接种体对西藏灵菇乳质量和抑菌特性的影响

前期研究发现,“西藏灵菇”的菌粒接种体对牛乳的发酵速度显著大于发酵液接种体,但是菌粒的生长速度较慢,而且不易形成。为了探讨菌粒形成对“西藏灵菇”乳发酵过程的必要性,本实验对比菌粒接种体和发酵液接种体发酵所得乳制品在凝乳时间、感官品质、质构特性、发酵特性及抑菌活性等方面的异同。结果发现,以菌粒为接种体时发酵速度快、凝乳时间短,产品质量和抑菌活性均显著优于发酵液接种体。     

基于缺失重组实验的藏灵菇优势菌种对发酵乳品质的影响

为筛选藏灵菇发酵剂并探究其优势菌种对发酵乳品质的贡献，分别比较了8份自然藏灵菇和冻干藏灵菇发酵乳的品质差异，依据菌株活性和品质相似性筛选出一份适用于制备冻干发酵剂的藏灵菇，并分析其优势菌种，通过菌种缺失重组试验，探究各优势菌种对发酵乳品质的影响。结果表明冻干藏灵菇发酵剂的优势菌种包括Kazachstania unispora（单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母）、Lactobacillus kefiri（开菲尔乳杆菌）、Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strain（乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种）、Leuconostoc mesenteroides（肠膜明串珠菌）、Acetobacter cibinongensis（芝庇侬醋杆菌）和Acetobacter fabarum（可可豆醋杆菌），这些优势菌种对细菌总数、酸度、持水力和关键香气成分等指标会产生显著差异。本研究探究了藏灵菇优势菌种对发酵乳品质的影响，为开发冻干藏灵菇发酵剂和藏灵菇发酵乳工业化生产提供了参考。     

西藏灵菇发酵乳中菌相分析及胞外多糖抗氧化性质研究

以不同发酵时间为依据,测定分析了西藏灵菇发酵乳的中优势菌数量与胞外多糖含量的变化规律,初步研究了分离纯化的西藏灵菇胞外多糖的抗氧化活性。结果表明:发酵24 h后,发酵乳中胞外多糖含量最高,胞外多糖含量的变化与西藏灵菇发酵乳中菌相的数量变化有关,可作为判断西藏灵菇胞外多糖产生菌的科学依据。西藏灵菇不同发酵时间产生的胞外多糖均具有一定的抗氧化活性,在不同自由基清除能力上存在一定的差异。发酵27 h时,胞外多糖对DPPH清除率最高;发酵18 h时,胞外多糖对氧自由基清除率最高;发酵24 h,胞外多糖对羟自由基的清除率最高。西藏灵菇发酵乳中胞外多糖对不同自由基清除率的变化及差异可能与不同发酵时间菌种的变化,多糖的含量及多糖结构与组成有密切的关系。     

GC-MS比较三种发酵乳的挥发性化合物

运用CG-MS技术对提取的挥发性风味物质进行分离鉴定,为研究地方特色发酵乳制品中的挥发性风味物质指纹图谱提供参考依据。开菲尔主要包括15种酯类,11种醇类,9种酸类,6种烃类,3种呋喃类,10种酮醛类;西藏灵菇乳主要包括2种酯类,2种醇类,2种酸类,5种烃类,4种酮醛类;开菲尔粒-西藏灵菇混合发酵乳主要风味物质有酯类7种,醇类5种,11种酸类,6种烃类,2种呋喃类,9种酮醛类。其中新疆特色开菲尔发酵乳以麦芽糖醇、3-糠醛、十四酸等为优势风味物质,西藏灵菇发酵乳中环丁酸,2-二甲基氨基乙基酯,1-氯代-3,5-二甲基-1-己烯-4-醇,庚酸等为主要风味物质,开菲尔粒-西藏灵菇混合发酵乳中主要风味物质为3-糠醛,戊酸,辛酸,苯乙醇等。将开菲尔粒与西藏灵菇混合之后,风味物质明显增加。     

益生菌对发酵乳理化性质影响的研究

通过比较不同菌种发酵乳和酸乳在4℃下贮藏21d的pH、酸度、活菌数与持水力的差异,并对后熟24h的发酵乳和酸乳进行质构特性分析。结果显示,益生菌发酵乳和乳酸菌酸乳的pH、活菌数与酸乳持水力均随时间的延长而降低,酸度呈上升趋势,益生菌发酵乳酸度值比乳酸菌酸乳更高。添加干酪乳杆菌与植物乳杆菌的益生菌发酵乳在硬度、稠度、凝聚性与黏度上与乳酸菌酸乳相比,均有所增加,其中添加植物乳杆菌的益生菌酸乳在硬度与稠度上较乳酸菌酸乳相比有显著增加(p<0.05),为发酵乳制品提供开发导向并为实际生产提供理论依据。     

酿酒酵母与植物乳杆菌复合发酵对面条储藏特性的影响

为探究酿酒酵母与植物乳杆菌复合发酵对面条储藏特性的影响.采用质构仪(TA)、低场脉冲核磁共振仪(LF-NMR)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对面条在4℃储藏期间的品质变化进行分析.结果表明,与空白组相比,发酵面条的断条率低,吸水率无显著性差异(P>0.0.5),pH下降,可滴定酸(TTA)值上升;在相同储藏时间内发酵面条的...     

山楂叶多糖对发酵乳品质及抗氧化活性的影响

将不同质量分数的山楂叶多糖添加于发酵乳中,研究山楂叶多糖对发酵乳益生菌活菌数、持水力、酸度、色泽、质构特性、流变学特性、抗氧化活性和感官特性等品质的影响。采用质构仪、流变仪、色差计等对发酵乳的品质特性进行研究,以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)法、水杨酸法和Fe3+还原能力评价其抗氧化活性。结果表明:山楂叶多糖可促进益生乳酸菌的生长及发酵产酸,当山楂叶多糖添加量为0.12%时,发酵乳的持水力最高,为60.24%;当山楂叶多糖添加量为0.16%时,发酵乳的硬度、黏性、咀嚼性最高;添加山楂叶多糖后,发酵乳的DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率和Fe3+还原能力最高分别达到80.7%、81.6%和0.56,均显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05)。适量添加山楂叶多糖可以有效改善发酵乳的品质并提高其抗氧化能力,本研究可为山楂叶多糖的应用开发提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

燕麦西藏灵菇发酵乳的加工工艺研究

以β-葡聚糖含量、pH值和感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,得出燕麦西藏灵菇发酵乳的最优工艺过程及条件为:将炒制后的燕麦粉碎,过160目筛,制成质量体积分数为5%的燕麦糊,经煮沸糊化后与与脱脂牛奶按体积比为1:1进行混合,再加入混合料0.06%CMC和0.06%黄原胶,灭菌后接入2%(m/v,质量体积分数)的西藏灵菇菌粒发酵剂,22℃恒温发酵26 h.所得产品含有202.03 mg/Lβ-葡聚糖,酸甜适口、质地均匀,感官评分可达87分.     

藏灵菇菌发酵性能以及抑菌特性研究

以复原乳为原料,将藏灵菇菌作为发酵剂以10%的接种量在30℃、37℃、42℃培养至凝乳,4℃冷藏.考察了凝乳期间和后酸化过程中藏灵菇菌产酸能力以及藏灵菇菌发酵乳的保水率、黏度;以大肠杆菌为指示菌,采用滤纸片法研究了藏灵菇菌块、发酵乳上清液对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性.在42℃下藏灵菇菌发酵乳产酸快,9h达到81°T,37℃下发酵12h达到83°T.发酵乳冷藏1d后的测定的黏度值(表观黏度η')由大到小依次为:η'37℃>η'42℃>η'30℃,三者保水率相近.综合考虑藏灵菇菌发酵乳较优发酵温度为37℃,发酵12h;藏灵菇菌块对大肠杆菌有一定抑菌作用,且产生这种抑菌作用的物质对热敏感,发酵乳上清液对大肠杆菌起抑菌作用主要由酸度降低引起.     

中温发酵乳菌株筛选及其发酵特性分析

采用德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种、唾液链球菌嗜热亚种和肠膜明串珠菌混合发酵制备中温(35℃)发酵酸乳制品。根据发酵乳的感官品质、黏度及持水力分析,筛选出菌株德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种L2、唾液链球菌嗜热亚种S8、肠膜明串珠菌乳脂亚种M4为发酵剂优组合,其最适宜的接种比例为33︰60︰7。此发酵剂35℃发酵5 h得到的中温发酵乳的感官品质和持水力优于普通发酵乳。三菌混合发酵对上述菌种的生长都有一定的促进作用,但发酵后期M4的生长受到一定抑制。三菌混合发酵乳中酸度主要是L2和S8发酵作用的结果。     

Assessment of antioxidant capacity by method comparison and amino acid characterisation in buffalo milk kefir

This study aimed to analyse the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of buffalo milk kefir fermented with grains or a commercial starter culture, as well as characterisation of the amino acid profile. During fermentation, the ferrous‐reducing activity of samples increased, while the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity decreased. The highest value of the ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity was recorded for buffalo milk kefir with grain, which also showed a lower ferric‐reducing antioxidant power during storage. Statistical analyses showed a significant effect of starter culture type and fermentation/storage time on the antioxidant capacity of buffalo kefir.     

Effects of cow's and goat's milk as fermentation media on the microbial ecology of sugary kefir grains

In the present study, we have investigated the importance of fermentation media on grain formation and the microbial characteristics of sugary kefir. The sugary kefir grains were fermented in brown sugar, cow's milk or goat's milk. Using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, we identified the microorganisms present in both the grains and filtrate and then evaluated their distribution. The structure of the grains was also observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The identification results indicated that there were remarkable changes in microbial ecological profiles of the sugary kefir grains and their filtrates when brown sugar and milk were compared as fermentation media. Three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species (Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus mali and Lactobacillus hordei) were found in the grains fermented using brown sugar. However, four species, named Leu. mesenteroides, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium psychraerophilum and Enterococcus faecalis, were identified in the grains fermented using either cow's or goat's milk. The size and structure of the kefir grains were also significantly influenced by the culture medium. We hypothesize that the grains originally may contain many different microorganisms and the identified changes are an adaption to each specific medium during grain formation and growth. The distribution of strains thus may vary depending on the carbon and energy sources available for grain fermentation and these microbial changes will further affect the granulation and growth of the grains. This study is important to our understanding of the mechanism of kefir grain formation and growth because it explores the relationship between fermentation media and kefir microorganisms.     

Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory profiles of fermented milk containing probiotic strains isolated from kefir

A two-strain starter culture containing Lactobacillus plantarum CIDCA 83114, a potential probiotic strain isolated from kefir grains, and Streptococcus thermophilus CIDCA 321 was tested for the preparation of a fermented milk product. Kluyveromyces marxianus CIDCA 8154, a yeast with immunomodulatory properties was included to formulate a three-strain starter culture. Supernatants of enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli, shiga-toxin-producing strain, along with a two-strain or a three-strain starter culture were included in the medium of Vero-cell surface cultures. The results demonstrated that these combinations of microorganisms antagonize the cytopathic action of shiga toxins. The cell concentration of Lb. plantarum did not decrease during fermentation, indicating that the viability of this strain was not affected by low pH, nor did the number of viable bacteria change during 21 days of storage in either fermented products. The number of viable yeasts increases during fermentation and storage. Trained assessors analyzed the general acceptability of fresh fermented milks and considered both acceptable. The milk fermented with the two-strain starter culture was considered acceptable after two week of storage, while the product fermented with the three-strain starter culture remained acceptable for less than one week. The main changes in sensory attributes detected by the trained panel were in sour taste, milky taste and also in fermented attributes. The correlation between different sensory attributes and acceptability indicated that the panel was positively influenced by milky attributes (taste, odour, and flavour) as well as the intensity of flavour. In conclusion, the two-strain starter culture would be the more promising alternative for inclusion of that potential probiotic lactobacillus in a fermented milk product.     

功能低聚糖对植物乳杆菌ZDY2013发酵乳发酵特性及冷藏效果的影响

为探究功能低聚糖对植物乳杆菌ZDY2013发酵乳的发酵特点和冷藏期功能的影响,选取具有益生元特性的低聚木糖、低聚异麦芽糖及其组合物为发酵乳中碳水化合物,评价发酵乳中植物乳杆菌发酵特性和pH值变化,同时对发酵乳的持水性及冷藏期抗氧化活性进行解析。结果表明：植物乳杆菌能利用不同浓度功能低聚糖进行代谢;相比葡萄糖,发酵乳中添加低聚糖更有利于植物乳杆菌的生长,尤其是其组合物浓度为3.0%时,能显著提高发酵乳中活菌数及降低发酵乳pH值;冷藏期（21 d）内,各组发酵乳活菌数呈下降趋势,但均高于108 cfu/g,pH值在7 d后比较稳定,而持水性不断增强;发酵乳DPPH自由基清除能力在第7 d最强,而ABTS+和羟自由基的清除能力呈下降趋势,且添加同浓度的组合物优于葡萄糖。该研究结果将为功能低聚糖及植物乳杆菌ZDY2013在乳品开发中的应用提供理论依据。     

Kefir grains as a starter for whey fermentation at different temperatures: chemical and microbiological characterisation

We report here a comparative analysis of the growth, acidification capacity, and chemical and microbiologic composition between kefir grains after 20 subcultures in whey at 20, 30, and 37°C and the original kefir grains coming from milk along with a determination of the microbiological composition of the fermented whey as compared with that of traditional fermented milk. When fermentation was carried out repeatedly at 30 or 37°C, kefir grains changed their kefir-like appearance, exhibited reduced growth rates, had a lower diversity of yeasts and water content, and a higher protein-to-polysaccharide ratio compared with the original kefir grains. In contrast, at 20°C kefir grains could remain in whey for prolonged periods without altering their acidification capacity, growth rate, macroscopic appearance or chemical and microbiologic composition-with the only difference being a reduction in certain yeast populations after 20 subcultures in whey. At this incubation temperature, the presence of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lb. kefir, Lb. parakefir, Lactococcus lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Saccharomyces unisporus, and Sac. cerevisiae was detected in kefir grains and in fermented whey by denaturing-gradient-gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In whey fermented at 20°C the number of lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) was significantly lower (P<0·05) and the number of yeast significantly higher (P<0·05) than in fermented milk. Since the DGGE profiles were similar for both products, at this temperature the microbiologic composition of fermented whey is similar to that of fermented milk. We therefore suggest a temperature of 20°C to preserve kefir grains as whey-fermentation starters.     

一种新型开菲尔风味复合发酵剂的研制

为研制一款新型的风味突出、理化性质稳定的开菲尔风味复合发酵剂,该研究从源自中国新疆的10种开菲粒中分离获得51株乳酸菌、22株酵母菌。51株乳酸菌中,3株乳酸菌的产香能力和蛋白分解能力突出,单菌发酵乳的全质构特性最稳定。其中,开菲尔乳杆菌MLK5的乙醛质量浓度为15.82 mg/L、双乙酰质量浓度为3.99 mg/L、氨基氮质量浓度为597.09 mg/L,干酪乳杆菌SLC1的乙醛质量浓度为20.02 mg/L、双乙酰质量浓度为4.69 mg/L、氨基氮质量浓度为684.92 mg/L,肠膜明串珠菌NLM2的乙醛质量浓度为18.01 mg/L、双乙酰质量浓度为4.44 mg/L、氨基氮质量浓度为600.58 mg/L。22株酵母菌中,马克思克鲁维酵母菌菌株FY1的乙醇产量适宜,遗传稳定性好,乳糖利用率最高为56.56%。最终确定,发酵剂中最佳比例为乳酸菌:酵母菌=5:1,3株乳酸菌间最优例为肠膜明串珠菌:开菲尔乳杆菌:干酪乳杆菌为1:2:1。复合发酵乳的凝乳时间为6.0 h、酸度为84.65 ºT、持水力为62.31%、乙醇体积分数为0.53%、乳酸菌活菌数为3.89×109 CFU/mL、酵母菌活菌数为4.61×106 CFU/mL、感官评分为89.21,与开菲尔粒发酵乳的各项指标类似。而复合发酵乳中的挥发性风味物质间构成和谐,更易于消费者接受。上述研究结果,有助于稳定和简化开菲尔的工业生产,为开发不同风味酸乳产品提供参考。     

藏灵菇牦牛酸乳发酵过程中乳酸菌和酵母菌对品质的作用

藏灵菇酸乳是由乳酸菌、酵母菌、醋杆菌和霉菌共同发酵形成的一种发酵乳制品,其品质特征与普通酸乳有显著差异。为研究藏灵菇发酵酸乳中乳酸菌和酵母菌分别发挥的作用,利用放线菌酮和青链霉素分别抑制发酵过程中的酵母菌和乳酸菌,测定并比较正常发酵酸乳、抑制乳酸菌发酵酸乳和抑制酵母菌发酵酸乳的风味、口感和质构等相关指标。实验结果显示抑制酵母菌发酵的酸乳中乙醇含量由1.85g/kg上升为2.77g/kg,VB2含量由168μg/100g下降为157μg/100g,与正常发酵组差异较大;抑制乳酸菌发酵的酸乳中酸度由18°T上升为28°T,氨基酸态氮由65mg/100g下降为53mg/100g,乳酸含量持续2mg/g,乙酸由1mg/g下降为0.7mg/g,VB1含量由20μg/100g下降为18μg/100g,与正常发酵组差异较大。乳酸菌在酸乳发酵过程中,对酸度、氨基酸态氮、质构、乳酸、乙酸与VB1的生成贡献较大;酵母菌对乙醇、VB2的生成贡献较大。     

不同发酵剂对发酵驴乳酸奶在冷藏期间品质的影响

目的 研究不同发酵剂发酵的驴乳酸奶在冷藏期间的品质变化。方法 对使用3种发酵剂发酵的驴乳酸奶在冷藏期间微生物指标、理化指标和风味滋味进行检测及感官评价。结果 在冷藏26 d中,LR-A、LR-B乳酸菌活菌数显著降低,LR-C乳酸菌活菌数逐渐增多,细菌菌落总数均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;随着冷藏时间的延长,LR-A、LR-B和LR-C的pH值持续降低,总酸度持续上升,持水力降低,感官评价分析3种驴乳酸奶在第14 d时口味最佳,之后都有所下降。结论 LR-A、LR-B在冷藏至26 d时各项指标符合国标要求,仍可以正常饮用,LR-C在冷藏14 d后酸度上升太高,超出接受范围无法饮用。     

凝固型绵羊奶酸奶的发酵特性及活菌数变化

研究凝固型的绵羊奶与牛奶酸奶发酵特性和贮存期特性,利用pH计、酸度滴定、质构仪、电子舌、活菌计数及感官评价对其pH值、滴定酸度、质构特性、味觉特点、活菌数和感官评分进行分析。结果表明：在发酵过程中绵羊奶与牛奶有相同的pH值变化规律,即前2.5 h下降非常缓慢,之后迅速下降,在凝乳前0.5 h下降变缓直到凝乳结束,达到发酵终点的时间分别为5 h和4.5 h;在4 ℃贮存0～24 d期间,酸奶的pH值都在逐渐下降,牛奶酸奶比绵羊奶酸奶下降更大;滴定酸度方面起始时绵羊奶比牛奶高,达到发酵终点时也明显高于牛奶;质构测定结果为YSM（添加益生菌干酪-张发酵的凝固型绵羊奶酸奶）、JDM（嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌共同发酵的经典凝固型绵羊奶酸奶）具有更高的硬度和稠度,黏聚性和黏性指数也显著高于JDN（嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌共同发酵的经典凝固型牛奶酸奶）,奶的种类为影响酸奶硬度、稠度、黏聚性和黏性指数的主要因素,益生菌干酪-张的添加对这些指标的影响很小;电子舌测定结果为丰富性味感值绵羊奶酸奶明显高于牛奶酸奶,酸感值则低于牛奶酸奶,甜、苦、咸、涩、鲜感值差异不明显;感官评价方面绵羊奶酸奶综合评分高于牛奶酸奶,差异性主要体现在滋味、组织状态和喜爱程度上,在色泽和气味方差异不明显;在4 ℃、21 d贮存期间酸奶的活菌数都在逐渐降低,添加益生菌干酪-张的绵羊奶酸奶活菌数最多,第21天时活菌数分别是普通绵羊奶酸奶和牛奶酸奶的10 倍和100 倍以上,干酪-张对绵羊奶酸奶4 ℃贮存期间活菌数的维持有较好作用。同时,实验结果表明：益生菌干酪-张可以作为发酵剂之一与经典的酸奶发酵剂嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌搭配用于凝固型绵羊奶酸奶的制作,以增加其功能价值。     

不同发酵剂对发酵驴乳酸奶在冷藏期间品质的影响

目的研究不同发酵剂发酵的驴乳酸奶在冷藏期间的品质变化。方法对使用3种发酵剂发酵的驴乳酸奶在冷藏期间微生物指标、理化指标和风味滋味进行检测及感官评价。结果在冷藏26 d中, LR-A、LR-B乳酸菌活菌数显著降低,LR-C乳酸菌活菌数逐渐增多,细菌菌落总数均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势;随着冷藏时间的延长, LR-A、LR-B和LR-C的pH值持续降低,总酸度持续上升,持水力降低,感官评价分析3种驴乳酸奶在第14 d时口味最佳,之后都有所下降。结论 LR-A、LR-B在冷藏至26 d时各项指标符合国标要求,仍可以正常饮用, LR-C在冷藏14 d后酸度上升太高,超出接受范围无法饮用。