LGA焊点形态对焊点寿命影响的有限元分析

通过Surface Evolver软件对LGA焊点进行了三维形态预测,利用有限元数值模拟对LGA焊点在热循环条件下寿命进行了分析。研究了热循环条件下LGA焊点的应力应变分布规律,随着焊点远离元件的中心位置焊点所受到的等效应力、等效应变和塑性应变能密度逐渐增大,从而得出处于外面拐角的焊点最先发生失效的结论。基于塑性应变范围和Coffin-Manson公式计算了焊点热疲劳寿命;找出了LGA焊点形态对焊点寿命的影响规律,模板厚度一定时PCB焊盘尺寸小于上焊盘时LGA焊点的热疲劳寿命与PCB焊盘尺寸成正比,大于上焊盘时成反比,大约相等时焊点寿命最大。当PCB焊盘和模板开孔尺寸固定时,通过增大模板厚度来增加焊料体积在一定程度上可提高LGA焊点的热疲劳寿命,但是模板厚度增大到一定值时LGA焊点寿命会逐渐降低。     

CQFN封装结构的热疲劳寿命研究

基于陶瓷四边无引线（CQFN）封装结构,采用有限元仿真方法,针对实际外壳建立了三维有限元模型,对焊点在温度循环试验中的应力应变分布开展了研究,重点分析了印刷电路板（PCB）厚度、外壳尺寸大小、引出端形式和温度变动范围等对焊点的影响规律。采用Anand本构模型对铅锡焊点的粘塑性进行了表征,同时利用Coffin-Manson方程对CQFN封装结构在温度循环载荷作用下的热循环疲劳寿命进行了计算。研究表明,适当地增加PCB板厚度、合理地选取外壳外形尺寸及引出端的形式和尽量地降低温度变动范围,可以有效地提高焊点的热疲劳寿命。     

倒装焊SnPb焊点热循环失效和底充胶的影响

采用实验方法,确定了倒装焊SnPb焊点的热循环寿命．采用粘塑性和粘弹性材料模式描述了SnPb焊料和底充胶的力学行为,用有限元方法模拟了SnPb焊点在热循环条件下的应力应变过程．基于计算的塑性应变范围和实验的热循环寿命,确定了倒装焊SnPb焊点热循环失效Coffin-Manson经验方程的材料参数．研究表明,有底充胶倒装焊SnPb焊点的塑性应变范围比无底充胶时明显减小,热循环寿命可提高约20倍,充胶后的焊点高度对可靠性的影响变得不明显．     

倒装焊SnPb焊点热循环失效和底充胶的影响

采用实验方法 ,确定了倒装焊 Sn Pb焊点的热循环寿命 .采用粘塑性和粘弹性材料模式描述了 Sn Pb焊料和底充胶的力学行为 ,用有限元方法模拟了 Sn Pb焊点在热循环条件下的应力应变过程 .基于计算的塑性应变范围和实验的热循环寿命 ,确定了倒装焊 Sn Pb焊点热循环失效 Coffin- Manson经验方程的材料参数 .研究表明 ,有底充胶倒装焊 Sn Pb焊点的塑性应变范围比无底充胶时明显减小 ,热循环寿命可提高约 2 0倍 ,充胶后的焊点高度对可靠性的影响变得不明显     

不同基板的CBGA焊点在热循环下的力学特性研究

采用粘塑性本构Anand方程描述SnPb钎料的变形行为,用有限元方法对CBGA组件焊点结构进行二维模型分析;同时,选用不同的基板材料(Al2O3、AlN、SiC),考察焊点在热循环加载过程中的应力应变等力学行为.研究结果表明,最外侧焊点受到的应力应变最大,所以裂纹最有可能从最外侧焊点处萌生,并沿着基板一侧扩展;焊点的高应力发生在热循环的低温阶段,升降温过程中的蠕变和非弹性应变的累积显著,应力应变迟滞环在热循环的最初几个周期内就能很快稳定.模拟结果得出,采用BeO基板材料时焊点的应力应变最小,其可靠性最高.     

基于正交试验设计的塑封球栅阵列器件焊点工艺参数与可靠性关系研究

基于正交试验设计法对塑封球栅阵列(PBGA)器件焊点工艺参数与可靠性关系进行了研究.采用混合水平正交表L₁₈(2×3⁷)设计了18种不同工艺参数组合的PBGA测试样件,进行了546小时、最大循环周数2140周的PBGA测试样件可靠性加速热循环试验.基于试验结果进行了极差分析和方差分析;研究了PBGA测试样件寿命的威布尔分布;采用有限元分析方法对热循环加载条件下PBGA焊点内应力应变分布进行了研究.试验结果表明失效焊点裂纹出现于焊点与芯片基板的交界面上.研究结果表明:样件规格对PBGA焊点可靠性有高度显著影响,芯片配重对PBGA焊点可靠性有显著的影响,焊盘直径和钢网厚度对PBGA焊点可靠性无显著影响;最优工艺参数组合为:S2D2G2M1和S2D2G2M2.有限元分析表明在热循环加载条件下PBGA器件内应力最大区域位于焊点与芯片基板的接触面上,裂纹首先在焊点与芯片基板的接触面处产生,有限元分析结果与试验结果相吻合.     

板级结构参数对CSP器件焊点可靠性的影响

研究了几何因素和基板材料对无铅焊点可靠性的影响，建立了CSP封装元件的有限元模型。进行了温度循环测试，分析了焊点的应力应变情况。结果表明：基板厚度，焊点高度与焊盘直径的变化对焊点寿命有着不同的影响趋势。同时比较了FR4，Al2O3，PI材料基板与无铅焊点互连的情况，最终得出PI基板是最有利于封装器件使用的基板材料。但是由于其加工成本较高等方面的原因一般只用于高可靠性要求的军事产品领域。     

IMC生长对无铅焊球可靠性的影响

通过模拟及实验研究了IMC层及其生长对无铅焊点可靠性的影响.采用回流焊将无铅焊球(Sn3.5Ag0.7Cu)焊接到PCB板的铜焊盘上,通过-55～125℃的热循环实验,获得了IMC厚度经不同热循环次数后的生长规律.采用有限元法模拟了热循环过程中IMC厚度生长对无铅BGA焊点中应力变化的影响,并由能量疲劳模型预测了无铅焊点寿命.计算结果显示,考虑IMC层生长所预测的焊点热疲劳寿命比不考虑IMC层生长时缩短约30%.     

SMT焊点形态影响焊点热循环寿命的试验研究

表面组装技术焊点的几何形态是影响焊点可靠性的重要因素之一。通过设计片式元件焊点的几何形态，制作热循环试件，考察焊点形态影响焊点热循环寿命的规律。     

PBGA封装焊点寿命影响因素的有限元分析

为明确PBGA焊点设计及环境温度参数对其可靠性影响,利用有限元软件ANSYS分析了温度循环、焊点材料、焊点高度与直径、PCB板的厚度、刚度、热膨胀系数(CTE)对焊点寿命的影响.焊点采用了Anand本构关系描述,寿命预测采用Darveaux模型.研究结果表明,温度循环的范围变大焊点寿命变短,保温时间缩短能增加焊点寿命;经过优化的焊球,寿命会增加;PCB板越厚,焊点寿命越短;PCB板的杨氏模量越大,焊点寿命越长.     

Parameters affecting thermal fatigue behavior of 60Sn-40Pb solder joints

Solder joints in electronic packages experience cyclical thermally induced strain when temperature fluctuations are encountered in service. This study investigates three parameters that affect the microstructure and therefore the thermal fatigue behavior of 60Sn-40Pb solder joints. These parameters are: 1) the effect of a tensile component in thermal fatigue, 2) solder joint thickness variations, and 3) hold time variations at the elevated temperature portion of the thermal cycle. Solder joints were thermally fatigued in a tension/compression deformation mode. Cracks developed both in the interfacial intermetallic layer (early in thermal fatigue) and in the coarsened regions of the microstructure of the solder joint (after many more cycles). The effect of joint thickness on solder joints thermally fatigued in shear was also explored. Solder joint thickness was found not to significantly affect fatigue lifetimes. The effect of an increase in the hold time at the elevated temperature portion of the thermal fatigue cycle was also investigated. It was found that time spent at the high temperature end of the fatigue cycle does not determine solder joint lifetime, rather it is the combination of the amount of deformation induced during thermal fatigue in concert with the elevated temperature.     

The influence of dwell time on reliability of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling

The influence of dwell time on mechanical behaviour and fatigue life of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling has been investigated. The dwell time has two effects on the mechanical behaviour of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling: first, in the dwell time of high-temperature part, the stress in SMT solder joints will notably relax, and secondly, as the dwell time increase, the stress in solder joints in the low-temperature part of thermal cycling increases. With the increase of dwell time, the life of SMT solder joints under thermal cycling exponentially decreases.     

Chip Scale Package (CSP) solder joint reliability and modeling

A viscoplastic constitutive model was used to analyze the thermally induced plastic and creep deformation and low cycle fatigue behavior of the solder joints in Chip Scale Packages (CSP) mounted on Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). The time-dependent and time-independent viscoplastic strain rate and plastic hardening work factors of solder material were used in 2-D plane strain finite element models. The viscoplastic strain rate data was fitted to the viscoplastic flow equation. The plastic hardening factors were considered in the evolution equation. A viscoelastic constitutive model was used for molding compound. Finite element models, incorporating the viscoplastic flow and evolution equations for solder and the viscoelastic equations for molding compound, were verified by temperature cycling tests on assembled CSPs. The effect of the cyclic frequency, dwell time, and temperature ramp rate on the response of the viscoplastic deformation was studied for a tapeless Lead-on-Chip (LOC) CSP and a flexible substrate CSP. The ramp rate significantly affects the equivalent stress range in solder joints while a dwell time in excess of 10 min per half cycle does not result in increased strain range. The failure data from the experiments was fitted to the Weibull failure distribution and the Weibull parameters were extracted. After satisfactory correlation between the experiment and the model was observed, the effect of material properties and package design variables on the fatigue life of solder joints in CSPs was investigated and the primary factors affecting solder fatique life were subsequently presented. Furthermore, a simplified model was proposed to predict the solder fatigue life in CSPs.     

Board level solder joint reliability analysis and optimization of pyramidal stacked die BGA packages

Due to requirements of cost-saving and miniaturization, stacked die BGA has recently gained popularity in many applications. However, its board level solder joint reliability during the thermal cycling test is not as well-studied as common single die BGA. In this paper, solder joint fatigue of wirebond stacked die BGA is analyzed in detail. 3D fatigue model is established for stacked die BGA with considerations of detailed pad design, realistic shape of solder ball, and non-linear material properties. The fatigue model applied is based on a modified Darveaux's approach with non-linear viscoplastic analysis of solder joints. The critical solder ball is observed located between the top and bottom dice corner, and failure interface is along the top solder/pad interface. The modeling predicted fatigue life is first correlated to the thermal cycling test results using modified correlation constants, curve-fitted from in-house TFBGA (thin-profile fine-pitch BGA) thermal cycling test data. Subsequently, design analyses are performed to study the effects of 16 key design variations in package dimensions, material properties, and thermal cycling test conditions. In general, smaller top and bottom dice sizes, thicker top or bottom die, thinner PCB, thicker substrate, higher solder ball standoff, larger solder mask opening size, smaller maximum ball diameter, smaller PCB pad size, smaller thermal cycling temperature range, longer ramp time, and shorter dwell time contribute to longer fatigue life. The effect of number of layers of stacked-die is also investigated. Finally, design optimization is performed based on selected critical design variables.     

A dynamic model for solder and the problem of accelerated life testing

Solder joint reliability under thermal cycling is a key problem in electronic packaging. Accelerated life testing (few cycles, larger temperature excursions) is often a practical necessity in predicting fatigue life in field environments (many cycles, smaller temperature excursions). Complex solder behavior with marked temperature dwell and cycle time influence at slower frequencies makes this a difficult problem. A dynamic model is presented which couples the effect of instability of coarsened grain shear band evolution in microstructure with the change in macroscopic constitutive behavior. Key features of the model include effects of shear band thickness compared with total solder joint thickness, pertinent to small scale design, and frictional resistance at slow deformation rates. Model correlation with test data is discussed and applied to the accelerated life test design.     

温度循环条件下微弹簧型CCGA焊柱的热疲劳寿命仿真研究

对比封装体不同的热疲劳寿命预测模型,选择适用于微弹簧型陶瓷柱栅阵列(CCGA)封装的寿命预测模型,并对焊点的热疲劳机制进行分析。利用Workbench对焊点进行在温度循环载荷作用下的热疲劳分析。对比不同热疲劳寿命预测模型的结果,表明基于应变能密度的预测模型更适用于微弹簧型CCGA。随后对等效应力、塑性应变、平均塑性应变能密度和温度随时间变化的曲线进行分析,结果表明,在温度保持阶段,焊柱通过发生塑性变形或积累能量来降低其内部热应力水平,减少热疲劳损伤累积;在温度转变阶段,焊柱的应力应变发生剧烈变化,容易产生疲劳损伤。     

Thermal cycling analysis of flip-chip solder joint reliability

The reliability concern in flip-chip-on-board (FCOB) technology is the high thermal mismatch deformation between the silicon die and the printed circuit board that results in large solder joint stresses and strains causing fatigue failure. Accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) test is one of the reliability tests performed to evaluate the fatigue strength of the solder interconnects. Finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to simulate thermal cycling loading for solder joint reliability in electronic assemblies. This study investigates different methods of implementing thermal cycling analysis, namely using the "dwell creep" and "full creep" methods based on a phenomenological approach to modeling time independent plastic and time dependent creep deformations. There are significant differences between the "dwell creep" and "full creep" analysis results for the flip chip solder joint strain responses and the predicted fatigue life. Comparison was made with a rate dependent viscoplastic analysis approach. Investigations on thermal cycling analysis of the temperature range, (ΔT) effects on the predicted fatigue lives of solder joints are reported     

Modeling thermomechanical fatigue behavior of Sn-Ag solder joints

Stresses that develop because of the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between solder and substrate/components contribute to thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) of the solder joints. However, the relative importance of several processes that contribute to damage accumulation and its role in affecting the reliability of the solder joints are far from being understood. Aging, creep/stress relaxation, and stress/strain reversals are some of the important processes. These processes are affected by service conditions, such as the temperature extremes experienced, rates of heating and cooling, dwell times at the extreme temperatures, and so on. In addition, the elastic and plastic anisotropy of tin could also contribute to the damage accumulation during TMF of Sn-based solders. This preliminary effort to model TMF in Sn-Ag solder joints will consider the role of each of these parameters, with significant emphasis on the anisotropic-elastic behavior of Sn grains.     

Board level solder joint reliability analysis of stacked die mixed flip-chip and wirebond BGA

Stacked die BGA has recently gained popularity in telecommunication applications. However, its board level solder joint reliability during the thermal cycling test is not as well-studied as common single die BGA. In this paper, solder joint fatigue of lead-free stacked die BGA with mixed flip-chip (FC) and wirebond (WB) interconnect is analyzed in detail. 3D fatigue model is established for stacked die BGA with considerations of detailed pad design, realistic shape of solder ball, and non-linear material properties. The fatigue model applied is based on a modified Darveaux’s approach with non-linear viscoplastic analysis of solder joints. Based on the FC–WB stack die configuration, the critical solder ball is observed located between the top and bottom dice corner, and failure interface is along the top solder/pad interface. The modeling predicted fatigue life is first correlated to the thermal cycling test results using modified correlation constants, curve-fitted from in-house lead-free TFBGA46 (thin-profile fine-pitch BGA) thermal cycling test data. Subsequently, design analyzes are performed to study the effects of 20 key design variations in package dimensions, material properties, and thermal cycling test conditions. In general, thinner PCB and mold compound, thicker substrate, larger top or bottom dice sizes, thicker top die, higher solder ball standoff, larger solder mask opening, smaller PCB pad size, smaller thermal cycling temperature range, longer ramp time, and shorter dwell time contribute to longer fatigue life. SnAgCu is a common lead-free solder, and it has much better board level reliability performance than eutectic solder based on modeling results, especially low stress packages.