基于GC-MS法的陈醋熏醅过程香气成分变化分析

针对山西老陈醋的香气成分,采用HS-SPME方法萃取,GC-MS分析方法进行分析,确定山西老陈醋的香气成分主要为酸类、酯类、酮类、杂环类、醇类和醛类化合物,并确定各成分含量.通过对山西老陈醋在熏醅过程中的香气成分变化规律进行分析,发现酸类、酯类和醇类化合物总含量呈下降趋势,醛类和杂环类化合物总含量呈上升趋势,并对香气中...     

1-MCP处理对冷藏‘红阳’猕猴桃果实香气成分的影响

探讨1-MCP处理对红阳猕猴桃果实冷藏期间香气成分的影响。以‘红阳’猕猴桃为试材,固相微萃取(SPME)技术为香气富集方法,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析其香气成分。试验共检测出92种香气成分,分属于醇类,醛类,酯类,酮类和烃类等,其中醇类、醛类、酯类和酮类物质数量总体上呈先上升后下降趋势,酮类和醇类香气成分含量先上升后下降,与种类变化趋势一致。1-MCP处理果实酮类香气成分相对含量明显低于对照,醇类物质在贮藏后期高于对照。醛类香气含量在总体上呈上升趋势,与酯类香气含量变化相反,烃类是先降低后升高。表明‘红阳’猕猴桃果实在冷藏过程中香气数量变化与香气含量变化并不是总是相对应的,不同贮藏期对照和处理猕猴桃果实中各类芳香物质的种类和相对含量存在很大差异,1-MCP处理在贮藏过程中抑制了猕猴桃果实酯类香气的产生,并在贮藏后期积累了大量的醇类和醛类香气含量,对果实的整体感官质量有一定的影响。     

顶空固相微萃取-气质联用结合主成分分析法对太平猴魁茶香气成分的研究

香气是影响茶叶品质的重要因子之一,太平猴魁茶是历史名茶,其独特的香气受到消费者青睐。本研究利用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用结合主成分分析法对太平猴魁茶的香气成分进行研究。结果表明:从太平猴魁茶样品中共检测到51种挥发性成分,3个不同地域的7个太平猴魁茶样品香气成分在组成及含量上存在一定的差异,但它们的主要香气物质是相似的,主要包括13种醇类物质、8种烯类物质、6种醛类、3种酮类物质、7种酯类物质、4种芳香烃类物质和8种烷烃类物质;采用主成分分析法,鉴定出太平猴魁茶特征香气成分主要有29种,包括7种醇类成分,8种烯类成分,3种醛类成分,5种烷烃类成分,2种酮类成分,3种酯类成分和1种芳香烃类成分。     

不同草莓香气成分贮藏过程中变化的研究

利用顶空固相微萃取法分别提取3个草莓品种的香气成分,并进行GC/MS分析,研究在低温贮藏过程中(0℃)草莓香气成分的变化。结果表明,3种草莓的香气成分种类和相对质量分数不同,R6品种草莓酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类相对含量分别为23.82%、51.54%、7.93%、8.28%;R8品种草莓酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类相对含量分别为15%、67.64%、4.66%、6%;Ti MA品种草莓酯类、醛类、醇类、酸类相对含量分别为0.89%、63.81%、14.08%、0.79%。R6和R8草莓品种酯类化合物含量明显高于Ti MA草莓品种,低温贮藏过程中草莓果实品质逐渐下降,尽管草莓采后的后熟作用可以使草莓香气成分中的酯类、醇类、酮类物质含量小幅增加,但是随着贮藏时间的延长酯类物质和醇类逐渐下降,酮类、酸类化合物增加。     

5种黑茶香气成分的比较分析

本研究采用感官审评法和顶空固相微萃取法,结合气相色谱-质谱仪联用技术,对5种黑茶样品挥发性成分进行了分析鉴定。结果表明,5种黑茶共检出83种香气化合物,共有成分30种,主要包括醇类、醛类、酮类、芳香烃类、烯类和酯类等;不同产区黑茶香气特征及组成存在明显差异:青砖茶陈香纯正,以醛类和酮类化合物为主,包括(E,E)-2,4-庚二烯醛、β-紫罗酮、己醛;茯砖茶"菌花香"明显,以醇类和芳香烃为主,包括芳樟醇、甲苯和1,3-二甲氧基苯;六堡茶香气纯正,以醇类和醛类为主,包括芳樟醇、α-雪松醇、柠檬烯;普洱茶陈香持久,以醛类和醇类为主,包括己醛、1,2,3-三甲氧基苯、芳樟醇氧化物;康砖茶香气纯正,以酮类和醛类为主,包括己醛、α-紫罗酮、反-香叶基丙酮和β-紫罗酮。5种黑茶在香气特征及成分上的差异可能与茶树品种及加工工艺有关。     

玫瑰香冰葡萄酒香气成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)对云南德钦产区玫瑰香冰葡萄酒中的挥发性成分进行分离测定,共鉴定出71种挥发性香气成分,主要包括酯类、醇类、萜烯类、有机酸及少量醛类、酮类和烷烃.结果表明,酯类、醇类和萜烯类化合物是玫瑰香冰葡萄酒香气的主要构成组分,三者的相对含量占总挥发性香气成分的91.1％;在玫瑰香冰葡萄酒中,酯类化合物相对含量最高,大多数都具有令人愉悦的花果香气,是形成玫瑰香冰葡萄酒浓郁果香的主要香气成分;萜烯类化合物的种类丰富,相对含量较高,且大多数属于单萜醇类,均具有玫瑰香气,可能是形成玫瑰香冰葡萄酒独特玫瑰花香的主要香气成分,其中含量较高的为β-香茅醇、里那醇和橙花醇.     

不同干燥温度对萎凋叶压制白茶饼品质的影响

为探明不同干燥温度对萎凋叶压制白茶饼品质的影响,本研究采用顶空固相微萃取法结合气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术及靶向代谢组学方法,研究了不同干燥温度（60、70、80、90、100℃）对萎凋叶压制白茶饼香气、糖组分、多酚类物质和氨基酸等品质成分的影响。结果表明：萎凋叶压制白茶饼感官品质得分随干燥温度的升高呈先升后降的趋势,80℃干燥茶饼的感官审评得分最高,为90.2分。80℃和90℃干燥的白茶饼儿茶素总含量显著低于60、70、100℃干燥的白茶饼（P<0.05）;80℃干燥的白茶饼总氨基酸和鲜爽类氨基酸含量显著高于70℃干燥的样品（P<0.05）;70、80℃干燥的白茶饼糖类物质含量显著高于低温干燥（60℃）和高温干燥（90℃和100℃）（P<0.05）;各干燥温度白茶饼主要挥发性物质种类总体一致,其中醇类物质所占比例较大,80℃干燥处理白茶饼的十三酸甲酯、辛酸甲酯、己酸甲酯和二氢猕猴桃内酯等酯类香气物质含量显著高于90、100℃干燥样品（P<0.05）。综上,80℃干燥能提高萎凋叶压制白茶饼的鲜爽度和甜度及愉悦香气物质的含量,更有利于品质形成,是萎凋叶压制白茶饼...     

皖南地区出口“屯绿”香气成分研究

目的揭示屯绿香气成分特点及风味特征。方法基于顶空固相微萃取-气质联用结合主成分分析法对屯绿香气成分进行研究。结果 6个屯绿样品共鉴定出71种挥发性成分,主要包括9种醛类物质、11种醇类物质、11种酮类物质、13种烯类物质、10种烷烃类物质、3种酯类物质、14种芳香类化合物。香气成分主要集中于醛类、醇类、酮类、烷烃类、烯类,相对含量介于43.23%~67.52%。结论采用主成分分析法,共提取4个主成分,包含8种醇类成分、7种酮类成分、9种烯类成分、5种醛类成分、3种烷类成分、2种酯类。     

顶空固相微萃取-全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱测定三种芒果香气成分

本文采用顶空固相微萃取（Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction,HS-SPME）与全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用仪（Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatograph/Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer,GC×GC-TOFMS）比较了不同萃取头、萃取温度、萃取时间、解吸温度等因素对萃取效果的影响,对三个品种的芒果香气成分进行了分析鉴定。结果表明,最适萃取条件为:萃取头50/30 μm DVB/CAR /PDMS（Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane）,萃取温度60 ℃,萃取时间60 min,解吸温度250 ℃。凭借全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用仪强大的分离及定性能力,可以获得比常规一维气相色谱/质谱联用仪更多的香气成分信息。3种芒果共检测出170种香气成分,金煌芒、小台芒、青皮芒中分别测到96、90、68种香气成分,峰面积含量占各自挥发性成分总量的74.04%、90.75%、78.91%。170种香气成分中醇类25种、芳香烃4种、醛类15种、酸类6种、酮类18种、烯烃56种、酯类46种,7类化合物中烯烃类化合物在三种芒果中含量占比最高,金煌芒中含有相比其他两种芒果具有更多的酯类、醛类和醇类等香气成分,相应的青皮芒独有的香味成分则相对较少,这也是金煌芒香气浓郁,而青皮芒香气较寡淡的原因。3种芒果共有的香气成分有26种,比如萜品油烯、3-蒈烯、β-月桂烯、石竹烯、珂巴烯和γ-依兰油烯等烯烃组成芒果基本的香气,但共有成分在不同品种芒果中的含量存在明显差异。比如,金煌芒中3-蒈烯明显更高,含量为10.783%,小台芒中萜品油烯明显更高,含量为17.545%。     

有机白茶和常规白茶品质差异分析

以福安大白茶为研究对象,研究有机白茶和常规白茶感官品质、主要内含成分和挥发性香气成分的差异。结果表明:有机白茶感官审评总分显著高于常规白茶。有机白茶在外形、香气、滋味、叶底得分显著高于常规白茶。有机白茶和常规白茶水浸出物含量、茶多酚含量、咖啡碱含量、茶黄素含量、茶褐素含量差异不显著。有机白茶的氨基酸含量显著低于常规白茶;可溶性糖含量、茶红素含量、黄酮含量显著高于常规白茶。有机白茶、常规白茶共检出56种香气成分,其中醇类15种、碳氢类12种、酮类9种、醛类6种、含氮类5种、酯类4种、杂氧类3种、内酯类2种。有机白茶香气成分含量(10.55)高于常规白茶(7.88)。从总体上看,有机白茶的品质优于常规白茶。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.