基于遗传算法的工业机器人时间最优轨迹规划及仿真研究

为了使工业机器人的末端执行器在任给路径下运行时间最短,在考虑机器人各关节速度、加速度、加加速度和力矩约束的情况下,以PUMA560为例,对工业机器人轨迹进行时间最优规划;在Matlab平台上,对该轨迹规划优化算法进行仿真,仿真结果表明机器人各关节时间最优轨迹规划比未处理的轨迹规划时间明显缩小6.999 4s,6.651 0s,6.351 2s,各个关节的轨迹曲线平滑,从而验证了该算法的有效性。     

基于样条函数的机器人轨迹规划方法

在机器人控制中,常常需要控制机器人末端准确地从空间一点移动到另外一点,而机器人轨迹规划算法在很大程度上影响了控制的稳定性和鲁棒性.对没有特殊中间路径要求的机器人控制而言,在关节坐标空间进行轨迹规划不但计算量小,而且可以避免由于雅可比矩阵奇异引起的速度失控.本文采用样条函数规划算法设计了机器人关节坐标空间的轨迹函数,通过对两种算法的比较证明,样条函数能更好地生成具有稳定性和鲁棒性的空间轨迹,这个空间轨迹不但可以避免机器人在起动和停止时由于速度、加速度引起的抖动,而且可以满足机器人快速运动的需要.最后,本文基于HIT-1手单手指模型建立了PID控制模型,并利用Simulink工具仿真对两种轨迹规划算法进行了比较.     

基于6DOF机器人的能耗最优轨迹规划

为研究MOTOMAN-UP6机器人的运动学和轨迹规划,该文采用标准D-H建模方法对该机器人进行运动学建模。基于该机器人的特性,采用了一种可易编程的位姿分离法进行逆运动学分析;因逆解的不唯一性,为使得轨迹的能耗最优,提出关节加权系数对轨迹点之间的关节变量进行处理后,得到最优轨迹;同时为减少机器人在运行中的冲击和振动,采用七次多项式对最优轨迹进行轨迹规划,得到了机器人各关节下的位移、速度、加速度、冲击的仿真曲线,曲线光滑且连续,同时也表明了在关节冲击方面优于五次多项式的规划。     

工业机器人时间最优轨迹规划及轨迹控制的理论与实验研究

提出了一种用于工业机器人时间最优轨迹规划及轨迹控制的新方法, 它可以确保在关节位移、速度、加速度以及二阶加速度边界值的约束下, 机器人手部沿笛卡尔空间中规定路径运动的时间最短. 在这种方法中, 所规划的关节轨迹都采用二次多项式加余弦函数的形式, 不仅可以保证各关节运动的位移、速度、加速度连续而且还可以保证各关节运动的二阶加速度连续. 采用这种方法, 既可以提高机器人的工作效率又可以延长机器人的工作寿命. 以PUMA 5 6 0机器人为对象进行了计算机仿真和机器人实验, 结果表明这种方法是正确和有效的. 它为工业机器人在非线性运动学约束条件下的时间最优轨迹规划及控制问题提供了一种较好的解决方案.     

关节型机器人运动学仿真及控制系统设计

关节型机器人各运动关节动态特性和控制系统的稳定性直接影响机器人以及轨迹规划的可达性。以IRB140关节型机器人为研究对象,依据标准D-H参数法和空间位姿变换理论推导出机器人正向运动学数学模型,并采用机器人逆运动学和改进后的五次多项式插值算法实现了机器人在关节空间下进行轨迹规划时各运动关节速度和加速度过渡平滑的目的。最后,搭建机器人控制系统实验平台,实验结果表明,所设计的关节型机器人控制系统能够准确、稳定的控制各关节运动,精准地完成不同运动路径下的夹取搬运任务,满足实际生产工作要求。     

基于执行时间约束的机器人关节空间轨迹优化

为在保证机器人运动轨迹的平滑性的条件下提高机器人工作效率,提出一种基于轨迹执行时间归一化处理的关节空间运动轨迹规划优化算法。对轨迹的执行时间进行归一化处理,分析关节空间位置、速度、加速度的运动轨迹相对于归一化时间的数学模型;考虑关节运动参数的约束条件,采用五次多项式拟合机器人在关节空间的运动轨迹,分析不同轨迹执行时间对关节位置运动轨迹的超调量的影响,实现机器人关节空间的位置轨迹优化;在M atlab环境里对机器人的运动轨迹进行仿真建模,完成机器人运动学仿真。多组仿真结果表明,该算法在保证机器人轨迹平滑的基础上,能保证轨迹执行时间最优,有效地提高机器人的运动效率。     

基于近似弧长参数化的机器人轨迹规划

主要研究了采用近似弧长参数化的插值方法进行关节式工业机器人的轨迹规划.运用近似弧长参数化的插值方法将机器人末端轨迹参数曲线离散为等弧长的插值点序列,通过机器人逆向运动学求解各关节的位移点序列,采用极限的方法进行各关节速度和加速度规划.这种轨迹规划方法可以避免关节空间的插值计算和雅克比矩阵的计算.在 matlab7.8平台上,对近似弧长参数化的插值方法、轨迹规划及可行性验证进行了实例仿真,仿真结果表明该轨迹规划方法是可行的.     

基于多项式加减速控制的轨迹规划的研究

轨迹规划是机器人控制系统研究的重要内容之一,它对机器人性能的提高起着关键性的作用。为解决机器人在笛卡尔空间直线和圆弧拟合自由曲线时存在的误差较大的问题,提出机器人冲击最优的轨迹规划算法。通过多项式速度控制曲线和阿当姆斯微分方程,并以最大弓高误差、最大加速度为约束条件,对机器人轨迹进行插补。同时使用四元数来对机器人姿态进行描述,并使用球形线性插值法对其进行插补。最后以IRB2600工业机器人为仿真本体,使用Matlab对所提出的算法进行仿真,可以得到误差允许范围内的工业机器人运行轨迹,证明了此算法理论上的有效性。     

基于嵌入式系统的机器人关节空间轨迹规划

针对工业机器人运行过程经常出现的因速度或加速度不连续从而导致抖动等问题,提出了一种基于B样条曲线的轨迹规划算法,该算法使用三次B样条曲线来对六自由度机器人的关节空间进行插值,并根据实时性的要求运用一种控制点衔接插补算法进行分段插补,最终应用于基于ARM9的嵌入式系统中。实验证明:该算法不仅计算量小、处理时间短,而且能保证速度曲线的连续平滑,减少了机械抖动。     

基于AGA的时间最优机械臂轨迹规划算法*

根据机械臂运动学约束,提出了关节空间基于自适应遗传算法(AGA)的3-5-3多项式插值轨迹规划算法。利用运动学约束,以最优时间为目标,针对关节型机器人在静态环境下点到点的轨迹规划问题,利用AGA算法解算多项式插值的时间。通过与基于GA的3-5-3多项式机械臂轨迹规划进化曲线和运动位置、速度、加速度曲线对比,证明该方法在算法收敛、运行平稳度上都有突出优点。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.