环介导等温扩增方法在食品中沙门菌检测的应用和评价

将环介导等温扩增检测方法应用于食品中沙门菌的检验,并在检测方法特异性、灵敏度等方面与实时荧光PCR和传统检测方法进行比较。方法 针对沙门菌属高度保守的fimY基因设计环介导等温扩增检测引物并优化反应体系,在特异性、灵敏度和实际样品检测等方面与实时荧光PCR及传统检测方法比对。结果 本研究建立的LAMP方法检测沙门菌93株和非目标菌31株,具有良好的特异性。在纯培养、无需增菌情况下,其检测灵敏度为6.4×10²cfu/ml,与实时荧光PCR方法相当。食品基质添加试验中,环介导等温扩增方法检测低限为2cfu/25g样品;对45份实际食品样品检测结果表明,该方法实际样品检出率为11.1%,与实时荧光PCR及传统方法检测结果一致。结论 本研究建立的沙门菌环介导等温扩增检测方法具有良好的特异性,检测灵敏度与实时荧光PCR相当,适用于沙门菌的快速筛选。     

乳中志贺氏菌的荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了快速、有效的检测乳中的志贺氏菌,建立一种特异性强、灵敏度高的荧光定量PCR方法。根据GenBank公布的志贺氏菌ipaH基因的保守序列设计特异性引物,对提取的志贺氏菌DNA模板进行PCR扩增,对目的基因进行克隆和测序,然后利用荧光定量PCR方法,对志贺氏菌进行检测,确定其扩增条件。建立的方法特异性强,检测的灵敏度可达到10-6 ng/μL。利用建立的方法可检测乳中2.84 cfu/mL的志贺氏菌。该方法为快速、准确检测乳中的志贺氏菌提供了参考。     

食品中荧光假单胞菌聚合酶链式反应检测体系的建立和评价

建立用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测食品中荧光假单胞菌的方法。分别针对16～23S rRNA基因间隔区序列、gyrB基因以及通过生物信息学方法发掘到的4个种特异性基因设计6对检测引物,通过初步特异性实验,筛选出一对种特异性最佳的引物。最终建立以gyrB基因为检测靶点的PCR扩增体系,并对体系进行系统评价。结果表明:该方法可特异检测荧光假单胞菌的存在,纯DNA检测灵敏度为14.9fg/μL(2～3拷贝/μL),纯培养物检测灵敏度为2.8×102CFU/mL。豆奶样品经15h充分增菌可提高检测灵敏度至0.28CFU/25g。     

生鲜肉中牛源性和羊源性成分定量检测方法的建立

目的建立生鲜肉中牛源性和羊源性成分荧光PCR定量检测方法。方法以线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因核苷酸序列为检测靶点,设计并优化引物,建立基于SYBR染料的荧光PCR定量检测方法,并对该方法进行特异性和灵敏度验证。结果在退火温度60℃的条件下,荧光PCR检测体系中各条引物特异性良好,目标成分检测信号Ct值均小于20,非特异性检测信号Ct值均大于35,该方法在模板浓度为0.016~10 ng/μL时线性关系良好;以Ct30作为阳性或阴性结果的判定限,目标源性成分荧光PCR定量检测的灵敏度可达1%。结论本方法可为生鲜肉制品种源鉴定和掺假检测提供理论依据。     

单增李斯特菌与志贺氏菌多重PCR检测技术的建立

目的:为食品、卫生行业提供一种简便、灵敏、快速,并且特异性强的单增李斯特菌(Listeria Monocyto-genes)与志贺氏菌(Shigella)多重PCR检测方法.方法:根据单增李斯特茵转录调节子基因prfA、志贺氏茵侵袭性质粒抗原H基因ipaH筛选出引物;优化多重PCR的引物浓度、退火温度及Mg2+等条件,分析单-PCR及多重PCR的特异性、灵敏度;结合24 h增茵培养.确定多重PCR检测人工污染脱脂灭茵乳的检出限.结果:多重PCR扩增出了预计的PCR产物,即单增李斯特茵(274bp)和志贺氏茵(421bp).该方法的灵敏度:78 pg单增李斯特茵基因组DNA、7.5pg志贺氏茼基因组DNA.多重PCR检测人工污染脱脂灭菌乳,单增李斯特茵与志贺氏茵的灵敏度分别为2cfu/25mL和1.6cfu/25mL.结论:该方法在食品、卫生行业具有很好的应用和开发前景.     

食品中铜绿假单胞菌实时荧光PCR检测的研究

根据铜绿假单胞菌外毒素A基因片段序列,用Primer express 3.0设计一对特异性引物和一个Taq Man探针,建立铜绿假单胞菌实时荧光PCR检测方法。通过对梯度含量的铜绿假单胞菌标准菌液样品DNA和多种细菌的DNA进行实时荧光PCR检测,来检测其灵敏度和验证引物和探针的特异性。试验结果表明,只有铜绿假单胞菌产生扩增曲线,其他细菌无扩增,说明引物及Taq Man探针特异性较好,检测灵敏度为1×10~3 CFU/m L。该方法具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。     

散装即食食品中3种食源性致病菌多重荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

该研究旨在建立散装即食食品中沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌3种食源性致病菌的多重荧光定量PCR检测方法，根据沙门氏菌侵染上皮细胞表面蛋白的invA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌的耐热核酸酶(nuc)基因、蜡样芽孢杆菌的cer A基因分别设计3对特异性引物与探针，并对体系中引物探针的浓度以及退火温度等反应条件进行优化筛选，建立多重荧光定量PCR检测方法，同时评估其特异性、灵敏性及重复性，并应用该方法检测散装即食食品样本中致病菌，同时与国标法比对。结果表明，建立的多重荧光定量PCR检测方法能特异性地扩增沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌3种目标菌，其他菌株均不扩增，灵敏度分别为4×10²、3×10²、2×10² cfu/mL，且批内和批间变异系数均小于2%，重复性和稳定性良好。同时用国标法和多重荧光定量PCR法对100份散装即食食品样本进行检测比对，多重荧光定量PCR法的阳性检出率略高于传统国标法，且检测时间大幅缩短。综上所述，建立的多重荧光定量PCR检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高、快速准确，在食源性致病菌快速筛查方面具有良好...     

SYBR(R) GreenⅠ实时PCR快速检测沙门菌

为应用SYBR(R) Green Ⅰ实时PCR技术建立沙门菌的快速检测方法,根据沙门菌invA基因序列的特点设计特异性引物,进行SYB(R) Green Ⅰ实时PCR检测.以沙门菌及非同源性参考菌株做特异性检测;沙门菌不同群菌株做重现性检测;将沙门菌菌株稀释成不同梯度,做灵敏度检测.该方法有较好的特异性、重现性,沙门菌属5个群菌株均为阳性,而其它非同源菌株均为阴性.该方法灵敏度较高,检测低限为19 CFU/ml.该方法特异性强,重现性好,敏感性高,可以快速、准确检测食品中沙门菌.应用实时PCR技术,利用SYBR(R) Green Ⅰ染料能选择性结合双链DNA的特点,可检测到沙门菌中inv A基因特异性靶序列扩增所产生的荧光信号,且通过熔解曲线可知其熔点值约为80.4℃,而对其它非沙门菌则检测不到荧光信号.SYBR(R) Green Ⅰ实时PCR能通过熔解曲线有效地区分特异性产物、非特异性产物以及引物二聚体,是基因鉴定检测的新方法.     

食品中荧光假单胞菌双重PCR法检测体系的建立和评价

根据荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)促旋酶(gyrase)的B亚单位基因以及金属蛋白酶(apr)基因设计出两对引物,经过反应条件的优化,建立了用于荧光假单胞菌快速检测的双重聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法,并对该体系进行评价。结果显示,Pseudomonas fluorescens菌株经普通PCR扩增均可见2条特异性条带(384 bp和194 bp),而其它阴性对照菌株PCR扩增均为阴性。基于基因组DNA的双重PCR检测灵敏度为16.9 fg/μL(3~4拷贝/μL),1.8CFU/m L的UHT牛奶样品(250 m L)经增菌24 h后用该双重PCR方法均可检出。本研究建立的双重PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性和灵敏度,能克服乳制品样品基质的干扰,可应用于乳制品中荧光假单胞菌的快速检测。     

SYBR~ GreenⅠ实时PCR快速检测沙门菌

为应用SYBRGreenⅠ实时PCR技术建立沙门菌的快速检测方法,根据沙门菌invA基因序列的特点设计特异性引物,进行SYBRRGreenⅠ实时PCR检测。以沙门菌及非同源性参考菌株做特异性检测;沙门菌不同群菌株做重现性检测;将沙门菌菌株稀释成不同梯度,做灵敏度检测。该方法有较好的特异性、重现性,沙门菌属5个群菌株均为阳性,而其它非同源菌株均为阴性。该方法灵敏度较高,检测低限为19CFUml。该方法特异性强,重现性好,敏感性高,可以快速、准确检测食品中沙门菌。应用实时PCR技术,利用SYBRGreenI染料能选择性结合双链DNA的特点,可检测到沙门菌中invA基因特异性靶序列扩增所产生的荧光信号,且通过熔解曲线可知其熔点值约为80.4℃,而对其它非沙门菌则检测不到荧光信号。SYBRGreenⅠ实时PCR能通过熔解曲线有效地区分特异性产物、非特异性产物以及引物二聚体,是基因鉴定检测的新方法。     

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci from animal sources in Korea

Enterococci for which the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was >/=8 mg/l were isolated from meat, feces, and raw milk samples collected in Korea from March to November 2003. Among the 243 vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) that were identified the vanA vancomycin resistance gene was carried by 51 Enterococcus faecium and one Enterococcus sp., vanC1 was carried by 151 Enterococcus gallinarum, vanC2 was carried by 39 Enterococcus casseliflavus, and one Enterococcus sp. carried no van genes. Of the isolated enterococci carrying vanA, 4% were found to be highly resistant to gentamicin and 11% were resistant to ampicillin. Further genotyping of the E. faecium isolates carrying vanA using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed extensive heterogeneity. The vancomycin resistance transferability test revealed that only two of the 52 enterococci carrying the vanA gene were able to transfer vancomycin resistance to other enterococci. The VRE were recovered from various animal sources with a particularly high prevalence of E. faecium carrying the vanA gene being found in poultry meat.     

Antimicrobial activity of enterococci strains isolated from white cheese

Twelve strains of enterococci isolated from white cheese samples obtained from different regions of Turkey were screened for their antimicrobial activity against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative food-borne pathogens and contaminating bacteria, also against themselves and some other lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including some species of lactococci, lactobacilli and Leuconostoc . Antimicrobial activity was confirmed for all 12 strains, including six Enterococcus faecium , two Enterococcus faecalis and four Enterococcus durans . Antimicrobial agents produced by these enterococci exhibited a spectrum of activity, which is mainly directed against food-borne pathogens, specially Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus and some other Bacillus spp. and also some enterococci. Tested LAB was insensitive to inhibitory agents produced by them.     

Technological characterization of the natural lactic acid bacteria of artisanal Turkish White Pickled cheese

The aim of this study was to characterize the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from White Pickled cheeses produced with traditional methods; and to improve the quality of cheesemaking with a selection of bacterial cultures from artisanal White cheeses. LAB were isolated and identified from 30 White Pickled cheese samples collected from various cities in Turkey. Also, the numbers of several microbial groups (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, LAB, enterococci, coliforms, moulds and yeasts) of cheese samples were enumerated. Lactobacilli, lactococci and enterococci were the most abundant microbial groups. The numbers of Enterococcus and Lactobacillus isolates were higher than those of the other LAB. Enterococcus faecalis (24.43%), Enterococcus faecium (17.61%) and Lactobacillus fermentum (19.88%) isolates were the most frequently isolated species. Lactococcus strains showed the highest acidifying activity, followed by Enterococcus and Lactobacillus strains. Proteolytic activity of Enterococcus faecalis strains was higher than that of the other enterococci species, except Enterococcus avium strains. Within lactobacilli strains, the highest mean proteolytic activity was that of Lactobacillus bifermentans, Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus casei strains.     

Diversity,distribution and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp. recovered from tomatoes,leaves, water and soil on U.S. Mid-Atlantic farms

Antibiotic-resistant enterococci are important opportunistic pathogens and have been recovered from retail tomatoes. However, it is unclear where and how tomatoes are contaminated along the farm-to-fork continuum. Specifically, the degree of pre-harvest contamination with enterococci is unknown. We evaluated the prevalence, diversity and antimicrobial susceptibilities of enterococci collected from tomato farms in the Mid-Atlantic United States. Tomatoes, leaves, groundwater, pond water, irrigation ditch water, and soil were sampled and tested for enterococci using standard methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Sensititre microbroth dilution system. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were characterized using amplified fragment length polymorphism to assess dispersal potential. Enterococci (n = 307) occurred in all habitats and colonization of tomatoes was common. Seven species were identified: Enterococcus casseliflavus, E. faecalis, Enterococcus gallinarum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus avis, Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus raffinosus. E. casseliflavus predominated in soil and on tomatoes and leaves, and E. faecalis predominated in pond water. On plants, distance from the ground influenced presence of enterococci. E. faecalis from samples within a farm were more closely related than those from samples between farms. Resistance to rifampicin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was prevalent. Consumption of raw tomatoes as a potential exposure risk for antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. deserves further attention.     

Potential use of a host associated molecular marker in Enterococcus faecium as an index of human fecal pollution

Several genotypic and phenotypic microbial source tracking (MST) methods have been proposed and utilized to differentiate groups of microorganisms, usually indicator organisms, for the purpose of tracking sources of fecal pollution. Targeting of host-specific microorganisms is one of the approaches currently being tested. These methods are useful as they circumvent the need to isolate individual microorganisms and do not require the establishment of reference databases. Several studies have demonstrated that the presence and distribution of Enterococcus spp. in feces seems to be influenced by the host species. Here, we present a method for detection of genetic sequences in culturable enterococci capable of identifying human sources of fecal pollution in the environment. The human fecal pollution marker designed in this study targets a putative virulence factor, the enterococcal surface protein (esp), in Enterococcus faecium. This gene was detected in 97% of sewage and septic samples but was not detected in any livestock waste lagoons or in bird or animal fecal samples. Epidemiological studies in recreational and groundwaters have shown enterococci to be useful indicators of public health risk for gastroenteritis. By identifying the presence of human fecal pollution, and therefore the possible presence of human enteric pathogens, this marker allows for further resolution of the source of this risk.     

干酪中肠球菌种群的遗传差异及万古霉素抗性基因分析

通过种、属引物特异性扩增、重复序列PCR（rep-PCR）技术和万古霉素抗性基因检测对新疆北疆地区干酪样品中球菌的遗传结构差异进行分析。结果表明,15份样品共分离52株肠球菌,包括31株耐久肠球菌(Enterococcus durans)、18株粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)和3株屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)。依据rep-PCR遗传指纹带谱分析,52株菌可以聚类成7个群,其中4个由E. durans构成。24株肠球菌检测到了万古霉素抗性基因,17株E. durans为VanC2/C3型,4株E. faecalis为VanC1型,2株E. faecium为VanB型,只有1株E. faecium为VanA型。新疆北疆地区干酪中肠球菌种群分布较为广泛,地域之间优势种群和基因型不同,同种肠球菌菌株之间存在广泛的遗传差异。     

Prevalence and characterization of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus faecalis in French cheeses

Prevalence of enterococci and antibiotic resistance profiles of Enterococcus faecalis was analyzed in 126 French cheeses from retail stores. Forty-four percent of pasteurized or thermised-milk cheeses, and up to 92% of raw-milk cheeses contained detectable enterococci. A total of 337 antibiotic resistant enterococci were isolated in 29% and 60% of pasteurized-milk and raw-milk cheeses, respectively. E. faecalis was the predominant antibiotic resistant species recovered (81%), followed by Enterococcus faecium (13%), and Enterococcus durans (6%). The most prevalent antibiotic resistances were tetracycline (Tet) and minocycline (Min), followed by erythromycin (Ery), kanamycin (Kan) and chloramphenicol (Cm). The most common multiple antibiotic resistance phenotype was Cm Ery Kan Min Tet. The occurrence of antibiotic genes, as searched by PCR, was 100 % for aph3′IIIa, 96 % for ermB, 90 % for tetM and 80 % for catA in isolates resistant to Kan, Ery, Tet or Cm, respectively. MLST analysis of 30 multidrug resistant E. faecalis revealed that ST19, CC21, CC25 and CC55 isolates were the most common in cheeses. In conclusion, as in many other European countries, French cheeses do contain enterococci with multiple antibiotics resistances. However, low occurrence of high-level gentamicin resistant or sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim-resistant enterococci and absence of vancomycin- or ampicillin- resistant enterococci indicate that cheeses cannot be considered as a major reservoir for nosocomial multi-drug resistant enterococci.     

Cloning of the bile salt hydrolase (bsh) gene from Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 345 and chromosomal location of bsh genes in food enterococci

Enterococcus faecium strain FAIR-E 345 isolated from food was shown to possess bile salt hydrolase (Bsh) activity in a plate screening assay and by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The bsh gene was cloned and sequenced. DNA sequence analysis revealed that it encoded a protein of 324 amino acids, with pI 4.877. A bsh gene probe was prepared from the cloned bsh gene and was used for probing plasmid and total genomic DNA of Bsh-positive enterococci isolated from food to determine the genomic location of their bsh genes. This probe was able to detect the bsh gene among total genomic DNA preparations but not from plasmid preparations of 10 plasmid-bearing Enterococcus strains. However, the probe could detect the bsh gene from total genomic DNA preparations of 12 Enterococcus strains that did not contain detectable plasmid DNA. In no cases did the probe hybridize with plasmid DNA preparations, suggesting that the bsh gene among enterococci is probably generally chromosomally encoded. This presumptive chromosomal location of bsh genes among food enterococci suggests that transfer of this trait by conjugative plasmids is unlikely.     

Species distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of enterococci isolated from food of animal origin in Germany

Presently, enterococci take the third place of bacterial pathogens associated with nosocomial infections, after staphylococci and Escherichia coli. Especially, the resistances of enterococci to several available antibiotics are threatening. We attempted to determine which species of enterococci could be found in food of animal origin and their significance according to their antibiotic resistances for human beings. From November 2000 to May 2002 we investigated 155 samples of food of animal origin bought in retail outlets in Germany: 27 samples of sausages, 19 of ham, 83 of minced meat, 26 of cheese. From these food samples we isolated 416 enterococcal strains. The most frequent species was Enterococcus faecalis (299 strains); furthermore, we found Enterococcus faecium (54 strains), Enterococcus durans together with Enterococcus hirae (24 strains), Enterococcus casseliflavus (22 strains), Enterococcus avium (9 strains) and Enterococcus gallinarum (8 strains). We focused on the resistance patterns of 118 selected E. faecium and E. faecalis strains to 13 antimicrobial active agents (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, avilamycin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, flavomycin, gentamicin, penicillin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, teicoplanin, tetracycline and vancomycin). From the clinical point of view, the situation of antibiotic resistance to the examined antimicrobial agents seemed to be favourable. The investigated strains were sensitive to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. These antibiotics are, in combination with an aminoglycoside, for example gentamicin, agents of choice for the treatment of enterococcal infections in human medicine. Only one E. faecium strain was resistant to penicillin, while all strains were sensitive to the glycopeptide antibiotics, vancomycin and teicoplanin. Resistances found against the antibiotics, tetracycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin and erythromycin, are causes for concern.     

Prevalence and characterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Brazilian foods

Enterococci can be used in the food industry as starter or probiotic cultures. However, enterococci are also implicated in severe multi-resistant nosocomial infections. In this study, the prevalence of enterococci in selected Brazilian foodstuffs (raw and pasteurized milk, meat products, cheeses and vegetables) was evaluated. Phenotypic and PCR protocols were used for species identification. Tests for production of gelatinase, haemolysin, bacteriocin and bile salt hydrolysis were done with all enterococci isolates, whereas molecular determination of virulence markers (genes esp, gel, ace, as, efaA, hyl and cylA) and antibiotic resistance was checked only for Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The antibiotic-resistant isolates were assayed for biofilm formation and adhesion to mammalian cells. From the 120 food samples analyzed, 52.5% were positive for enterococci, meat and cheese being the most contaminated. E. faecium was the predominant species, followed by E. faecalis, E. casseliflavus and Enterococcus gallinarum. Phenotypic tests indicated that 67.7% of isolates hydrolyzed bile salts, 15.2% produced bacteriocin, 12.0% were beta-hemolytic and 18.2% produced gelatinase. Antibiotic resistance (gentamicin, tetracycline and erythromycin) and genes encoding for virulence traits were more frequent in E. faecalis than in E. faecium. Three E. faecium isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Among antibiotic-resistant isolates, 72.4% of E. faecalis were able to form biofilm and 13.8% to adhere to Caco-2 cells. Antibiotic-resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were grouped by RAPD-PCR and a scattered distribution was noted, indicating that resistance was not related to a particular clone. The spread of virulence/resistance traits in isolates of the two species and different RAPD-types suggest the pathogenic potential of both species. By contrast, the recovery of bacteriocinogenic E. faecium isolates with no virulence traits suggests their potential for biotechnological applications. In conclusion, our results showed that enterococci from Brazilian foods present important dualist aspects for food safety.