新型铜基受电弓滑板材料的制备与性能

以弥散强化铜为基体, 镀铜石墨为润滑组元, 采用真空加压烧结方法成功制备了新型石墨/铜受电弓滑板材料。研究了烧结温度对材料致密度的影响; 对比分析了不同类型铜基体对石墨/铜复合材料性能的影响; 考察了石墨质量分数为6%、8%、10%和12%时, 石墨/弥散强化铜复合材料(Graphite/ODS-Cu)的导电性、冲击韧性及摩擦系数。结果表明: 烧结温度对材料致密度影响较大, 石墨/弥散强化铜复合材料在加压烧结温度达到950 ℃后全致密; 采用弥散强化铜为基体, 提高了滑板的力学性能, 当石墨含量为10%时, 其导电性能下降不明显, 但是冲击韧性远远高于采用普通铜粉为基体的样品; 石墨含量对滑板的性能影响较大, 样品的导电性和冲击韧性随着石墨含量的增加而急剧下降, 在石墨含量增加到10%时, 其电阻率和冲击韧性分别为0.65 μΩ·m和6.8 J·cm^-2; 摩擦系数随着石墨含量的增加而降低, 在石墨含量为10%时, 其摩擦系数为0.231。     

新型高性能电力机车受电弓滑板的研究

通过分析当前电力机车受电弓滑板存在的各种问题,用粉末冶金法研制出一种新型的受电弓滑板.该滑板由铜、碳纤维和石墨等构成.分析了成形压力、烧结温度对滑板性能的影响,对其导电性、摩擦、磨损性能及冲击韧性进行了检测,并与当前正在使用的受电弓滑板进行了对比.结果表明:该新型滑板的最佳制备工艺条件为(含量)铜78%,碳纤维2%,石墨15%,添加剂5%,成形压力为200MPa,烧结温度为880℃.该滑板不仅电阻率低,而且其摩擦、磨损及冲击韧性等性能也优越于当前正在使用的受电弓滑板.与国外浸金属碳滑板Rh82Mb相比,其摩擦系数降低20%,磨损量减少1.3%,冲击韧性提高1.7倍,导电性增强65倍.     

TiB2对铜-石墨基复合材料性能的影响

TiB2与铜-石墨基复合材料的界面结合及TiB2在基体中的分布是影响复合材料性能的重要因素.为提高材料的强度和电导率,用镀铜TiB2制备复合材料.通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察材料的显微组织,并测试其电导率.结果表明,在粒度细小的镀铜TiB2表面均匀包覆金属铜,在压制压力和烧结温度合适的条件下,复合材料的组织均匀,致密性好,TiB2在铜-石墨基体中弥散分布,铜基体形成连续三维网络结构,这种组织形态使复合材料的电导率和强度明显提高.     

压力烧结铜-石墨复合材料的相对密度及性能研究

为提高铜-石墨复合材料的相对密度,改善其组织和性能,采用氩气保护下的压力烧结技术制备了铜-石墨复合材料,研究了烧结压力、压制压力、烧结温度和烧结时间对铜-石墨复合材料相对密度及性能的影响,探讨了相对密度与性能的关系。结果表明,适当提高压力烧结各参数可减少孔隙数量,改善组织均匀性,提高材料相对密度,进而提高材料硬度和导电率;材料性能主要取决于相对密度,相对密度越高,性能越好,但材料性能还受孔隙尺寸和形状的影响;在烧结压力为150 MPa、压制压力为400 MPa,烧结温度为870了℃,烧结时间为2.5 h条件下获得了相对密度为0.945,硬度为66.3 HB,电导率为6.2 MS/m的铜-石墨复合材料。     

碳滑板材料石墨化度XRD和Raman光谱研究

采用显微激光拉曼光谱及X射线电子衍射测量，摘要选用进口和国产滑板材料作为对比材料，并进行高温烧结处理。分析了试样的形貌和结构，并表征了不同碳滑板材料在高温烧结前后的结构参数。结果表明，两种表征方法的结果存在一致性；进口碳滑板材料的石墨化度高于国产滑板，且两种滑板材料都有不同的石墨相组成，不同相的石墨化度也不同；经过高温烧结处理，滑板材料的石墨化度提高。     

B4C超细粉末的制备及烧结

采用气流粉碎对B4C粗粉（比表面积0.52m^2/g，中位粒径20.4μm)进行了一系列粉碎实验，研究了气流粉碎次数，成形压力和烧结温度对烧结密度的影响。结果表明，当粉碎次数达到3次后，可获得＜1μm的B4C超细粉末。经过4次气流粉碎的B4C超细粉末的比表面积为2.53m^2/g，中位粒径为0.56μm；该粉末分别于2200和2250℃无压烧结1h，其烧结密度分别达到理论密度的78．6％ 82．5％，平均晶粒尺寸分别为28和50μm，抗压强度分别为390和555MPa。     

多孔青铜过滤片的制备工艺及结构特性探究

开发一种工艺简单、重复性好、孔形孔径易控制、制取成本低的铜基多孔材料制备工艺是当前的研究热点之一.本文以青铜粉为原料,K_2CO_3为造孔剂,采用烧结溶解法制备多孔青铜过滤片,研究了造孔剂、烧结温度对样品孔隙率的影响,分析了烧结温度、压制压力对样品最大孔径和透气系数的影响,以及孔隙率与抗压强度的关系.研究结果表明:当造孔剂体积分数为20%~40%时,所制备样品的孔隙率为22.8%~44.4%,开孔孔隙率为18.5%~37.2%;随着烧结温度的升高,样品孔隙率和透气系数下降;随着压制压力增加,最大孔径和透气系数均减小;随着样品孔隙率增大,抗压强度减小.当选择造孔剂体积分数30%、压制压力150 MPa、烧结温度800℃的工艺参数下,制备出孔隙率32.2%、最大孔径4.6μm、透气系数9.27 m~3/(h·k Pa·m~2)、压缩强度27.9 MPa的多孔青铜过滤片.     

炭化温度对层状结构受电弓滑板性能的影响

研究了不同的炭化温度对层状结构受电弓滑板性能的影响。将受电弓滑板在400、600、800℃的氮气气氛中进行热处理,通过测试受电弓滑板的密度、耐温性、导电性、抗冲击性和耐磨性能,讨论了炭化温度对其性能的影响;利用SEM观察磨损表面,分析磨损机理。结果表明层状结构受电弓滑板的密度随炭化温度的升高而减小;当炭化温度高于600℃时,受电弓滑板表现出良好的耐温性。炭化提高了材料的导电性,但冲击强度和耐磨性随炭化温度的升高而降低;炭化温度较低时,受电弓滑板的磨损机制为粘着磨损为主,当炭化温度较高时,磨粒磨损和粘着磨损成为主要的磨损形式;确定最佳炭化温度为600℃,该温度下炭化处理后具有较好的综合性能,符合TB/T 1842.2-2002标准的相关规定。     

β—SiC粉末的合成及其热压烧结性能研究

本文研究了β-SiC亚微细粉末的合成及其热压烧结性能。以SiO_2和C粉为主要原料制得了粒径<0.5μm的SiC粉末,并在一定的热压温度和压力下通过研究烧结体密度、强度随保温保压时间的变化关系,得出了该粉末的热压烧结工艺,制得了相对密度99％以上、弯曲强度600MN/m~2左右的烧结体。     

Al_2O_3颗粒镀铜对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料Al_2O_3-Fe-Sn-C/Cu摩擦磨损性能的影响

通过对陶瓷摩擦组元的表面进行化学镀铜来改善铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料中陶瓷相与基体间的结合效果,从而提高材料摩擦磨损性能。分别采用镀铜Al2O3颗粒和未镀铜Al2O3颗粒与铜粉和铁粉等经混合、压制、加压烧结制备Al2O3-Fe-Sn-C/Cu摩擦磨损试样。测试并分析了摩擦材料的微观结构、力学性能及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:摩擦组元镀铜可使硬质颗粒与铜基体结合紧密;摩擦材料的布氏硬度增加了12%,弹性模量提高了约7%,摩擦系数提高了5%~10%,线磨损量降低了20%~50%;表面镀铜后的Al2O3颗粒不易脱落,摩擦系数稳定性提高了13%~23%。研究结果表明,摩擦组元表面镀铜可提高材料的综合性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.