不同脱脂工艺的花生蛋白粉对大鼠微量元素代谢的影响

观察不同脱脂工艺生产的花生蛋白质粉对生长期大鼠体内微量元素代谢的影响.应用大鼠全塑代谢笼,以酪蛋白为对照,分别采用低温生制(LG)、低温熟制(MG)和传统高温(HG)三种不同脱脂工艺制备的花生蛋白粉作为饲料的蛋白质来源,制备人工半合成饲料.测定大鼠血清、肝、肾及粪、尿中的微量元素锌、铜、铁、锰含量,计算各组饲料中元素的表观吸收率和表观存留率.酪蛋白对照组大鼠体重增长最快,HG组大鼠体重增长最慢.LG组大鼠血清铜和粪铜水平显著低于其它各组,而尿铜排出量则显著高于其它各组.LG和MG组肝锌、肾锌和肝铁含量分别比对照组高约26%与14%、9.9%与6.8%、63%与60%,LG组铜和MG组锰的表观吸收率分别是对照组的1.28倍和2.76倍;而高温脱脂花生饼粕组大鼠6种元素的表观吸收率和表观存留率均为四组中的最低水平.     

不同方法生产脱脂花生蛋白粉对调节生长期大鼠血脂的影响

观察不同脱脂工艺生产的花生蛋白质粉对生长期大鼠血脂调节的影响。应用大鼠全塑代谢笼,以酪蛋白为对照,分别采用低温生制（LG）、低温熟制（MG）和传统高温（HG）三种不同脱脂工艺制备的花生蛋白粉作为饲料的蛋白质来源,制备人工半合成饲料。三种脱脂工艺制备的花生粉都能够提高大鼠血清HDL-C及降低LDL-C水平,提高HDL-C／LDL-C比值和抗动脉粥样硬化指数（AAI）。其中低温脱脂生制花生蛋白粉的作用最为显著,并能够显著降低大鼠血清甘油三酯水平。     

低变性花生蛋白粉对食源性高脂模型大鼠脂代谢的影响

目的:观察低温脱脂工艺(低变性)制备的花生蛋白质粉对食源性高脂模型大鼠脂代谢的影响及其作用机理.方法:雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为4组,正常对照组每天喂料前用蒸馏水灌胃10mL/kgBw,饲喂普通饲料;高脂模型组每天喂料前用蒸馏水灌胃10 mL/kg Bw,饲喂高脂大鼠饲料;花生蛋白粉低剂量组和高剂量组每天喂料前分别灌胃0.2g/mL、0.4 g/mL花生蛋白粉溶液10 mL/kgBw,均饲喂高脂大鼠饲料.连续对喂30 d,观察大鼠生长情况.实验最后3 d收集大鼠粪便,测定胆汁酸含量.断头取血及肝脏组织,测定脂质和脂蛋白含量及相关脂酶活性.并制备肝组织病理切片.结果:高脂模型组大鼠体质量、肝质量、肝脏指数及血脂水平均显著高于正常对照组,花生蛋白组尤其是高剂量花生蛋白组大鼠肝质量、肝脏指数、肝细胞脂肪变性以及血清甘油三酯、HDL-C和LDL-C水平均比高脂模型组有明显改善.与高脂模型组相比,高剂量花生蛋白组大鼠血清和肝脏MDA含量及脑脂褐质水平均显著降低;血清脂酶活性下降,而肝脏脂酶活性略有提高;粪排出量、粪含水量及胆汁酸含量均有所增加.结论:低温脱脂花生蛋白粉具有明显的血脂调节作用,其作用机理可能是通过调节血清HDL-C和LDL-C水平、减少脂质过氧化产物MDA及脑脂褐质的产生,以及增加粪排泄量、粪含水量及粪胆汁酸排出量等多种途径共同发挥作用.     

火麻仁蛋白质粉对生长期大鼠营养生理功能的影响研究

目的:观察火麻蛋白质粉对生长期大鼠营养生理功能的影响.方法:生长期雄性SD大鼠随机被分为5组,即酪蛋白对照组、大豆蛋白质组、花生蛋白质组、火麻蛋白质组以及亚麻蛋白质组,分别饲喂以不同蛋白质粉制备的人工半合成饲料,各组饲料除蛋白质来源不同外,能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、膳食纤维和脂肪含量均保持一致.采用对喂技术饲养40d,观察大鼠营养生理功能的变化.结果:各组大鼠体重和食物转化率除大豆蛋白质组与酪蛋白组无显著差异外,其余各组间均有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中火麻蛋白质组体重最低.4个植物蛋白质组大鼠粪便排出量和粪氮含量均明显高于对照组,火麻蛋白质组粪排量极显著高于其它各组(P<0.01).火麻蛋白质组和亚麻蛋白质组脑指数显著高于其它3组(P<0.05).4种植物蛋白质组大鼠血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平均显著低于对照组,总胆汁酸水平则显著高于对照组(P<0.05).大豆蛋白质、花生蛋白质和火麻蛋白质组大鼠血糖水平显著低于对照组和亚麻蛋白质组.大豆蛋白质既能提高血清和肝脏中的SOD活性,又能降低MDA含量,其抗氧化性最强.4个植物蛋白质组肝脏消脂素水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05).火麻蛋白质、亚麻蛋白质及花生蛋白质组大鼠白细胞数量和血小板水平均显著低于其它两组,并能够有效抑制肠道有害菌群产气荚膜梭菌的生长,亚麻蛋白质和火麻蛋白质抑菌效果较显著;花生蛋白质和火麻蛋白质能够显著促进双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的生长.结论:火麻蛋白质具有调节血糖、血脂和血小板水平,促进脑组织发育等作用.并能通过调节体内消脂素水平和肠道菌群平衡,促进排便和减肥作用,它是一种有益健康的优质植物蛋白质资源.     

冷榨花生蛋白粉生产及高值化利用技术通过鉴定

日前,山东省农科院花生所完成的"冷榨花生蛋白粉生产及高值化利用技术"项目通过专家鉴定。该项目建立了同步制取冷榨原香花生油、低残油与低变性花生蛋白粉、花生酱和花生蛋白饮料的技术工艺,实现了花生产业高效增值。花生中蛋白质质量分数高达24%～32%,是世界第三大蛋白质来源,脱脂花生粕是油脂压榨的副产物,其中蛋白质质量分数接近50%。但是,高温压榨后花生粕中蛋白质严重变性,营养与物化特性降低,通常只用作饲料或肥料,无法开发花生蛋白粉、花生奶、分离蛋白等高附加值的产品。该项目采用分级、烘干、调质、压榨等技术制备低温压榨花生油,明确了提高预榨出油率的最优参数,制备的花生油达到我国一     

用脱脂花生粕制取花生蛋白发泡粉的研究

以低温脱脂花生粕为原料，采用酶、碱两步法制取花生蛋白发泡粉，通过单因试验、正交及均匀设计试验确定了制备花生蛋白发泡粉的最佳工艺条件，为制备花生蛋白发泡粉提供了理论依据。     

由花生饼研制营养花生核桃糊

整粒花生仁经低温、静态压榨脱脂、水冷却磨粉工艺处理，所得花生蛋白粉的ＮＩ值为８１．８５％，水溶性蛋白４０．６％，蛋白质含量达４９．６２％。该花生蛋白粉属低变性花生蛋白，水溶性良好、蛋白质含量高，是制作食品的好原料。以该原料为主，添加豆粉、核桃粉，制成低脂肪、高蛋白、营养全面、具有保健功能的花生核桃粉。该工艺简便可行，成本低。     

核桃蛋白（肽）粉生产工艺实践

以低温压榨后的核桃饼为原料,通过核桃蛋白(肽)粉制备中试生产线进行工艺实践,并给出了详细工艺参数。核桃饼经亚临界低温逆流萃取后,粕粉中残油为0. 92%,蛋白质含量为54%;经核桃蛋白(肽)粉制备工艺后,蛋白粉中蛋白质含量达80%,肽粉中酸溶性蛋白含量达75%;核桃蛋白粉得率为37%,肽粉得率为17. 5%,即每吨脱脂粕粉可获得核桃蛋白粉370 kg或肽粉175 kg;获得的核桃精炼油、蛋白粉、肽粉、酶解渣粉等可直接应用于功能性食品开发,实现了资源综合利用。     

挤压对低温脱脂花生粕氮溶指数的影响

以低温脱脂花生粕为原料,采用挤压技术,在单因素实验的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken的中心组合实验设计原理,氮溶指数(NSI)为考核指标,确定了花生粕挤压改性的最佳工艺条件,建立了数学模型。结果表明,低温脱脂花生粕挤压改性的最佳工艺条件为模孔直径12mm、物料含水量11.8%、挤压温度65℃、螺杆转速300r/min。在该工艺条件下花生粕的NSI为82.20%,和挤压前相比提高15.42%。     

脱脂花生蛋白粉的营养评价

<正>我国山东等地盛产花生,经提油后的花生粕以往大多用作饲料。鉴于目前我国蛋白资源供给不足,若能把花生粕制成可供人直接食用的花生蛋白,不仅提高了花生的经济价值,而且对蛋白资源的开发也大有益处。为此,我们对中温脱脂花生蛋白所分离出的     

不同制油工艺所得芝麻饼的营养生理学研究

通过SD大鼠生长、消化代谢等的观察和测定,对不同制油工艺所得芝麻饼的营养生理功能进行评价.以大豆粕(对照)和3种不同制油工艺(低温压榨、低温压榨熟制、高温热榨)所得芝麻饼作为饲料蛋白来源制备人工半合成饲料饲喂生长期SD大鼠,进行生长代谢试验.结果表明:传统的芝麻高温焙炒制油工艺所得芝麻饼组饲料蛋白质的消化率、生物价、利用率和效能比值等几项指标均为最低水平,而低温压榨制油工艺所得冷榨芝麻饼因更多地保留了芝麻蛋白的营养成分而具有较高的营养价值,其消化吸收利用程度均显著优于高温制油工艺所得的芝麻饼,具有与大豆粕相当的营养价值,能很好地满足动物机体营养需要,是优良的植物蛋白来源.     

五种不同食用油对生长期大鼠营养生理功能影响的研究

目的:观察用五种不同的食用油制备的人工半合成饲料,对生长期大鼠营养生理功能的影响。方法:生长期雄性SD大鼠50只,分为5组,分别为玉米胚芽油组、冷榨亚麻籽油组、冷榨橄榄油组、植物黄油组及猪油组,分别饲喂用不同食用油制备的人工半合成饲料,各组饲料除油脂来源不同外,能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物、膳食纤维和脂肪含量均保持一致。采用对喂技术饲养8周,观察大鼠营养生理功能的变化。结果:橄榄油组大鼠体重显著低于玉米油组和植物黄油组(P<0.05)。亚麻籽油组大鼠血清总蛋白和白蛋白水平最高,而血糖水平、血清甘油三酯和总胆固醇水平均显著低于其他各组。玉米油组高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。亚麻籽油组和橄榄油组大鼠的血清MDA显著低于玉米油组(P<0.05);玉米油组肝脏SOD活性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。结论:亚麻籽油具有显著的降血脂和降血糖作用;橄榄油具有一定控制体重的作用;亚麻籽油和橄榄油均可显著降低血清脂质过氧化物含量,具有较强的抗脂质过氧化作用。     

Nutritional utilization in Malagueña dairy goats differing in genotypes for the content of alphaS1-casein in milk

A study was carried out with 20 goats of the Malagueña breed, half with a high (HG) and half with a low (LG) genetic capability for α_S1-casein (AS1-CN) synthesis, to determine whether the 2 different genotypes (that cause differences in goat milk composition) are related to differences in nutritional feed utilization. Among the 10 HG goats, 7 had BB and 3 had AB genotypes for AS1-CN, whereas there were 7 EF and 3 FF genotypes in the 10 LG goats. The goats were fed diets differing in crude protein content (13.6 vs. 17.7% dry matter for diets 1 and 2, respectively). For each genotype group, a balance trial was conducted with each of the 2 diets in a 2-period balanced changeover designed with half the animals consuming diet 1 and the other half diet 2, determining individual feed intake and the utilization of N and energy in the diets. Greater voluntary feed intake on a metabolic body weight basis among the HG goats was identified as the first possible cause of their milk production. The HG goats also had a greater level of feed utilization, on a metabolic body weight basis, for N and energy intake. Greater ratios of N balance/ digestible N, milk protein N/digestible N, milk energy/ digestible energy, and milk energy/ME were found for HG goats compared with LG. These effects appear to be dependent on the level of protein in the diet, indicating interactive effects. The greater N and energy utilization of HG versus LG goats may explain the differences in milk composition between the 2 genotype groups.     

金雀异黄素通过AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路缓解免疫抑制大鼠的疲劳作用

目的：探讨金雀异黄素（genistein,GEN）缓解免疫抑制大鼠的疲劳作用及其作用机制。方法：96 只雄性SD大鼠随机分为6 组（每组16 只）,分别为空白对照组、免疫抑制模型组与金雀异黄素低、中、高剂量组以及阳性对照组。除空白对照组外,其余组腹腔注射环磷酰胺40 mg/kg mb,连续3 d,建立免疫抑制大鼠模型。金雀异黄素低、中、高剂量组分别灌胃10、20、40 mg/kg mb金雀异黄素,阳性对照组灌胃贞芪扶正颗粒3.125 g/kg mb,空白对照组灌胃等量花生油。实验结束后,记录大鼠力竭游泳时间;采用比色法检测大鼠血清中肌酸激酶（creatine kinase,CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase,LDH）活力;酶联免疫吸附测定法检测大鼠血清中免疫球蛋白G（immunoglobulin G,IgG）、肿瘤坏死因子α（tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α）质量浓度;采用实时荧光定量技术检测大鼠骨骼肌中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase,AMPK）、沉默信息调节因子1（silent information regulator 1,SIRT1）、过氧化物酶增殖活化受体γ辅激活因子1α（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α,PGC-1α）和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ,PPARγ）mRNA表达水平;采用蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠骨骼肌中p-AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α和PPARγ的蛋白表达水平。结果：与免疫抑制模型组相比,补充GEN后极显著延长了大鼠力竭游泳时间（P＜0.01）;与免疫抑制模型相比,高剂量GEN能够显著降低血清中CK活力（P＜0.05）和LDH活力（P＜0.01）,极显著提高大鼠血清中IgG、TNF-α质量浓度（P＜0.01）,同时显著提高大鼠骨骼肌中p-AMPK、SIRT1、PGC-1α和PPARγ基因及蛋白表达水平（P＜0.05、P＜0.01）。结论：GEN具有缓解免疫低下大鼠疲劳的作用,其机制可能与激活骨骼肌AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α信号通路及改善大鼠运动耐力、能量产生及免疫调节能力有关。     

不同植物蛋白质对大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的:以酪蛋白为参照,观察麦绿素、大豆蛋白和花生蛋白等3种植物蛋白质对生长期大鼠肠道菌群结构的影响。方法:生长期雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为4组,分别饲喂含20%酪蛋白(酪蛋白组)、14%酪蛋白加6%麦绿素(麦绿素组)、20%大豆蛋白(大豆蛋白组)和20%花生蛋白(花生蛋白组)的人工半合成饲料,28d时连续收集7d的粪便,测干、湿质量,35d后经直肠取粪检测5种肠道常见菌群的数量。结果:3种植物蛋白组平均日排出粪便量均显著高于对照组;花生蛋白组日排出粪便湿重、粪便干重和粪便含水率均显著高于其它3组;花生蛋白组双歧杆菌数量显著增加,肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌数量显著减少,B/E值大幅上升。大豆蛋白组肠杆菌和肠球菌数量显著增加,B/E值显著降低。麦绿素组大鼠肠道菌群结构与酪蛋白组无显著差异,不同来源的蛋白质对乳杆菌数量影响不大。结论:花生蛋白对双歧杆菌有增殖效果,对大鼠肠道菌群有很好的调节作用。     

Feeding glycerol to transition dairy cows: effects on blood metabolites and lactation performance

Glycerol can alleviate the symptoms of ketosis when delivered as an oral drench. The addition of glycerol to the diet would eliminate the need for restraining cows for drenching yet deliver a glucogenic substrate, alleviate the fatty liver-ketosis complex, and improve lactational performance. For this study, 21 multiparous and 9 primiparous Holstein cows blocked by parity and expected calving date were used in a randomized block design to evaluate the effects of feeding glycerol from 14 d prepartum to 21 d in milk (DIM). Treatments (kg/d dry matter basis) were 0.86 of cornstarch (control), 0.43 cornstarch + 0.43 glycerol (LG), or 0.86 glycerol (HG), topdressed and hand-mixed into the upper one-third of the daily ration. All cows were fed a common diet from 22 to 70 DIM. Prepartum dry matter intake (DMI) was greater for cows fed the control diet compared with LG or HG (13.3, 10.8, and 11.3 +/- 0.50 kg/d, respectively). Prepartum plasma glucose, insulin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, nonesterified fatty acids, and ruminal profiles were not affected by treatments. Rumen fluid collected postpartum from cows fed LG and HG had greater total volatile fatty acids, greater molar proportions of propionate, and a decreased ratio of acetate to propionate. Furthermore, concentrations of butyrate tended to be greater in rumens of cows fed LG and HG. Postpartum concentrations of glucose in plasma were greatest for cows fed the control diet relative to LG and HG (66.0 vs. 63.1 and 58.4 mg/dL, respectively) and decreased sharply at 21 DIM, after treatments ended, for cows fed HG (diet x day interaction). Body weight and condition loss, plasma nonesterified fatty acids, and liver lipids during the first 21 DIM were similar among treatments. Postpartum DMI was not affected by treatments; however, a tendency was observed for a diet x day interaction for body weight, as cows fed LG gained more body weight from 21 to 70 DIM relative to cows fed HG. Yield of energy-corrected milk during the first 70 DIM tended to be greatest for cows fed the control diet. The LG and HG diets decreased urea nitrogen concentrations in milk relative to controls. Based upon prepartum DMI and concentrations of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood postpartum, feeding glycerol to dairy cows at the levels used in this experiment increased indicators used to gauge the degree of ketosis in dairy cattle.     

The effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and forage type on milk fatty acid composition and milk fat globule size of lactating cows

We examined the effects of 2 grass silage-based diets differing in forage:concentrate (FC) ratio and those of a red clover silage-based diet on intake, milk production, ruminal fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation, milk FA composition, and milk fat globule (MFG) size distribution. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows received the following treatments: grass silage-based diets containing high (70:30, HG) or low (30:70, LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet with an FC ratio of 50:50 (RC) on a dry matter basis. Determinations of MFG were performed from fresh milk samples without addition of EDTA so the results of fat globules >1 µm in diameter are emphasized instead of the entire globule population. Lower FC ratio in grass silage-based diets increased milk production with no effect on daily fat yield, leading to 13% lower milk fat concentration. The effect of FC ratio on MFG size was moderate. It did not affect the volume-weighted diameter in grass silage-based diets, although LG lowered the volume-surface diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm compared with HG. Compared with HG, feeding LG moderately decreased the biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6, leading to a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Feeding RC lowered milk fat concentration and daily milk fat yield compared with grass silage-based diets. The volume-weighted diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm was smaller in RC milk compared with grass silage-based diets. Feeding RC increased the flow of 18:3n-3 at the omasum by 2.4-fold and decreased the apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation compared with grass silage-based diets despite similar intake of 18:3n-3. It also resulted in the lowest amount of saturated FA and the highest amounts of cis-9 18:1, 18:3n-3, and polyunsaturated FA in milk. In conclusion, LG decreased milk fat content and induced minor changes in MFG size distribution compared with HG, whereas RC lowered milk fat production, altered milk FA composition to nutritionally more beneficial direction, and led to smaller MFG compared with grass silage-based diets.     

Nutritional evaluation of Araucaria angustifolia seed flour as a protein complement for growing rats

BACKGROUND: The seeds of Araucaria angustifolia, namely pinhão, are consumed in south and southeast Brazil as flour or baked. There is relatively little information about the chemical composition and nutritional value of the seed and its flour. RESULTS: Pinhão flour was obtained by drying at constant temperature of 50 °C (PF50) or 80 °C (PF80) in a circulating air drier for 16 h, and evaluated as a feed additive for growing rats. Wistar rats were fed five experimental diets (n = 6 rats per diet) containing different protein sources: casein (diet CAS), casein supplemented with 20% (w/w) flour PF50 or PF80 (diets PF50 and PF80), casein supplemented with 20% pinhão without heat treatment (diet NPF), and a non‐protein group (diet APROT). Values for weight gain, feed ingest, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were similar for diets CAS and PF80. Lowest values for all nutritional parameters were observed for diets complemented with pinhão flour. Trypsin inhibitor activity was detected in PF50 but not in PF80. CONCLUSION: Pinhão flour heated at 80 °C for 16 h and used as supplementary in diet had the most similar results in all nutritional parameters to casein‐based diets, and can be used as a complementary source, substituting up to 20% of a high biological value protein in food formulations. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Short communication: Fat-soluble vitamin and mineral status of milk replacer-fed dairy calves: Effect of growth rate during the preruminant period

Effects of growth rate on fat-soluble vitamin and macro- and micromineral concentrations in the circulation of preruminant dairy calves were evaluated. Dietary treatments were designed to achieve 3 targeted rates of gain [no growth (NG) = 0.0 kg/d; low growth (LG) = 0.55 kg/d; or high growth (HG) = 1.2 kg/d] over a 7-wk period. Milk replacer (MR) intakes necessary to achieve these growth rates were estimated using the National Research Council's Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle calf model computer program. All of the calves were fed a 30% crude protein, 20% fat MR reconstituted to 14% dry matter. The diets were formulated to ensure that protein was not a limiting nutrient. No-growth and LG calves were supplemented additionally with vitamins A, D, and E to compensate for treatment differences in dry matter intake relative to the HG calves; however, no attempt was made to adjust mineral intake based on MR consumption. Growth rates for NG (0.11 kg/d), LG (0.58 kg/d), and HG (1.16 kg/d) calves differed during the study. Health was minimally affected by growth rate and this was reflected by comparable and relatively low serum haptoglobin concentrations in all calves during the 7-wk period. Concentrations of serum retinol, 25-(OH)-vitamin D₃, and zinc were unaffected by growth rate. The HG calves had lower RRR-α-tocopherol concentrations than NG and LG calves at wk 7, suggesting that the increased growth rate of HG calves was associated with increased utilization of vitamin E. Serum concentrations of all vitamins increased with age. Copper, calcium, and phosphorous concentrations in HG calves exceeded those in LG and NG calves during the latter weeks of the study, likely because of increased MR intake by HG calves. Fat-soluble vitamin and mineral concentrations for all treatment groups remained within ranges considered normal for preruminant calves.     

Performance strategies affect mammary gland development in prepubertal heifers

In Brazil, the majority of dairy cattle are Holstein × Gyr (H×G). It is unknown whether excessive energy intake negatively affects their mammary development to the same extent as in purebred Holsteins. We hypothesized that mammary development of H×G heifers can be affected by dietary energy supply. We evaluated the effect of different average daily gains (ADG) achieved by feeding different amounts of a standard diet during the growing period on biometric measurements, development of mammary parenchyma (PAR) and mammary fat pad (MFP), and blood hormones. At the outset of this 84-d experiment, H×G heifers (n = 18) weighed 102.2 ± 3.4 kg and were 3 to 4 mo of age. Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 ADG programs using a completely randomized design. Treatments were high gain (HG; n = 6), where heifers were fed to gain 1 kg/d; low gain (LG; n = 6), where heifers were fed to gain 0.5 kg/d; and maintenance (MA; n = 6), where heifers were fed to gain a minimal amount of weight per day. Heifers were fed varying amounts of a single TMR to support desired BW gains. Over the 84 d, periodic biometric and blood hormone measurements were obtained. On d 84, all heifers were slaughtered and carcass and mammary samples were collected. At the end, HG heifers weighed the most (181 ± 7.5 kg), followed by LG (146 ± 7.5 kg) and MA (107 ± 7.5 kg) heifers. The ADG were near expected values and averaged 0.907, 0.500, and 0.105 ± 0.03 kg/d for HG, LG, and MA, respectively. In addition, body lengths, heart girths, and withers heights were affected by dietary treatment, with MA heifers generally being the smallest and HG heifers generally being the largest. Body condition scores differed by treatment and were highest in HG and lowest in MA heifers; in vivo subcutaneous fat thickness measurement and direct analysis of carcass composition supported this. The HG heifers had the heaviest MFP, followed by LG and then MA heifers. Amount of PAR was highest in LG heifers and was the same for HG and MA heifers. The percentage of udder mass occupied by PAR was lowest in HG heifers, differing from LG and MA heifers. Composition of MFP was not evaluated. Regarding PAR composition, no differences in ash or DM were found. On the other hand, CP concentration of PAR for HG heifers was lower than that for LG heifers, which was lower than that for MA heifers. Regarding the fat content, HG treatment was higher than LG and MA treatment, which did not differ from each other. In PAR, differences in relative abundance of genes related to both stimulation and inhibition of mammary growth were observed to depend on dietary treatment, sampling day, or both. The same can be said for most of the blood hormones that were measured in this experiment. In this experiment, high ADG achieved by feeding different amounts of a standard diet during the growing period negatively affected mammary development.