清酒工段的CIP清洗要求

为保证清酒工段的清洁和避免微生物的滋生,清酒工段的CIP清洗应达到如下要求： 1 清酒罐 1）每次清空后进行CIP酸洗：清水冲洗15分钟-1．2％～1．5％酸循环20分钟一清水冲洗15分钟（PH呈中性）珈．1％-0．15％杀菌剂流加10分钟．排尽罐内残液后方可使用。     

桶装啤酒瞬时杀菌机的工艺控制

原始的鲜啤因酵母等微生物的存在，保质期太短，造成经营上的困难，因而难以推广。我厂从德国GEAAHIBORN公司引进了板式瞬时杀菌机，采用先进瞬时杀菌再装桶的方法，取得了良好的效果、生产出的眸酒基本上保持了鲜啤酒原有的风味。一般瓶装啤酒采用的隧道式喷淋杀菌方式杀菌，设备占地面积大，设备和生产费用高，特别是杀菌时间长一难以保持啤酒原有的风味，而AHIBOR周公司的杀菌机采用薄板瞬时已氏杀菌月很短的时间，很低的能耗达到应有的杀菌效果，同时保证了鲜啤的风味。他们在杀菌工艺的控制方面作出了许多可贵的探索，值得我们…     

高级营养保健发酵饮料──啤黄酒酿造技术

啤黄酒是以优质黑米、糯米、灵芝、香菇、红枣、麦芽、冰糖、蜂蜜等多种营养物质为原料，采用黄酒、啤酒混合的特殊工艺，结合现代酿造技术和设备酿制而成．该品既具有传统黄酒的米香味，又具有啤酒清凉爽口的风格。其外观呈琥珀色，清亮透明，纯厚柔爽．营养全面、丰富。1．原料及配方黑米20％、糯米80％、麦芽3～5％、枣10～15％、灵芝1％、香菇1％、麦曲10～15％、红曲1～1．5％、啤酒花0．18～0．2％、冰糖4～6％、蜂蜜2％（占酒液量）．高活性黄酒干酵母：1～1．2＄（用38～40oC4～5％糖水溶解搅匀活化lh，加水量按1：20～30）。糖化…     

黑豆山楂发酵乳稳定性的研究

通过对黑豆山楂发酵乳稳定性的研究，获得了重要的工艺参数和技术要点。实验结果表明，在均质温度60℃、均质压力25MPa下均质2次、杀菌温度85～95℃下，杀菌10～15min，在接种量为3％，温度42℃培养发酵3～4h、添加0．15％CMC、0．15％海藻酸钠和0．2％的单甘酯，所制得的产品均匀细腻，稳定性较好。     

桠柑果奶生产工艺

本文探讨了槿柑果奶的生产工艺流程和工艺操作要点，采用产品的配方为槿柑果汁20％、脱脂乳粉2．5％、白砂糖7％、有机酸（柠檬酸：苹果酸=2：1）0.3％、乙基麦芽酚20ppm、羧甲基纤维素钠0．15％、黄原胶0．1％、阿拉伯胶0．1％、柠檬酸三钠0．15％、β-环糊精0．6％。在25MPa压力下均质，并在80℃杀菌15min，所得产品具有口感细腻、酸甜可口、营养丰富等特点。     

市售桶装生(鲜)啤酒的卫生管理

生（鲜）啤酒,英语为（draftbeer）,流行欧美,特别是在英国和德国,此类啤酒的销量每年约占其总销量：德国为30％左右,英国达70％,法国15％,英国10％[1]。中国自改革开放以来,啤酒工业获得了飞速发展,产量由80年的68．8万吨增至95年的1,546万吨[2],已超过了日本、德国仅次于美国,居世界第二。品种也越来越多,涌装生（鲜）啤酒可以说是发展得最快的一个品种,产量由85年的不足总产量的0．5％上升到95年的8％[1],各大啤酒厂如青岛、中德、五星、珠江、力波等均纷纷从西德引进桶灌装线、售酒设备和专用啤酒桶,向全国推出各自的品牌。生力、嘉七伯等洋啤酒也生产同类型的生（鲜）啤酒加入竞     

无醇啤酒的研究进展

无醇啤酒（Nablabs）是指不含酒精或酒精含量甚微的啤酒。它与普通啤酒一样以大麦为主要原料，经发酵而酿造的，并且仍保留着传统啤酒的色、香、味特性。无醇啤酒在国外，特别是欧洲较流行。在澳大利亚1985／86年到1990／91年，天醇啤酒人均消费从12.7升上升到19.1升[1]。在英国1985年无酵啤酒产量为7．5万桶，占啤酒产量的0．2％，到1988年无醇啤酒产量达3825万桶，占啤酒产量的1．5％[2]。一般认为，低醇啤酒酒精含量在0．5～1．5％（a／v）；脱醇啤酒酒精含量为0．05～0．5％（a／v）；无酵啤酒含量不超过0．05％（a／v）。从无酵啤酒和…     

杏鲍菇发酵酒生产工艺的研究

以杏鲍菇为主要原料生产发酵酒，经破碎、发酵、贮藏、杀菌等工艺获得较高品质的产品，通过正交试验等实验方法进行优化，确定出最佳配方和上艺条件。主发酵温度为20℃，时间为5d，调整后总糖度为20％，菌种添加量为5％；偏重亚硫酸钠添加量为15g／100kg；明胶（0．4％溶液）与单宁（0．3％溶液）添加量为3．0mL和2．4mL；杀菌温度为70℃，时间为15min。     

高效液相色谱同时测定啤酒中的5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）同时分析啤酒中的5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）和糠醛（2-F）。采用0．1％乙酸-乙腈为流动相，等度洗脱，样品中的5-HMF和2-F在10min内达到基线分离。啤酒样品直接进样测定，5-HMF和2-F的RSD分别为0．70％和1．09％（n=5）；平均加标回收率分别为101％和103％（n=3）。     

草莓鲜啤酒的研制

在鲜啤酿造的基础上 ,添加草莓果汁参与发酵 ,研制生产出草莓鲜啤酒。该产品具有草莓的风味和鲜啤的特色 ,口味新鲜 ,营养丰富 ,具有一定的市场前景。购新鲜草莓去除花萼、梗、剔除腐烂、虫害及损伤果。清水冲洗干净用榨汁机将其榨汁。草莓原汁中含有较多的果胶与蛋白质等大分子物质 ,必须先对其进行澄清处理除去果胶蛋白质等物质 ,得到清亮透明 ,稳定性好的草莓果汁参予发酵。ＪＡ澄清剂用量为 1 2× 1 0 - 4 ～ 1 5× - 4 ,处理时间 2ｈ～ 4ｈ。大麦芽用增湿法粉碎 ,要求皮破而不碎 ,粗细粉比例为 1∶2 5左右。糖化时先将水温升至 3 7…     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.