碘酸钾对Q235钢Ni-P化学镀层的影响

目前,有关无机物对化学镀沉积速度和镀层性能的影响鲜见报道.为此,在Ni-P化学镀液中加入碘酸钾(KIO_3),研究了其对Q235钢表面Ni-P化学镀层沉积速度和表面质量的影响.采用金相显微镜观察了镀层的表面和截面形貌,并考察了镀层的显微硬度和耐蚀性.结果表明:KIO_3提高了Ni-P合金层在Q235钢表面的沉积速度,当KIO_3含量为20 mg/L时,沉积速度达到最大;KIO_3使组成Ni-P镀层的胞状物变得更加细小,表面更加平整、致密,同时使Ni-P镀层的表面硬度略有提高,进一步改善了镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中的耐蚀性.     

Ni-Co-P合金镀层显微硬度及其耐海水腐蚀性

采用电沉积技术制备了Ni-Co-P合金镀层,并对镀层的表面形貌、晶相结构、显微硬度及耐腐蚀性进行了表征和分析.研究结果表明:Ni-Co-P合金镀层表面均匀平整,晶粒尺寸细小,显微硬度均优于Ni-P合金镀层;当镀液中CoSO4·7H2 O含量为50 g/L时,Ni-Co-P合金镀层的显微硬度达到766.3 HV0.2.在人工海水环境中,Ni-Co-P合金镀层的开路电位稳定值更正,腐蚀电流密度与腐蚀速度最小分别为0.68μA·cm-2和8.25μm·year-1;且Ni-Co-P合金镀层的容抗弧半径均大于Ni-P合金镀层,电荷转移电阻(Rct)高达9.902×104Ω·cm-2,约为Ni-P合金镀层的6倍,表现出优异的耐海水腐蚀性能.     

Co2+与(Co2++Ni2+)摩尔浓度比对Ni-Co-P合金化学镀层组织与性能的影响

通过改变化学镀液中金属离子Co2+与(Co2++Ni2+)的摩尔浓度比获得了不同的Ni-Co-P合金化学镀层。研究了钴的引入对Ni-Co-P合金镀层的沉积速率及组织性能的影响。结果表明:随着Co2+与(Co2++Ni2+)摩尔浓度比的增加,镀层的沉积速率不断下降,镀层中P含量逐渐减小,镀层表面的胞状组织由大到小;镀层硬度随Co2+与(Co2++Ni2+)摩尔浓度比的增加先升高后降低,Co2+与(Co2++Ni2+)摩尔浓度比为0.4时,硬度最大达554.12HV,镀层具有优良的耐硫酸腐蚀性能,Co2+与(Co2++Ni2+)摩尔浓度比为0.6时,镀层耐蚀性最强。     

碳纤维表面预处理及化学镀Ni-P工艺对镀层性能的影响

过去,对碳纤维表面预处理、化学镀Ni-P工艺条件影响镀层性能影响的综合报道不多。为此,先对碳纤维表面预处理,再化学镀Ni-P。分析了粗化和活化对碳纤维表面形貌的影响,探讨了镀液温度、pH值、次磷酸钠还原剂和柠檬酸钠配位剂浓度,添加糖精、十二烷基硫酸钠对碳纤维表面化学镀Ni-P沉积速率的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)观测了Ni-P镀层的表面、截面形貌,测试了不同工艺条件对Ni-P镀层与碳纤维的结合力。结果表明:粗化使碳纤维表面积增大,有助于提高其与镀层的结合力,AgNO3活化后碳纤维表面附着了较多的催化晶核;随着镀液温度、pH值和柠檬酸钠浓度的增加,化学镀Ni-P的沉积速率均呈先增大后减小的趋势;随着次磷酸钠浓度的增加,化学镀Ni-P的沉积速率先增大后相对稳定;加入糖精后的Ni-P镀层平整、光滑,完全覆盖碳纤维表面,与碳纤维结合良好。     

AZ31镁合金酸性化学镀Ni-Co-P层的耐腐蚀性能

为了提高镁合金的耐蚀性,以酸性化学镀的方法在AZ31镁合金表面制备了Ni-Co-P镀层。分别用XRD,SEM和EDS对镀层的结构、表面形貌和成分进行了分析,并用点滴试验和电化学方法测试了镀层的耐蚀性。结果表明:酸性化学镀Ni-Co-P层为非晶态胞状结构,镀层中P含量可高达9.41%,远高于碱性镀层;AZ31镁合金镀覆Ni-Co-P合金层后腐蚀电流比基体降低3个数量级,其耐蚀性能显著提高。     

氯化铈对Ni-P化学镀沉积速度、镀层形貌及耐蚀性的影响

为进一步提高镍磷(Ni-P)化学镀层的沉积速度和镀层的耐蚀性能,将稀土氯化铈(CeCl<,3>)加入到镀液中.通过扫描电镜考察了CeCl<,3>对Ni-P合金层表面形貌和成分的影响,采用交流阻抗研究了CeCl<,3>对Ni-P镀层在3.5%NaCl溶液中耐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:镀液中加入适量的CeCl<,3>可提高N...     

Ni-P/Ag纳米复合化学镀层的耐磨损性能

Ni-P/非金属纳米化学镀溶液中纳米粒子容易团聚,镀液难以保持稳定性.在化学镀Ni-P溶液中添加纳米银粒子,在钢铁基体上制备了Ni-P/Ag纳米复合镀层.用显微硬度计、金相显微镜等技术分析了镀层的厚度、硬度和表面形貌,用磨损试验机研究了镀层的耐磨损性能.结果表明:银纳米粒子在镀液中的含量为1.0×10-7mol/,L,银纳米粒子加快了镀层的沉积速度,使纳米复合镀层厚度增加;在相同的施镀条件下,Ni-P/Ag纳米复合镀层比Ni-P镀层具有更高的硬度和更好的耐磨损性能.     

化学镀Ni-P镀层晶化过程研究

化学镀Ni-P镀层的显微组织对其服役性能有重要影响.通过SEM、TEM、XRD和DTA等分析手段,研究了压铸镁合金表面Ni-P镀层的晶化过程.结果表明,初始化学镀层不仅有非晶,还有亚稳态纳米晶;镀层的初始晶化温度大约为300 ℃,450 ℃晶化过程完成;升温过程中的原子扩散和纳米晶的长大导致有新的亚稳态相析出和转变;有序畴和析出物一起长大最终产生晶界.     

促进剂及其优化对化学镀Ni-Sn-P层性能的影响

为了提高Ni-Sn-P化学镀层的沉积速率与镀液的稳定性,采用化学镀Ni-P合金复合稳定剂,研究了促进剂丙酸、甘氨酸、丁二酸对化学镀Ni-Sn-P镀层性能的影响,通过正交试验对3因素进行了优化,对镀速、孔隙率及显微硬度进行了测定.结果表明:甘氨酸、丙酸和丁二酸对镀层加速越快,镀层孔隙率越低、硬度越高;甘氨酸、丙酸对化学镀Ni-Sn-P加速显著;甘氨酸和丁二酸对镀层硬度都有所提高,而丙酸对Ni-Sn-P镀层硬度影响较小;甘氨酸、丙酸和丁二酸使化学镀Ni-Sn-P镀层的孔隙率都有不同程度降低,其中甘氨酸和丙酸作用显著;当甘氨酸为25 mg/L、丙酸为4 mL/L、丁二酸为2.5 g/L时,镀速提高至14～15 μm/h,硬度为480～550 HV0.5 N,孔隙率几乎为0.     

AZ91D镁合金表面Ni-P化学镀层的微观组织与性能

以直接化学镀的方法在AZ91D镁合金表面制备了光亮、均匀、致密、厚度达40μm的Ni-P合金镀层,用现代分析技术分析了镀层的微观形貌、组织成分、显微硬度、结合力以及耐蚀性能.结果表明:Ni-P镀层属于中磷镀层,微晶结构,表面形貌呈胞状;镀层与基体结合良好;镀层的显微硬度比基体提高了4倍;镀层与抛光基体的结合力比未抛光的高,基体表面保持机加工状态的镀层破坏临界载荷为80.6 N;镀层具有较好的耐蚀性能.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。