湿热处理对裸燕麦复配米方便米饭品质的影响

燕麦属于粗杂粮,具有极高的营养价值。为了改善目前市场上方便米饭多以粳米为原料,加之在生产工艺中造成米饭营养流失而引起的方便米饭营养不足,以裸燕麦米为原料,与粳米以适当比例配合,制作裸燕麦复配米方便米饭,确定方便米饭加工工艺最佳工艺参数。试验结果表明,将裸燕麦用沙滚碾米机进行碾磨后与粳米以适当比例复配,裸燕麦米与粳米的最佳比例为1∶2,湿热处理最佳工艺为在35℃恒温水浴锅中将米浸泡30 min,蒸煮米水比1∶1,蒸煮时间8 min,蒸煮压力0.05 MPa,此条件下裸燕麦复配米方便米饭的复水率为2.20,糊化度91.2%,感官评分27.1,综合值140.3。     

鲜湿方便米饭制备工艺

以市场上常见的大米为原料制作鲜湿方便米饭,研究了浸泡时间、浸泡温度、蒸煮温度、蒸煮时间、蒸煮压力对鲜湿方便米饭食味品质的影响,以及不同添加量的低聚果糖对鲜湿方便米饭质构、感官评分的影响以及不同储存时间下不同添加量的低聚果糖对米饭硬度、粘性、感官评分和回生焓的影响。试验结果表明,鲜湿方便米饭的最适浸泡温度为45 ℃,浸泡时间为60 min;蒸煮工艺蒸煮压力为0.25 Mpa、蒸煮时间30 min、蒸煮米水比1∶0.9;在鲜湿方便米饭中添加1.5%低聚果糖时,有明显抗老化效果,鲜湿方便米饭的感官评分最高。     

不同工艺条件对蒸谷米品质的影响

以早籼稻为原料,设定浸泡温度65、70、75℃,浸泡时间3、3.5、4h,蒸煮温度90、95、100℃,蒸煮时间25、30、35 min,进行L9(34)正交试验,分别测定各参数组合处理所得产品的色度、营养品质和蒸煮品质。综合各品质指标选出生产蒸谷米的最佳工艺条件为:浸泡条件为65℃~70℃、3.5 h~4 h,蒸煮条件为100℃、30 min。     

速食发芽糙米的研究

以糙米为原料经过发芽处理,采用蒸煮糊化法制取速食发芽糙米。运用二次蒸煮糊化法进行糊化,将预蒸煮获得的速食发芽糙米进行浸泡和第二次蒸煮,糊化完成后进行干燥处理制成速食发芽糙米。结果表明:利用正交实验确定最佳糊化条件为:预蒸煮时间25min,浸泡温度60℃,浸泡时间35min,二次蒸煮时间30min;最佳干燥温度为80℃,时间为90min。     

浸泡、蒸煮工艺对大豆品质特性的研究

对大豆浸泡、蒸煮等预处理工艺条件进行了研究.结果表明,浸泡工艺最佳条件:在25℃下,豆水按照比例1:3,浸泡时间为12 h,大豆的完全吸水率可达到2.1.使用物性仪分别测定了不同蒸煮温度和时间下大豆的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性,发现其中硬度、弹性、咀嚼性随温度的升高而逐渐下降,而脆性变化无明显规律.大豆的前处理最佳工艺条件:蒸煮温度为112℃,豆水为1:1.2,蒸煮时间为25min.     

微波热风复合干燥制备速食小米方便粥的复水性研究

对速食小米方便粥的生产工艺过程进行研究,确定其复水性较佳的加工工艺参数.在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交试验优化.结果表明,小米方便粥产品的复水性主要受小米的浸泡工艺、蒸煮工艺以及干燥工艺的影响.小米在50℃、浸泡40 min,在100℃、蒸煮20 min,在微波功率为13.4 kW的条件下,微波8 min,再以90℃热风干燥30 min,产品复水率为2.88,复水时间为7 min.此工艺获得的速食小米方便粥产品具有较佳的复水性,微波热风复合干燥能够实现制备速食方便粥类食品.     

浸泡和微波处理对三种高粱熟化的影响

为研究浸泡和微波处理对三种高粱熟化工艺参数的影响,采用单因素实验的方法,探讨浸泡时间和浸泡温度对高粱吸水率,以及微波时间和微波功率对高粱蒸煮熟化程度和熟化时间等工艺参数的影响。结果表明,随着浸泡时间的增加,三种高粱的吸水率均呈现先上升后平稳的趋势,龙米粮1号、龙杂13号和红糯高粱的最佳浸泡时间分别为2、2和3 h;随着浸泡温度的增加,三种高粱的吸水率呈上升的趋势,最佳浸泡温度分别为45、35和35 ℃。在最佳浸泡时间和浸泡温度条件下,当微波功率600 W和微波处理8 min时,龙米粮1号高粱熟化程度达到100%,蒸煮熟化时间缩短20 min;微波功率800 W和微波处理时间11 min时,龙杂13号高粱熟化程度达到100%,蒸煮熟化时间缩短20 min;微波功率800 W和微波处理时间11 min时,红糯高粱熟化程度达到100%,其蒸煮熟化时间缩短15 min。研究确定了三种高粱最佳浸泡和微波处理工艺参数,为高粱熟化工艺提供了技术参数。     

杂粮营养工程米的干燥及蒸煮特性研究

干燥参数的合理控制对杂粮营养工程米的品质有重要影响。通过单因素及正交试验,确定杂粮营养工程米的干燥工艺参数为热风温度50℃、风速0.4m/s、装载厚度1.0kg/m2。同时,对干燥后的成品进行蒸煮特性研究,结果表明：杂粮营养工程米浸泡20～40min,再按1:1(m/m)的米水比进行加热蒸煮,加热停止后,保温15～30min,可得食味较佳的杂粮营养工程米饭。     

小米大豆复合速食粥的研制及工艺优化

以沁州黄小米和大豆为主要原料,研制小米大豆特色速食粥。以复水率和感官评价为指标,采用正交试验法对浸泡-蒸煮-干燥法生产的速食粥进行工艺优化。结果表明:最佳工艺参数为浸泡时间40 min、蒸煮时间35 min、干燥温度90℃、干燥时间90 min。在此条件下制作的小米大豆速食粥复水率为3.82%,感官得分为87.3。该速食粥复水之后色泽与新鲜米粥较为接近,黏稠度适中,软硬适宜,兼有米香和豆香,产品具有较高营养价值。     

小米方便米饭加工工艺研究

以小米为主要原料,运用正交试验对小米方便米饭的加工工艺进行了研究,试验结果表明,最佳工艺参数为:浸泡温度40℃,浸泡时间40 min;蒸制温度100℃,蒸制时间20 min;烘干温度100℃,烘干时间25 min.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.