开式整体叶盘四坐标侧铣开槽粗加工轨迹规划

为了提高开式整体叶盘的粗加工稳定性，在粗加工阶段，提出采用将自由曲面蜕变为直纹面的方式简化开式整体叶盘通道开槽加工的难度，实现稳定切削。讨论了直纹面逼近自由曲面的算法，提出了一种新的刀轴矢量计算方法，并基于直纹面给出了开式整体叶片通道四坐标侧铣粗加工数控编程方法，规划出了无干涉的刀位轨迹。实例验证表明，采用该方法可快速有效地实现开式整体叶盘的开槽粗加工，并可提高开式整体叶盘加工中的稳定性。     

Tool orientation optimization and location determination for four-axis plunge milling of open blisks

Plunge milling has been widely adopted in the manufacturing industry to rough machine open blisks, and its objective is to remove stock material with high efficiency and machining stability. A current technique challenge is to calculate the tool orientation and locations (called plunger paths) in four-axis rough plunging of open blisks, so that the residual raw material left on the blades after roughing is close to the specified value. To address this challenge, a novel approach is proposed to optimize tool orientation and determine tool locations for four-axis plunge milling of open blisks. First, tool locations are determined with two principles without interfering the blades and hub. Second, tool orientation is optimized according to a new evaluation criterion. Then, considering the impact of previous tool paths, an in-process model of a blisk is used to calculate residual material. Finally, an experiment is conducted to verify this new approach. This approach can promote four-axis plunge milling in the open blisk manufacturing.     

开式整体叶盘通道侧铣粗加工技术的研究

整体叶盘从锻造毛坯到最终零件加工成型,需要切除大量的多余材料。本文提出了一种开式整体叶盘通道区域五坐标粗加工刀具轨迹规划方法。该方法通过生成整体叶盘薄壁叶片的直纹包络面,以确定叶盘通道粗加工区域的边界轮廓;基于直纹面五轴侧铣加工刀具轨迹双点偏置生成方式,利用投影法规划开式整体叶盘通道区域粗铣加工的刀心点轨迹与刀轴矢量方向。加工实践表明,开式整体叶盘的粗加工效率提高30%以上,同时,显著优化了后续半精加工和精加工工序的环境。     

整体叶轮五轴数控插铣加工刀位轨迹生成算法研究

为了提高整体叶轮粗加工效率和质量,提出了一种整体叶轮五轴插铣加工刀位轨迹的计算方法。根据整体叶轮的几何特征和插铣特点,定义与叶轮轴线垂直的截平面族,构造截平面与叶片型面交线的单侧包络直线族,作为边界面加工刀位,在边界面刀位之间插值,得到整个流道的插铣加工刀位轨迹。运用UG/Open API开发了整体叶轮插铣加工软件模块,最后通过实例验证了所提出的方法是有效的。     

涡轮叶盘数控加工优化方法的研究与实现

为提高涡轮叶盘的加工效率和质量，提出了涡轮叶盘数控加工工艺方案，在粗加工阶段，采用插铣方法代替传统的点铣加工，分层加工，减小加工变形。采用UGNX进行涡轮叶盘建模，NERC-Max数控编程，VERICUT刀轨仿真。结果表明，采用插铣方法，切削效率高，刀具和叶片未发生干涉，加工阶段划分、刀轨设计合理。提出的涡轮叶盘数控加工工艺方案可行。     

Optimal CNC plunge cutter selection and tool path generation for multi-axis roughing free-form surface impeller channel

Plunge milling is the most effective way for rough machining of impeller parts, but previous research had not considered the optimization of plunge cutter selection and tool path. In this paper, a new method for optimizing the plunge cutter selection and tool path generation in multi-axis plunge milling of free-form surface impeller channel is proposed in order to improve the efficiency in rough machining. Firstly, in the case of fixing a rotation axis at a certain angle in five-axis machine, a mathematical representation is formulated for the geometric model of the cutter interfering the impeller, and an optimization model of the cutter size is established at a cutter contact point on the impeller channel surface, so the largest tool could be determined. Secondly, by analyzing the machine tool movement characteristics, the geometric constraint model of the plunge tool path which relative to the largest tool, step distance, and row space is established, and a tool orientation calculation method of impeller channel machining is given, and then, the plunge tool path and tool orientation could be obtained. Finally, the generated tool path and tool orientation are simulated and verified in practical processing. Simulation and experimental result shows that the rough machining efficiency of the impeller part is improved up to 40 % with this method.     

Error prediction and compensation based on interference-free tool paths in blade milling

We propose a method which uses interference-free tool paths to predict and compensate for deformation error during the spiral milling of blades. Firstly, a finite element simulation of the blisk blade milling process was conducted using an interference-free spiral milling NC machining tool path based on the curvature attribute of the blade twisted surface, observing the variation in blade milling error under different processing parameters and yielding a surface quality variation law. Next, the model was corrected by combining this error prediction data with precision design requirements, and a blade deformation error compensation scheme was suggested. Finally, an interference-free processing program containing the error compensation information was applied to carry out another blade milling simulation and a blisk milling experiment. The results showed that both the blade deformation error and the surface quality satisfied design requirements, while the accuracy of the simulation was verified.     

整体叶盘多通道电解加工工具运动轨迹及加工参数分析

整体叶盘扭曲叶片型面加工至设计要求之前,毛坯的叶间通道加工是不可缺少的工艺。针对整体叶盘多通道电解加工三轴运动的特点,先将叶片理论型面的参数转换成整体叶盘的叶间通道的参数,再利用最小二乘法生成通道型面的拟合直线,进一步确定管状工具的运动位置。工具的运动轨迹是三轴组合运动的结果,根据工具的运动状态逆向推算即可获取联动三轴各自的加工参数。最后在整体叶盘多通道电解加工机床上开展试验研究。试验表明,运行上述参数可以加工出符合要求的叶间通道。     

An efficient five-axis machining method of centrifugal impeller based on regional milling

This paper presents an efficient five-axis machining method of centrifugal impeller based on regional milling. As the base of the machining method, geometry of the centrifugal impeller and blade surface is analyzed, and sub-machining regions are presented through the division of the double three-cubic d non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface. In rough milling, the cutter parameters, tool path interval, tool path curves, and the fixed tool axis vector are calculated by the novel algorithm based on regional milling; the biggest cutter and smaller tool path length are obtained. In finish milling, for the aerodynamic performance of the finished impeller, the tool path curves are modified and interlinked to make them uniform and orderly. A modified algorithm of the finish milling of the blade surface is proposed, and not only are the machining errors reduced; their reasonable distribution is also realized. Numerical simulation and a real test impeller are presented as the test of the proposed method.     

钛合金整体结构件高效插铣工艺实验研究

针对钛合金整体结构件粗加工的插铣和侧铣工艺,从切削力、切削稳定性、切削温度等方面进行了切削实验和分析对比。实验结果表明,在相同切除率条件下,插铣的轴向切削力略大于侧铣的轴向切削力,而插铣作用力仅为侧铣的1/3%;随着切削深度的增加,插铣刀具的振动比侧铣刀具的振动小,且切削过程稳定;
插铣的切削温度要比侧铣的切削温度低。最后,以TC4钛合金整体叶盘通道开槽为例,进行了插铣验证。验证结果表明,插铣切削过程稳定,效率比侧铣提高了近1倍,刀具成本仅为侧铣的13%。     

直纹面叶轮插铣加工关键技术

为提高整体叶轮的粗加工效率,弥补目前商用计算机辅助制造软件在五坐标插铣加工能力方面的不足,研究了直纹面叶轮五坐标插铣加工的关键技术。根据直纹面叶片的偏移边界矢量,利用四元数插值方法计算插铣加工的刀轴矢量,提出并推导了五坐标插铣加工的行距和步距计算公式,保证了插铣加工的材料去除率和加工效率。依据上述算法自主开发了整体叶轮五坐标插铣加工专用计算机辅助制造软件,并对该软件生成的刀具轨迹进行了仿真和实际加工验证。结果证明,该方法在一定程度上提高了叶轮零件的粗加工效率。     

自由曲面数控加工刀具的研究

对自由曲面数控加工中的刀具进行了较深入的研究。从刀具有效半径和切削速度的角度,对平头立铣刀在五坐标自由曲面加工中的加工效率与切削性能进行了分析。提出了球头刀和平头刀的刀位计算方法,并对叶片曲面的刀具轨迹进行了仿真模拟。     

组合曲面叶片的螺旋加工刀位轨迹生成

为提高叶片加工质量和改进现有螺旋加工方法,提出了一种新的针对组合曲面造型叶片的四轴螺旋加工方法.该方法在叶片曲面造型过程中,将叶片曲面分割为叶盆、叶背、前缘和后缘四个区域.根据组合曲面叶片造型,提出了组合曲面叶片螺旋加工刀位轨迹生成方法和切触点的计算公式.最后,基于UG软件平台,以二次开发方式编制了相应的数控编程模块.生成了连续光滑的叶片螺旋加工刀位轨迹.试验结果表明,该方法能够实现叶片的四坐标螺旋加工,并可有效提高叶片的加工质量.     

开式三元叶轮高效率数控粗加工策略

论述了五轴数控粗加工的高效铣削策略和关键技术,对于影响数控粗加工效率的主要因素进行了分析,对于高速钢铣刀和硬质合金铣刀采用侧铣和插铣数控加工方法以及刀具选择进行了简要叙述,并且通过大量三元叶轮实际加工总结了一种面向三元叶轮加工特征、考虑刀具寿命的粗加工策略的原则,使三元叶轮的加工效率大大提高。     

基于临界约束的四轴数控加工刀轴优化方法

针对自由曲面四轴加工中复杂刀具运动导致的干涉和刀具运动不连续等现象,提出一种基于临界约束的刀轴优化方法。基于刀具与工件约束曲面之间的相对位置关系,利用曲线上的点搜索算法确定切触点处的临界刀轴矢量,并计算当前切触点刀轴摆动的可行域;以切削行内所有切触点的刀轴可行域为基础,建立当前切削行内无干涉且相邻刀轴变化最小的刀轴矢量优化模型,实现了自由曲面四轴加工无干涉刀轴矢量的光顺控制。整体叶盘四轴加工试验表明,利用此方法获得的刀轴矢量可以显著改善机床运动的连续性,并避免刀具干涉的产生,提高了加工质量。     

Experimental investigation on various tool path strategies influencing surface quality and form accuracy of CNC milled complex freeform surface

Four tool path strategies such as equal-interval tool paths, parallel tool paths, parallel–tangency tool paths, and freeform tool paths are proposed in computer numerical control milling of a complex freeform surface. The objective is to understand how 3D tool paths influence their machining efficiency, surface quality, and form accuracy. In this study, their scallop heights were less than or equal to 15 μm. First, their scallop heights distributions and 3D tool path distances were theoretically analyzed; then, four tool path strategies were investigated with reference to machining efficiency, surface texture height, surface roughness, and form errors. It is shown that scallop heights distribution can be used to display the surface texture state and predict tool path distance. Experimental results indicate that the surface texture height, the surface roughness, and the form errors were nearly identical on the machined flat location and surface for various tool path strategies, whereas their surface quality and form accuracy are easily destroyed on the abrupt ones except for the parallel tool paths. Although the freeform tool paths produce the shortest tool path distance through 3-axes driving mode, the parallel tool paths offer the best surface quality and form accuracy through 2-axes driving mode. This is because the 3-axes driving and its vector changes on abrupt location easily lead to large machine vibration and movement errors. It is confirmed that the parallel tool path strategy with 2-axes driving mode can improve the surface quality and form accuracy in actual milling of a complex freeform surface.     

基于解析法的整体式叶轮侧铣高精加工技术

提出了加工非可展直纹面刀轴矢量的解析解法,给出了解析解法的加工误差,并将其与“R偏置法”的侧铣加工方法的误差进行了比较。计算结果证明,该方法减小了理论误差。应用MATLAB绘制了依据该方法计算出的叶片刀轴轨迹。最后,通过数控加工试验验证了所提出方法的正确性。加工结果表明,加工误差在允许加工误差范围内,叶轮加工表面质量好。     

EQUIVALENT NORMAL CURVATURE APPROACH MILLING MODEL OF MACHINING FREEFORM SURFACES

A new milling methodology with the equivalent normal curvature milling model machining freeform surfaces is proposed based on the normal curvature theorems on differential geometry. Moreover, a specialized whirlwind milling tool and a 5-axis CNC horizontal milling machine are introduced. This new milling model can efficiently enlarge the material removal volume at the tip of the whirlwind milling tool and improve the producing capacity. The machining strategy of this model is to regulate the orientation of the whirlwind milling tool relatively to the principal directions of the workpiece surface at the point of contact, so as to create a full match with collision avoidance between the workpiece surface and the symmetric rotational surface of the milling tool. The practical results show that this new milling model is an effective method in machining complex three- dimensional surfaces. This model has a good improvement on finishing machining time and scallop height in machining the freeform surfaces over other milling processes. Some actual examples for manufacturing the freeform surfaces with this new model are given.     

NC Machining of Freeform Pockets with Arbitrary Wall Geometry Using a Grid-Based Navigation Approach

A tool path must be determined in an efficient manner to generate NC (numerical control) code for machining. This is particularly important when machining freeform pockets with arbitrary wall geometry on a three-axis CNC machine. In this paper, a grid-based 3D navigation algorithm for generating NC tool-path data for both linear interpolation and a combination of linear and circular interpolation is presented for three-axis CNC milling of general pockets with sculptured bottom surfaces. The pocket surface is discretised by defining a grid and the navigation algorithm plans the tool motion. The grid size and the cutter diameter are chosen so that a predefined tolerance for surface roughness is satisfied. The grid-based navigation algorithm is simulated graphically and verified experimentally.     

平面包络环面蜗轮数控加工编程与仿真研究

提出了平面包络环面蜗轮四轴数控加工工艺方案.具体利用matlab和UG及其开发平台、VC＋＋和VERICUT对平面包络环面蜗轮四轴数控加工编程的刀轨算法及后置处理器的开发、加工仿真等关键技术进行了研究,最后通过加工仿真实例验证了平面包络环面蜗轮四轴数控加工工艺方案的可行性和有效性.