培养条件对黑曲霉脂肪酶选择性合成1,3甘油二酯的影响

从前期筛菌工作中得到的一株能高选择性合成1,3-甘油二酯（1,3-DAG）的产胞内脂肪酶的黑曲霉GZUF36菌株出发,分别研究了培养时间、温度、接种量、装液量和转速对该菌摇瓶发酵的影响,得出合适的培养条件为培养时间72 h,接种量3%,装液量40 mL/250 mL,培养温度28 ℃,转速180 r/min,在此条件下1,3-DAG的得率和选择性分别为23.87%和82.96%。同时也比较了摇瓶发酵和5 L发酵罐发酵的异同,相比于摇瓶发酵,5 L发酵罐发酵的1,3-DAG的得率有所提高,但是发酵罐发酵的时间有所延长。     

油茶粕产枯草芽孢杆菌发酵条件优化

以油茶粕为试验原料,通过摇瓶发酵优化产枯草芽孢杆菌的工艺条件。首先通过单因素试验探讨接种量、初始pH、摇瓶装液量、摇床转速、发酵温度和时间对产枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数的影响,在此基础上选择发酵温度、摇床转速、发酵时间3个主要影响因素进行Box-Behnken设计,得到了枯草芽孢杆菌发酵最优工艺条件。结果显示:500 mL摇瓶装培养基120 mL、发酵初始pH 6.8、接种9 mL菌悬液、摇床转速180r/min、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间37 h,发酵液中活菌数可达2.04×1010CFU/mL。     

hs-3乳酸菌发酵研究

hs-3菌摇瓶发酵培养过程中,适宜培养时间为16h。研究结果表明,接种量、摇瓶转速、装液量对培养后活菌数及胞外多糖产量都有影响。进一步正交实验得出,摇瓶转速为显著性影响因素,摇瓶培养的适宜工艺组合为:转速60r/min,接种量3%,装液量250mL(500mL三角瓶),通过10L发酵罐小试,hs-3菌活菌数最大为1.12×109cfu/mL,胞外多糖最大产量819mg/L,和摇瓶培养基本一致。     

产壳聚糖酶菌株选育及产酶条件研究

以淡紫拟青霉BJ2为出发菌株,分别通过亚硝基胍(NTG)和UV(紫外)诱变,采用透明圈法筛选,获得了产壳聚糖酶较高的突变菌株淡紫拟青霉BJ2-3,其所产酶活力达到7.48 U/mL,远高于BJ2的酶活力(1.58 U/mL)。摇瓶实验确定了该菌发酵生产壳聚糖酶的最佳发酵条件:碳源为8 g/L的壳聚糖,氮源为3 g/L的酵母粉,接种量为8%,发酵温度为28℃,500 mL三角瓶装液量125 mL,摇瓶转速180 r/min。在上述培养条件下,84 h时摇瓶中发酵液的最高酶活力达15.20U/mL。     

枯草芽孢杆菌K-6-9发酵条件优化及放大

研究了枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)K-6-9的发酵培养基、发酵条件。本实验通过单因素实验及正交实验得到的发酵培养基为:蔗糖1.0%,胰蛋白胨0.25%,牛肉膏0.5%,MgSO40.2%,KH2PO40.3%,CaCl20.1%。对摇瓶条件下K-6-9液体发酵的温度、转速、初始pH等主要影响因子进行实验探讨,确定了最佳培养条件为:初始pH7.0,装液量50mL/250mL,接种量2%,发酵温度37℃,转速180r/min,发酵时间18h。在摇瓶实验的基础上进行了5L发酵罐通气放大培养,K-6-9菌株14h达到生长高峰期,生长周期18h,此时所获得的芽孢量为1.40×109CFU/mL。相对于初始发酵培养基的芽孢量5.5×105CFU/mL提高了2.55×103倍。     

高生物量酿酒酵母DW-AQJM-38发酵优化研究

研究了高生物量酿酒酵母DW-AQJM-38摇瓶最佳发酵培养基及培养条件,通过单因子优化碳源、无机盐,均匀设计优化氮源,正交设计优化最佳发酵培养基,单因子优化转速、装液量、接种量等发酵条件,优化补糖工艺,得出:最佳发酵培养基配方(%):红糖2.1,大豆蛋白胨1.7,酵母膏0.5,磷酸二氢钾0.3,硫酸镁0.05,无水氯化钙0.015,pH6.5-7.0.发酵培养条件:培养温度:30℃,接种量:5%或10%,种子接种时间:16～17h,装液量:30mL/500mL,转速:200 r/min,补糖策略:自发酵10h开始补糖,补糖量2.5%,每隔3 h补糖1次,直至16h,发酵时间:21 h,生物量50.0g/L,活菌数达4.5×109 cfu/mL.     

真姬菇液体菌种培养基筛选和摇瓶发酵条件的研究

采用摇瓶培养法对真姬菇液体菌种培养基筛选和发酵条件进行研究。研究表明,真姬菇液体菌种最佳组合培养基为：葡萄糖3g/100mL、玉米淀粉1g/100mL、黄豆粉1.5g/100mL、(NH4)2SO4 0.3g/100mL、KH2PO4 0.2g/100mL、MgSO4·7H2O 0.1g/100mL 和VB1 10mg/L。真姬菇摇瓶发酵最佳条件为：起始pH 值为6.0,500mL 锥形瓶装液量140～150mL,摇床转速180r/min,温度26℃,二级摇瓶发酵时间72h,接种量10%～12%。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌HRH_(317)抑菌物质发酵条件的优化

该试验研究解淀粉芽孢杆菌HRH_(317)抑菌物质的发酵条件。首先采用单因素试验研究发酵时间、温度、初始pH、接种量及菌龄、摇床转速、装液量对发酵液抑菌活性的影响,然后采用正交设计对这7个因素进行筛选,分析极差结果确定接种菌龄、接种量、发酵时间为影响抑菌圈大小的3个关键因素,在此基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计及响应面进行分析,在发酵温度37℃、初始p H7.0、摇床转速150 r/min、装液量30 mL/100 mL条件下,确定菌株HRH317抑菌物质的最佳发酵条件为接种菌龄21 h、接种量3.8%、发酵时间25.5 h。拟合试验模型结果显示,抑菌活性物质的抑菌圈直径大小从未优化前的18.63 mm提高至22.95 mm,抑菌圈大小增加23.19%。     

透明质酸产生菌摇瓶发酵工艺条件的研究

研究了透明质酸产生菌的摇瓶发酵条件。对摇瓶发酵条件进行了优化,确定了最佳发酵培养基、最适培养条件。结果表明:摇瓶发酵培养基的组成为4%的淀粉葡萄糖水解液,2%蛋白胨和酵母粉的混合有机氮源及0.5%硝酸钠为无机氮源,MgSO4·7H2O为0.1%,KH2PO4为0.2%。发酵温度为37℃,接种种龄为14~16h之间,摇瓶培养时,500mL三角烧瓶装液量为20mL时,可获得的产量最大。     

低温β-半乳糖苷酶产生菌14-1摇瓶发酵研究

对低温菌株14-1进行了摇瓶条件下的产低温β-半乳糖苷酶的研究。首先考察了菌的生长温度特性,产酶最佳温度及产酶高峰期,然后研究了培养基中乳糖质量分数,培养基初始pH值,溶氧水平,接种量,以及Tween80对酶活的影响。确定了摇瓶最佳的发酵工艺条件:乳糖质量分数为2.5%,接种量3%(质量分数),培养基初始pH值为6.5,表面活性剂Tween80为1.0%,装液量为在500 mL三角瓶装液体培养基100 mL。20℃培养48 h,14-1菌产低温β-半乳糖苷酶活性4.51 U/mL。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.