核桃内种皮多酚提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性的初步研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验优化核桃内种皮多酚的回流提取工艺条件,采用清除羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(·O2-)、过氧化氢(H2O2)评价核桃内种皮多酚的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,核桃内种皮多酚提取工艺条件:乙醇体积分数45%、液固比60:1(mL∶g)、提取温度70℃、提取时间60 min。在此条件下,多酚得率为25.05%。核桃内种皮多酚具有显著的清除·OH、·O2-和H2O2的能力,其中,当质量浓度为160μg/mL时,对·OH的清除率达100%,优于维生素C。     

金针菇多糖的抗氧化活性

以茶多酚和VC为对照,采用Fenton反应法研究金针菇多糖对羟自由基·OH的清除作用;采用邻苯三酚自氧化法研究金针菇多糖对超氧阴离子自由基O2-·的清除作用。结果表明:在本试验含量范围内,金针菇多糖对·OH和O2-·具有一定的清除能力;在含量相同的情况下,金针菇多糖对·OH和O2-·的清除能力比茶多酚和VC强。此外,研究了金针菇多糖抗油脂自动氧化能力,结果表明:金针菇多糖具有一定的抗油脂氧化活性。     

提取方法对芒果核仁多酚提取得率及抗氧化活性的影响

为筛选适宜的芒果核仁多酚提取方法,分别采用超声辅助提取法和热回流提取法制备芒果核仁多酚,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化两种方法的工艺参数,探究提取方法对多酚得率的影响;利用清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼自由基(DPPH·)、2,2-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸二铵盐阳离子自由基(ABTS+·)、超氧阴离子(O2-·)和羟自由基(·OH)的能力评价所得粗多酚的抗氧化活性。结果表明,超声辅助提取法的芒果核仁多酚提取得率较高,其最佳提取溶液为60%乙醇,其最佳工艺为超声时间30 min,超声功率200 W,超声温度79℃,液料比38∶1(mL/g),该条件下多酚提取得率为11.62%;体外抗氧化试验表明,超声辅助提取法所得芒果核仁多酚对DPPH·、ABTS+·、O2-·和·OH的半清除浓度(IC50)分别为0.02、0.24、592.98 mg/mL和38.76 mg/mL,清除能力均强于热回流提取法所得芒果核仁多酚;此外,超声辅助提取法具有省时和成本低的特点。     

小麦麸皮不同提取物清除自由基的作用

研究小麦麸皮不同提取物对2,2-二苯基-1-苦肼基自由基(DPPH·),羟自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)的清除能力.利用3种不同溶剂(石油醚、乙醇、水)对小麦麸皮依次提取,并采用分光光度法测定各提取物对DPPH·、·OH和O2-·的清除效果.结果表明:乙醇提取物对DPPH·的清除能力(SC50为0.86g/L)最强;对·OH的清除能力,乙醇提取物(SC50为1.88 g/L)和石油醚提取物(SC50为1.94g/L)的清除效果较好,清除能力接近Vc;水提物对O2-·的清除效果(SC50为1.12g/L)强于其他两种提取物,清除能力与Vc相近.     

海参脏器多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

研究海参脏器多糖HPS1、HPS2在体外对羟自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O2-·)、以及1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH·)自由基的清除能力.结果表明,HPS1、HPS2对·OH、O2-·和DPPH·自由基均有一定清除作用,且随着多糖质量浓度的增大,其抗氧化活性逐渐增加.HPS1对·OH、O2-·和DPPH.自由基清除能力IC50分别为0.89、0.98、0.31mg/mL;HPS2对·OH、O2-·和DPPH·自由基清除能力IC50分别为0.64、0.78、0.24mg/mL.2种多糖对DPPH.自由基的清除活性尤其明显.HPS2对于3种自由基的抗氧化活性均强于HPS1.     

苹果多酚体外抗氧化作用的研究

介绍了苹果多酚的超声波提取方法,并通过DPPH法和2-脱氧-D-核糖法研究了苹果提取物的抗氧化性能。结果表明,苹果多酚清除DPPH自由基速度快,其抗氧化能力可与葡萄籽多酚相媲美。研究了其清除DPPH自由基的动力学性质,并与茶多酚、葡萄籽多酚、BHT比较其抗氧化能力。同时,通过2-脱氧-D-核糖法可以看出在一定浓度范围内,苹果提取物有很强的抗氧化能力,其最佳浓度范围为8~10mg/mL,此外,苹果提取物及葡萄籽提取物清除羟基自由基(·OH)的效果远远高于茶多酚。     

乙酰化修饰金针菇多糖衍生物的抗氧化性研究

以金针菇为材料,采用微波辅助法提取多糖,并制备出乙酰化多糖衍生物,对其进行抗氧化性试验。多种体系的自由基清除实验结果显示:不同浓度的乙酰化金针菇多糖对·O2-、·OH、DPPH·都有一定的清除效果。与供试品Vc清除自由基能力相比,多糖对·O2-的清除率与Vc对·O2-的清除率相差不多;乙酰化金针菇多糖的还原力以及清除·OH和DPPH·的能力比Vc略弱。表明乙酰化金针菇多糖具较强的抗氧化活性。     

大球盖菇多糖超声波提取及抗氧化活性

以大球盖菇为原料,通过正交试验L9(34)研究超声波提取多糖的工艺条件。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度65℃、提取时间1.0 h、超声波功率600 W、料液比1∶35(g/mL),此条件下,大球盖菇多糖得率为8.16%。提取效果影响大小的先后顺序为提取时间>提取温度>提取功率>料液比。应用化学发光法对大球盖菇粗多糖的清除·OH和·O2-自由基的能力进行了研究,结果表明:大球盖菇粗多糖对·OH和·O2-自由基均具有明显的清除能力,清除·O2-自由基的IC50为108.60μg/mL,清除·OH自由基的IC50为345.98μg/mL,大球盖菇粗多糖对·O2-自由基的清除能力是对·OH自由基的清除能力的3.2倍。     

云芝多糖的体外抗氧化活性研究

从清除超氧阴离子自由基、清除DPPH自由基、抑制羟基自由基的产生和还原力4个方面研究了云芝多糖的体外抗氧化效果,并同Vc进行比较.结果表明,云芝多糖对O2·清除作用明显,与Vc接近;还原力和清除DPPH·的能力比Vc差;对·OH的清除表现为在1g/L～5g/L浓度范围内,云芝多糖未达到EC50值.     

化学发光法测定蓝莓叶黄酮提取物对氧自由基的清除作用

文章用化学发光法研究蓝莓叶黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基(O2-)、羟基自由基(·OH)、过氧化氢(H2O2)的清除能力,并与芦丁进行比较.结果表明:蓝莓叶黄酮对O2-· ,·OH,H2O2等活性氧均具有清除和抑制作用且清除作用与浓度呈剂量关系,但蓝莓叶黄酮对O2-· ,·OH,H2O2的清除能力不如芦丁.蓝莓叶黄酮清除O2-·,·OH,H2O2的IC50分别为13.46 ,2.11,2.58 μg/mL,蓝莓叶黄酮对·OH的清除能力最强.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.