Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic processing contaminants that are formed during the process of edible oil refining. Because of their toxicological properties, the presence of these compounds in refined oils and foods containing these oils, particularly infant formula, poses a potential food safety concern. For this reason, recent research efforts have focussed on the development of methods for the analysis of MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula in order to estimate levels of exposure. This work presents occurrence data for 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 222 infant formulas purchased in the United States between December 2017 and January 2019. The results of this study show a wide range of contaminant concentrations across four different manufacturers, with average bound 3-MCPD concentrations ranging from 0.035 µg g^?1 to 0.63 µg g^?1 and average bound glycidol concentrations ranging from 0.019 µg g^?1 to 0.22 µg g^?1. The data suggest that manufacturers B and C source palm oil produced with mitigation measures, leading to reduced amounts of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in their infant formulas. Additionally, comparison with a previously published study in our laboratory of the occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in infant formula purchased in the U.S. between 2013 and 2016 revealed that, since 2016, contaminant concentrations have decreased in products produced by manufacturers A, B, and C, while contaminant amounts in formulas from manufacturer D have slightly increased.     

花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量变化的研究

对花生油进行油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐以及空白煎炸试验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量进行检测分析,研究花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的变化。结果表明:在间歇煎炸开始后的3 h,油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐煎炸油及空白煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量明显升高,由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别增加至9.96、2.17、6.86、4.60、5.41mg/kg;至间歇煎炸15 h,上述对应煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量分别为3.51、1.58、9.88、12.88、3.72mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、40.36、9.00、47.15 mg/kg。随煎炸时间的延长,3-氯丙醇酯增幅最大的是豆腐煎炸油和鸡翅煎炸油,缩水甘油酯增幅最大的是鸡翅煎炸油、油条煎炸油和空白煎炸油。至煎炸15 h,5种煎炸油样的极性组分和酸值均未超出国标限量,但3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的升高对煎炸食品安全的影响应引起高度关注。     

An improved method for the measurement of 3‐monochloropropanediol esters by matrix solid‐phase dispersion supported liquid–liquid extraction

3‐Monochloropropanediol (3‐MCPD) esters are contaminants produced from the high‐temperature processing of edible oils. The accurate measurement of 3‐MCPD using an easy‐to‐follow and reliable method that uses a readily available instrument is important. Here, we report an acid transesterification heptafluorobutyrylimidazole (HFBI) derivatisation method for the accurate measurement of 3‐MCPD esters in edible oils. We developed a dispersed matrix solid‐phase supported liquid–liquid extraction (DMSP‐SLE) system to remove impurities. Both the transesterification and DMSP‐SLE conditions were optimised. A good linear relationship was obtained within the range of 0.05–10 mg kg^?1 (R² ≥ 0.999) in both blank solvent and an oil sample. The limit of detection was 20.36 μg kg^?1. The average recovery of the 3‐MCPD esters spiked at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg kg^?1 into a blank oil matrix was in a range from 105.09 ± 2.77% to 120.16 ± 10.88%. The method we developed was further confirmed by performing detection on a Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) sample.     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol

A total of 290 individual food samples were collected in Hong Kong, China, for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters analysis. Most samples were processed food and in ready-to-eat form. The results show that the levels of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters were high in biscuits, fats and oils, snacks and Chinese pastry with mean bound 3-MCPD levels of 440, 390, 270 and 270 μg kg^?1, respectively. The dietary exposures to bound 3-MCPD of average and high adult consumers were estimated to be 0.20 and 0.53 μg kg bw^?1 day^?1, respectively. The primary toxicological concern of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters is its potential to release 3-MCPD in vivo during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. 3-MCPD would affect the kidney, the central nervous system and the male reproductive system of rats. Assuming that 100% of the 3-MCPD was released from 3-MCPD fatty acid esters by hydrolysis in the digestive system, the dietary exposures to 3-MCPD for average and high adult consumers were only 10% and 26% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 3-MCPD established by the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2 μg kg bw^?1 day^?1), respectively. The results suggest that both average and high adult consumers are unlikely to experience major toxicological effects of 3-MCPD.     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are processing contaminants found in a wide range of edible oils. While both 3 MCPD and glycidol have toxicological properties that at present has concerns for food safety, the published occurrence data are limited. Occurrence information is presented for the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in 116 retail and/or industrial edible oils and fats using LC-MS/MS analysis of intact esters. The concentrations for bound 3-MCPD ranged from below the limit of quantitation (<LOQ) to 0.09 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 22 unrefined oils and from 0.005 to 7.2 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in 94 refined oils. The concentrations for bound glycidol ranged from <LOQ to 0.03 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in unrefined oil samples and from <LOQ to 10.5 mg kg^?1 (ppm) in processed oil samples. The highest concentrations for both 3-MCPD and glycidol were seen in refined palm oil and palm olein samples. Palm olein samples also contained a higher percentage of 3-MCPD in mono-ester form than any other type of oil.     

煎炸方式和煎炸食材对花生煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响

以花生油为煎炸油,采用不同煎炸方式（连续煎炸32 h、间歇煎炸15 h）对不同食材（油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐）进行煎炸实验,并对煎炸过程所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters,3-MCPDE）、缩水甘油酯（glycidyl esters,GEs）含量和极性组分（polar components,PC）质量分数进行检测,分析煎炸方式和煎炸食材对花生煎炸油中3-MCPDE和GEs含量的影响。结果表明：在32 h连续煎炸过程中,油条、薯条、豆腐、鸡翅及空白煎炸油中3-MCPDE含量由初始的0.84 mg/kg分别于煎炸12、4、12、16、8 h时达到最大值（分别为2.08、2.96、17.45、7.12、8.02 mg/kg）,之后呈现下降趋势;GEs含量从初始的2.43 mg/kg至连续煎炸32 h时分别升高至20.80、7.20、5.00、2.10、66.34 mg/kg;PC质量分数达到27%的限量时,不同食材煎炸油中3-MCPDE和GEs总量排序为：空白煎炸油（66.51 mg/kg）＞油条煎炸油（21.48 mg/kg）＞豆腐煎炸油（12.93 mg/kg）＞薯条煎炸油（8.51 mg/kg）＞鸡翅煎炸油（6.60 mg/kg）。在15 h间歇煎炸过程中,煎炸开始3 h后,油条、薯条、豆腐、鸡翅及空白煎炸油中3-MCPDE含量由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别升高至9.96、2.17、4.60、11.02、5.41 mg/kg,至15 h煎炸结束时,其含量又分别变化为3.51、1.58、12.88、11.81、3.72 mg/kg;GEs含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、9.00、40.36、47.05 mg/kg;经15 h间歇煎炸,5 种煎炸油PC质量分数均未超标,此时3-MCPDE和GEs总量排序为：鸡翅煎炸油（52.17 mg/kg）＞空白煎炸油（50.87 mg/kg）＞油条煎炸油（49.98 mg/kg）＞豆腐煎炸油（21.88 mg/kg）＞薯条煎炸油（10.64 mg/kg）。同样的煎炸方式、不同食材煎炸油中3-MCPDE、GEs及PC 3 种组分的总相对含量增幅排序为：32 h连续煎炸时,空白煎炸油＞油条煎炸油＞薯条煎炸油＞鸡翅煎炸油＞豆腐煎炸油;15 h间歇煎炸时,鸡翅煎炸油＞油条煎炸油＞空白煎炸油＞豆腐煎炸油＞薯条煎炸油。同样的煎炸食材,煎炸时长相近（间歇煎炸15 h、连续煎炸16 h）时,连续煎炸油中3-MCPDE、GEs及PC 3 种组分总相对含量的增幅普遍低于间歇煎炸。综上,油脂煎炸过程中形成3-MCPDE和GEs的含量及其安全风险应引起高度关注。     

A new,direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible oils

A new, direct analytical method for the determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD esters) was developed. The targeted 3-MCPD esters included five types of monoester and 20 types of diester. Samples (oils and fats) were dissolved in a mixture of tert-butyl methyl ether and ethyl acetate (4:1), purified using two solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (C₁₈ and silica), then analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five monoesters and five diesters with the same fatty acid group could be separated and quantified. Pairs of 3-MCPD diesters carrying the same two different fatty acid groups, but at reversed positions (sn-1 and sn-2), could not be separated and so were expressed as a sum of both compounds. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were estimated to be between 0.02 to 0.08?mg?kg^?1, depending on the types of 3-MCPD ester. Repeatability expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD_r%) varied from 5.5% to 25.5%. The new method was shown to be applicable to various commercial edible oils and showed levels of 3-MCPD esters varying from 0.58 to 25.35?mg?kg^?1. The levels of mono- and diesters ranged from 0.10 to 0.69?mg?kg^?1 and from 0.06 to 16?mg?kg^?1, respectively.     

Contamination of some foodstuffs marketed in Italy by fatty acid esters of monochloropropanediols and glycidol

ABSTRACT

Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD), 2-MCPD and glycidol (Gly) are food-processing contaminants that cause concerns about possible adverse health effects. The present study evaluates the contamination levels of the three ester classes in 130 samples of foodstuffs marketed in Italy covering 10 food categories, namely margarines, oils, roasted coffee, breakfast cereals, salted crackers, cookies, infant biscuits, rusks, breads and potato crisps. The analytical method employed is a so-called indirect method that entails MCPD/glycidol cleavage from their esterified forms, cleanup, derivatisation and GC-MS analysis. The MCPDs and glycidol concentrations (from esters) were found to be equal or a little higher than the levels reported in previous studies conducted in other European countries and described in the literature. 3-MCPD was the predominant compound in all foodstuffs analysed with the exception for rusks where Gly levels were slightly higher. Considering the sum of MCPD and Gly esters, the most contaminated foodstuffs were seed oils, followed by margarines and cookies, whereas roasted coffee, bread, rusks, cornflakes and infant biscuits were less contaminated with MCPDs and Gly concentrations often below LOQ or LOD values. Refined olive oil, potato chips and salted crackers showed contamination levels intermediate between the two above groups. The results of this study also confirm that the use of palm oil as an ingredient or frying medium is an important cause of increase of the levels of MCPD and Gly esters, especially in salted crackers, rusks and potato crisps. Finally, the Italian intake of 3-MCPD due to the various foods analysed has been calculated and related to TDI. The MoE for Gly was also estimated.     

食用油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯检测方法的研究进展

3-氯-1,2-丙二醇酯(3-MCPD酯)是油脂精炼过程中引入的又一潜在危害因子,它是3-氯丙醇与脂肪酸的酯化产物.目前3-MCPD酯测定方法的研究已成为当今食品安全检测的一大热点.本文综述了近几年来国内外食用油中3-MCPD酯的检测方法,包括酸催化酯交换间接测定法、碱催化酯交换间接测定法以及直接测定法,详细介绍了各种检测方法的研究现状及优缺点,并讨论了未来3-MCPD酯检测技术的研究发展方向,为今后我国建立食用油中3-MCPD酯标准分析方法提供参考和依据.     

大豆油吸附脱色过程氯离子含量变化及对脱臭油中 3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

参照土壤中氯离子检测方法,对常见油脂脱色吸附剂中氯离子的超声提取时间进行优化,并对其氯离子含量进行检测。利用常见的吸附剂对大豆油进行吸附脱色,检测吸附脱色前后油脂中氯离子含量,对不同吸附剂脱色后的油脂进行蒸馏脱臭,检测脱臭油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)和缩水甘油酯(GEs)含量,分析研究不同吸附剂对油脂吸附脱色过程氯离子含量的影响以及对脱臭油中3-MCPD酯和GEs的影响。结果表明:吸附剂中氯离子的最佳超声提取时间为30 min,10个吸附剂样品中氯离子含量为11. 93～187. 881 mg/kg,差异很大;几种吸附剂在油脂吸附脱色过程对氯离子有不同程度的脱除作用,其中脱除效果最好的YS-900活性炭能使油脂中氯离子含量降低83. 21%。对比未进行吸附脱色处理的大豆油,经吸附脱色的大豆油再经脱臭后3-MCPD酯与GEs生成量均有所降低,并且随吸附过程氯离子降低幅度不同,脱臭油中3-MCPD酯与GEs生成量不同:当脱色油中氯离子含量降幅较小时,经脱臭过程GEs生成量明显低于3-MCPD酯;当脱色油中氯离子含量降幅很大时,经脱臭过程3-MCPD酯的生成量低于GEs。以同时降低脱臭过程3-MCPD酯和GEs的生成量为目标,H-2活性炭作为吸附剂是最好的。     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 μg kg^?1 milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 μg kg^?1, expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 μg kg^?1; with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 μg kg^?1, which corresponded to 35.5 μg kg^?1 milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14–76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328–2078 μg kg^?1 fat (mean 930 μg kg^?1 fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 μg kg^?1 milk (mean of 12 μg kg^?1 milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.     

食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯的研究进展

介绍了3-氯丙醇酯的定义、分类、潜在毒性及其在食用植物油加工过程中可能形成的途径,以及其在食用植物油中的含量,旨在促进对食用植物油加工污染物危害的认识和控制.     

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in commercial deep-fat fried foods

Levels of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters were evaluated in commercial deep-fat fried foods from the Brazilian market using a GC-MS method preceded by acid-catalysed methanolysis. A limit of detection of 0.04 mg kg^?1, a limit of quantitation of 0.08 mg kg^?1, mean recoveries varying from 82% to 92%, and coefficients of variation ranging from 2.5% to 5.0% for repeatability and from 3.6% to 6.5% for within-laboratory reproducibility were obtained during in-house validation. The levels of the compounds in the evaluated samples, expressed as free 3-MCPD equivalent, ranged from not detected to 0.99 mg kg^?1, and the highest concentrations were observed in samples of chopped onion and garlic. A preliminary estimation of 3-MCPD intake using these occurrence data suggested low risks to human health, but a potential concern may arise in particular cases of consumers of fried food.     

液态乳中氯丙二醇脂肪酸酯的检测与污染水平初步调查

采用固相支持液-液萃取净化,结合同位素稀释的气相色谱-质谱联用（gas chromatography-massspectrometry,GC-MS）技术建立液态乳中氯丙二醇脂肪酸酯（单氯丙醇酯）的检测方法。液态乳样品经正己烷超声提取,以甲醇钠-甲醇溶液进行酯键断裂反应后,用硅藻土小柱进行净化,经七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生,以GC-MS测定。3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸（3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol,3-MCPD）酯和2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸（2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol,2-MCPD）酯含量在5～500 μg/L之间均呈良好线性关系,相关系数（r）大于0.999 5,检出限均为2.0 μg/kg。空白样品中3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯在10、50、100 μg/kg和200 μg/kg水平的加标回收率在73.5%～106.6%之间,相对标准偏差均小于10%。本方法灵敏度高,定量准确,适合液态乳中氯丙二醇脂肪酸酯的检测。采用建立的方法测定了30 份牛乳样品,3-MCPD酯和2-MCPD酯的含量在未检出～13.8 μg/kg之间,污染水平较低。初步暴露评估结果显示,牛乳中的氯丙醇酯对人体产生的健康风险较低。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的含量方法验证研究

目的建立一种同时测定食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-MCPD酯)、1,3-二氯-2-丙醇脂肪酸酯(1,3-DCP酯)和2,3-二氯-1-丙醇脂肪酸酯(2,3-DCP酯)含量的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法。方法植物油样品经叔丁基甲基醚-乙酸乙酯溶液(8∶2,V/V)溶解,在甲醇钠-甲醇溶液中发生酯键断裂反应,用冰乙酸中和正己烷去脂,经硅藻土小柱净化,七氟丁酰基咪唑(HFBI)衍生,以GC-MS法测定,采用同位素内标进行定量。结果经5家检验机构验证,4种氯丙醇酯(以对应的氯丙醇计)在0.02~0.4 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r~2均大于0.999,在0.2~2.0 mg/kg水平的加标回收率在78.5%~109.8%之间,RSD为2.2%~18.8%,检出限均为0.1 mg/kg。结论 2014年英国FAPAS分析实验室能力验证和5家机构协同验证的结果证实,该方法线性良好,准确度、精密度高,检测成本较低,适用于食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的检测。     

Study of chloropropanols in soy sauce by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with coupled column separation without derivatisation

A qualitative and quantitative determination method for chloropropanols in soy sauce was developed by GC-MS/MS with coupled column separation without derivatisation. The target compounds were 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD). 3-MCPD-d₅ was used as an isotope internal standard for MCPDs and 1,3-DCP-d₅ for DCPs. After spiking with internal standards and mixed with 1?g of Extrelut? NT, about 1?g of the sample was washed by 4?ml of hexane and the analytes were eluted with 15?ml of 95% (v/v) ethyl ether/hexane mixture. The concentrated extract was directly injected without derivatisation, separated by a coupled column – a 3?m Innowax (polyethylene glycol) combined with a 30?m DB-5?ms ((5%-phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane) by a quartz capillary column connector – and detected by GC-MS/MS. The limits of detection (LODs) in the sample matrix were 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 5.0?µg?kg^?1 for the above chloropropanols, respectively. The relative proportions of 2-MCPD/3-MCPD ranged from 0.19 to 3.74 in soy sauce samples. 2,3-DCP and 2-MCPD were more stable than 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD under alkaline condition. The levels of chloropropanols can be decreased by an alkaline treatment process.     

Identification of 3-MCPD esters to verify the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil

ABSTRACT

The adulteration of olive oil is an important issue around the world. This paper reports an indirect method by which to identify 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in olive oils. Following sample preparation, the samples were spiked with 1,2-bis-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol standard for analysis using gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry. The total recovery ranged from 102.8% to 105.5%, the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.1% to 10.1%, and the limit of quantification was 0.125 mg/kg. The content of 3-MCPD esters in samples of refined olive oil (0.97–20.53 mg/kg) exceeded those of extra virgin olive oil (non-detected to 0.24 mg/kg). These results indicate that the oil refining process increased the content of 3-MCPD esters, which means that they could be used as a target compound for the differentiation of extra virgin olive oil from refined olive oil in order to prevent adulteration.     

Fatty acid esters of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in edible oils.

A series of 25 virgin and refined edible oils, obtained from retailers, was analyzed for levels of free 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 3-MCPD released from esters with higher fatty acids (bound 3-MCPD). Oils containing free 3-MCPD ranging from <3 microg kg-1 (LOD) to 24 microg kg-1. Surprisingly, bound 3-MCPD levels were much higher and varied between <100 (LOD) and 2462 microg kg-1. On average, virgin oils had relatively low levels of bound 3-MCPD, ranging from <100 (LOD) to <300 microg kg-1 (LOQ). Higher levels of bound 3-MCPD were found in oils from roasted oilseeds (337 microg kg-1) and in the majority of refined oils (<300-2462 microg kg-1), including refined olive oils. In general, it appears that the formation of bound 3-MCPD in oils is linked to preliminary heat treatment of oilseeds and to the process of oil refining. Analysis of unrefined, de-gummed, bleached, and deodorized rapeseed oil showed that the level of bound MCPD decreased during the refining process. However, additional heating of seed oils for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 100 to 280 degrees C, and heating at 230 degrees C (260 degrees C) for up to 8 h, led to an increase in bound 3-MCPD levels. On the other hand, heating of olive oil resulted in a decrease in bound 3-MCPD levels. For comparison, fat isolated from salami was analyzed for intact fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD. This fat contained bound 3-MCPD at a level of 1670 microg kg-1 and the fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD mainly consisted of 3-MCPD diesters; monoesters of 3-MCPD were present in smaller amounts. The major types of 3-MCPD diesters (about 85%) were mixed diesters of palmitic acid with C18 fatty acids (stearic, oleic, linoleic acids). These diesters were followed by 3-MCPD distearate (11%) and 3-MCPD dipalmitate (4%). Generally, very little 3-MCPD existed as the free compound (31 microg kg-1).     

Determination of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Edible Oil―Method Validation and Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty

A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of the sum of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in edible oils. Meanwhile, the measurement uncertainty was estimated. Testing sample preparation was optimized, and the optimal condition was attained. Good linearity was observed with the GC-MS method for the concentration range of 0.05–5.0 mg/kg (R ² = 0.9994). It was proved to be an accurate and precise method for the determination of 3-MCPD esters according to the validation results. The recovery range was 89.0–104.6 %, and the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 25 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. Satisfactory reproducibility was achieved with lower than 15 %. Repeatability was determined and expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), with the value range of 3.9–12.0 %.The contents of 3-MCPD esters were determined in 12 kinds of oils using this method. Measurement uncertainties were calculated by applying bottom-up approach. The main dominant sources were identified and quantified, which were standard solutions preparation, recovery, and calibration curve. It reminds that the predominant uncertainty sources should be paid much more attention during preparing the testing samples in the future.     

Effects of temperature and water content on the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in palm oil under conditions simulating deep fat frying

The influence of NaCl addition, water content, heating temperature and heating time on the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD esters) in palm oil simulating deep fat frying was examined in this study. The results in our study showed that all those four factors had significant effects on the generation of 3-MCPD esters in palm oil during deep fat frying. There was a significant increase in the content of 3-MCPD esters formed in palm oil when heating time was 2 h. The effect of water content was the most evident in 3-MCPD esters formation. The heating process imparted an accretion of up to 130 % from 1,260 to 2,950 mg/kg with increasing the water dosage from 7 to 10 %. In addition, 3-MCPD esters were decomposed when heated at high temperatures for a long time (longer than 2 h).