis methodology has been used and the classification criterion taken was the competitive advantages or strengths of each factory concerning the five competitive priorities in manufacturing: efficiency, flexibility, quality, delivery and customer service. Finally, this work identifies a taxonomy of the manufacturing strategies of a sample of the largest industrial companies in Spain, differentiating three alternative production strategies: flexible marketoriented manufacturers, low-cost quality manufacturers and delivery-based manufacturers. Large industrial companies analysed compete in manufacturing, basically following a choice of three criteria: flexibility, quality or delivery. The companies belonging to each of the three categories identified maintain common and lasting manufacturing objectives and policies.     

Fabrication of BaTiO3 films on titanium by microarc oxidation method and improvement of bioactivity by electric poling treatment

A microarc oxidation (MAO) method was used to deposit a ferroelectric BaTiO₃ (BTO) film on titanium implant metal. The bioactivity of the sample was enhanced by negatively polarizing the film surface. BTO-1 and BTO-2 sample groups were fabricated by applying a constant AC current of 1.2 A/cm² (900 s) and 2.0 A/cm² (600 s), respectively. The BTO film surface was negatively polarized using a high temperature poling treatment. The bioactivity of the non-polarized BTO and polarized BTO films was compared using an immersion test in Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium (MEM). For both groups, 0.5-2 μm diameter pores were evenly distributed over the BTO film surface fabricated using the MAO method. The crystallinity and film-to-substrate bond strength of the BTO-2 film were higher than those of the BTO-1 film. The in vitro MEM immersion test demonstrated more calcium phosphate deposition on the negatively polarized BTO film than on the non-polarized BTO film.     

Partnership ecosystem of IC design service companies: The case of Taiwan

The continuously evolving IC industry has driven IC design service companies to become the niche players in the semiconductor value chain. These emerging companies, mostly SMEs, manage the entire chip development manufacturing process and apply third party's resources when and where its customers need them. To keep the customer as their main focus and deliver what the customer truly needs, a strong and committed partnership ecosystem is more important than ever.The objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the partnership ecosystem of Taiwan's IC design service companies. A co-evolutionary theory in the business ecosystem is used as a theoretical background to explain the relationship in the investigated partnership networks. The partnership networks of the IC design service companies were analyzed together with the corporate data such as revenues and milestones. The findings show that the firms have accumulated and created their competitive advantage by forming strategic alliances with various leading foundries, IP vendors, and EDA tool providers to leverage their technological capabilities. While the production ecosystem was localized in Taiwan based on the benefit of the complete value chain, the IP ecosystem was more internationalized.The existing networks provide a new insight into opportunities for new entrants even in the highly competitive environment like the semiconductor industry. This study contributes to the understanding of the characteristics of the niche players. It will be useful as policy implications for the industry stakeholders and governments to setup direction for further support and investment in the IC design service business.     

An excellent Z-scheme Ag2MoO4/Bi4Ti3O12 heterojunction photocatalyst: Construction strategy and application in environmental purification

Herein we have designed an excellent type of Z-scheme Ag₂MoO₄/Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (AMO/BTO) heterojunction photocatalysts by immobilizing AMO particles onto rod-like BTO hierarchical architectures. The formation of Z-scheme AMO/BTO heterostructures was verified by various characterization techniques including XRD, UV–vis DR spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XPS and FTIR spectroscopy. PL spectroscopy, photocurrent response and EIS analyses suggest that the creation of AMO/BTO heterojunctions is conducive to the efficient separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs. The photocatalytic performances of the AMO/BTO composites were investigated by simulated-sunlight driving photodegradation of methylene blue (MB), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), phenol and methyl orange (MO)/rhodamine B (RhB)/MB mixture solutions. It is demonstrated that the AMO/BTO heterojunction photocatalysts are endowed with excellent photodegradation performances much higher than that of bare AMO and BTO. For example, the photodegradation rate of MB by using 30 wt%AMO/BTO — confirmed to be the optimal composite sample — is about 17.0 and 14.7 times as high as that by using bare BTO and AMO, respectively. A Z-scheme electron transfer mechanism was proposed to elucidate the enhanced photodegradation performances of the AMO/BTO heterojunction photocatalysts.     

Size Effect of Barium Titanate and Computer-Aided Design of Multilayered Ceramic Capacitors

The size effect of BaTiO₃ (BTO) is the most important issue to design multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) with high capacitance. In the size effect of BTO particles, the size dependence of dielectric permittivity related with the complex structure in BTO nano-particles. The grain size dependence of dielectric permittivity in BTO ceramics was due to the domain wall contribution. The core-shell structure played an important role in the size effect of dielectric layers in X7R-MLCCs. Computer simulation technique was developed to predict the limit of capacitance density of MLCCs produced by the current technology. Dielectric properties of MLCCs with different particle size of BTO were measured, and the data were analyzed using B-SPLINE fitting to predict dielectric permittivity at arbitrary temperatures and AC-fields. The dielectric properties of barium titanate grains smaller than 100 nm were predicted using least squares fitting of the B-SPLINE coefficients. It was found from the simulation that the use of barium titanate grains smaller than 80 nm did not give an advantage to increase the capacitance density as well as temperature stability of the MLCCs. The maximum capacitance was predicted for the 1608 (mm) chip size.     

A decision-making model for Lean,Agile, Resilient and Green supply chain management

In modern business environments, an effective supply chain management (SCM) is crucial to business continuity. Competition between supply chains (SC) has replaced the traditional competition between companies. Lean, Agile, Resilient and Green (LARG) paradigms are advocated as the foundation of a competitive SCM. To make a supply chain more competitive, capable of responding to the demands of customers with agility and capable of responding effectively to unexpected disturbance, in conjugation with environmental responsibilities and the necessity to eliminate processes that add no value, companies must implement a set of LARG SCM practices and key performance indicators (KPI) to measure their influence on the SC performance. However, the selection of the best LARG SCM practices and KPIs is a complex problem, involving dependencies and feedbacks. This paper proposes an integrated LARG analytic network process (ANP) model to support decision-making in choosing the most appropriate practices and KPIs to be implemented by companies in an SC. To validate the model in an exploratory approach, a case study in an automaker supply chain is presented.     

Improving productivity by using strategic inventories: Theoretical issues and field results

The study investigated the effectiveness of a new proposed inventory control technique to improve materials productivity for make-to-order and/or assembly-to-order companies. This new model is designed to manage peaks of finished products market demand, allowing the operative working capital to be reduced. The model fits real-life manufacturing environments where a satisfactory level of return on investments in capital goods is a prerequisite. Furthermore, the model can face the changing external environment and the parameters upon which production system performances depend. This is particularly true when the control technique is required to react to a reduction of the delivery lead-time, which is commonplace of the majority of competitive markets. Finally, a multistage production system environment is analysed early and the applicability of the model in various real-life industrial environments is suggested. To this purpose, a set of case histories of Italian companies belonging to different branches of industry is reported.     

Process Uncertainty: A New Dimension for New Product Development

Abstract

Companies pursuing product leadership continually push products into innovative technology areas and new unknown markets. As companies continue to strive for continuous innovation, often leapfrogging even their own technology, new product development (NPD) processes play an increasingly important role in defining the success or failure of many new innovations. In addition, increased competitive rivalry is driving companies to commercialize their new products much more quickly. To meet these pressures, new strategies are being used to supplement the conventional new product development process that consists of strategy formulation, idea generation, screening and evaluation, development, testing, and launch. The primary objective of each of these innovation strategies is to attain sustainable competitive advantage for the company and achieve higher overall performance.

Our research examined product and service innovation strategies of six projects. Half of which were considered successful and the other half failures. Using several emerging innovation strategies including process-driven, speed-to-market, quantitative, market-driven, technology-driven, and learning-driven to classify these projects, we evaluated the innovation strategies employed in an attempt to determine the overall NPD strategy effectiveness. In addition, we also attempted to identify relevant critical success factors and associated activities to construct an ideal innovation strategy model.

In the projects we studied, we found that no one best strategy leads to successful innovation. While evaluating areas of uncertainty that impact project success, we determined that a new dimension, process uncertainty, plays as important a role as market or technical uncertainty previously examined in the emerging scholarship. Furthermore, the insights that were discovered by comparing the different innovation strategies led us to formulate the technical-market-process (TMP) uncertainty mode. The TMP model serves as a predicator for identifying the appropriate innovation strategies that can be brought together to drive project success. We conclude that the combination of identifying the appropriate innovation strategies and proficiently executing these strategies is the key to successful new product development.     

Hotelling模型的网内外差别定价分析

将企业的初始市场占有率引入"网内外差别定价"问题进行分析,探讨了网内外差别定价的存在与否对双寡头竞争的影响。主要结论如下:当两家企业的初始市场占有率相同,即两家企业势均力敌时,网内网外差别定价不会长期存在,即使由于历史原因存在,两家企业也会将其取消。当市场中有一家企业市场占有率较高,网内外差别定价的存在会使领先企业更有竞争优势,能够获取更多的利润。为维护市场竞争的公平性,应当取消网内外差别定价。