低聚木糖的超滤纯化生产工艺优化

以纯化分离秸秆酶解液中低聚木糖为目的,以蛋白、木质素去除率和低聚木糖的透过率为评价指标,采用工业化超滤膜分离装置,考察料液浓度、操作压力、温度、pH值对超滤除杂的影响。单因素实验确定初步的工艺条件后,Box-Behnken模型优化得最佳超滤纯化工艺条件为:料液浓度2.24°Bx,操作压力0.18 MPa,温度25℃,pH 7.0。在此条件下,低聚木糖的透过率为92.1%,蛋白去除率67.9%,木质素去除率67.8%,透过液澄清透亮。响应面法分析各因素对超滤提纯效果的影响,其强弱性依次为:料液浓度、pH值、操作压力、操作温度。     

山梨醇液的纳滤分离特性

针对传统生产山梨醇产品存在的生产成本高、工艺过程复杂、流程长、水电汽等辅料消耗高、生产效率低等问题,根据纳滤膜可以截留或透过不同分子量物质的原理,研究采用截留分子量为200的纳滤膜分离提纯山梨醇液,通过单因素和试生产试验,考察了各操作参数对纳滤膜分离性能的影响,确定了较优的山梨醇液纳滤分离工艺条件:操作压力0.8MPa、操作温度40℃、错流流速8m/s、进料浓度35%,此时,纳滤膜对山梨醇液的平均膜通量为94.7 L/(m~2·h),对大分子物质的截留率为91.89%,山梨醇的透过率为93.28%,透过液中山梨醇的纯度达到99%以上,在满足制备医药级或食品级山梨醇产品的同时,得到了日化级或化学工业品级的山梨醇副产品,并降低了水耗和能耗,具有较好的经济效益和环保效果。     

膜技术在苹果汁加工中的应用

应用平板式超滤技术对苹果浊汁进行了过滤澄清和除菌。研究了巴式杀菌酶解或未酶解的苹果浊汁、未巴式杀菌未酶解的苹果浊汁、温度对膜通量的影响,超滤组件形式、操作参数对3种不同预处理料液的滤液质量的影响及反渗透系统的浓缩效果。结果表明:平板式超滤膜通量能满足工业需求且大于管式超滤膜,操作温度宜为50℃,当加水倍数0.09倍时,可使浓缩倍数达到20倍。苹果汁超滤液的透光率在97%以上、色值在50%以上、浊度指标小于0.3,pH值、总酸、糖度、氨基态氮等却未发生明显的变化。苹果汁超滤液质量指标和耐热细菌检查结果比较表明,平板式超滤可代替对苹果汁巴式杀菌及酶解。反渗透系统对苹果汁超滤液进行浓缩,浓缩倍数为2～2.3倍,糖截留率为100%。     

杏鲍菇酶解液膜分离脱苦工艺的研究

研究膜分离技术对杏鲍菇酶解液的脱苦工艺。在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面实验设计优化得到500u纳滤膜分离脱苦的最优条件为压力0.67MPa、pH7.81、温度45.0℃,脱苦后滤液中氨基态氮透过率为82.6%,滤液苦味评分为1.8分;对膜分离脱苦前后酶解液中基本营养组成含量进行对比分析,经膜分离脱苦处理后的杏鲍菇酶解液中氨基酸总量、鸟苷酸和肌苷酸的保留率分别为82.6%、79.9%和75.2%。结果表明,酶解液经膜分离脱苦后,氨基酸和核苷酸的保留率均较高,脱苦效果良好,说明膜分离技术可应用于蛋白质酶解液的脱苦。     

壳聚糖酶解产物的功能研究

为了了解壳聚糖酶解产物的组分及功能,利用蜡状芽孢杆菌发酵所得到的壳聚糖酶,经盐析,透析,蛋白质纯化等步骤精制后所得酶液,对壳聚糖商品进行酶解,进而利用液质联用分析壳聚糖酶解产物的组分,并对酶解产物抗氧化的能力,以及螯合重金属的功能进行了研究。发现利用酶法降解壳聚糖所得的酶解产物中的组分分为4部分,分别为N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、壳二糖、壳三糖、壳四糖,除N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖外,其余均为低聚合度(2～4)的壳寡糖。壳寡糖具有抗氧化的能力,且浓度越高,抗氧化的效果越显著。壳寡糖具有螯合Zn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)的能力,主要是通过分子内的羟基、氨基和乙酰氨基三个活性官能团与Zn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)发生配位反应。     

乳源酪蛋白糖巨肽超滤分离的工艺优化研究

采用超滤方法分离酶解液中的酪蛋白糖巨肽,通过对料液pH值、操作压力和温度等对膜通量的影响,确定最优工艺参数,以达到最佳超滤通量性能,利用液相色谱法测定纯化后的酪蛋白糖巨肽分子量.试验结果表明:溶液pH9.0、操作压力0.3MPa、温度55℃时膜通量最高,超滤酪蛋白糖巨肽的截留率达到98.23%,产物纯度达到92.62%,酪蛋白糖巨肽的平均分子量为35682u.超滤方法分离酶解液中的酪蛋白糖巨肽是完全可行的.     

响应曲面优化超滤分离花生粕活性肽的工艺

以花生粕为原料,采用双酶法酶解制备活性肽,应用不同截留分子量的超滤膜对酶解液进行分离纯化,通过单因素试验探讨原料液pH值、操作压力和时间等因素对花生活性肽超滤分离膜通量的影响,利用响应曲面法对超滤工艺条件进行优化.结果表明,最佳超滤工艺参数:选用截留分子量10kD的超滤膜,原料液pH8.2,压力0.25MPa下,超滤38.9min,膜通量可达到27.68L/(min·m2).超滤滤出液中氨基氮含量提高到4.6倍,氨基氮总量回收率达到90％左右,实现了样品的分离纯化与初步浓缩.说明超滤分离花生粕活性肽具有快速、方便、条件温和、操作简单等优点.     

花生降血压肽的超滤分离研究

采用超滤技术对花生降血压肽进行分离,一级超滤用截留分子量为5000的超滤膜,二级超滤用截留分子量为1000的超滤膜。研究了操作压力、料液浓度和操作温度对超滤过程的影响。结果表明:一级超滤的最适操作条件为操作压力174Pa,料液浓度5%～7.5%,操作温度35℃;二级超滤的最适操作条件为操作压力209Pa,料液浓度7.5%,操作温度40℃;经超滤分离后,分子量小于1000的短肽降血压活性非常突出,IC50达到0.4mg/mL。     

组成型壳聚糖酶制备壳寡糖酶解条件的优化

主要对组成型壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖制备低壳寡糖的工艺进行了研究。以酶解产物壳寡糖的产量(mg)为指标,酶解pH、酶解温度(℃)、底物浓度(%)、酶解时间(min)为自变量,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交实验确定了最佳酶解工艺为:酶解pH 7.0、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间90 min、底物浓度1%,此时壳寡糖产含量为5.476 mg。     

响应面法优化组成型壳聚糖酶酶解条件

以壳聚糖为原料,通过蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）发酵所得壳聚糖酶水解壳聚糖产生壳寡糖,对酶解pH、温度、底物浓度和时间分别进行单因素试验,并在此基础上,通过响应面法研究这4种因素对壳寡糖产量的影响,优化酶解条件。结果表明,壳聚糖酶酶解的最佳条件为pH值5.6,酶解温度53 ℃,壳聚糖质量分数2.09%,酶解时间157 min。在该优化条件下,壳寡糖的浓度为35.73 μmol/mL,与模型预测值35.476 μmol/mL接近,则该模型可用于优化壳聚糖酶酶解条件。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.