NOx emission characteristics of hydrogen internal combustion engine

In order to investigate the NOxemission of hydrogen internal combustion engines.A test system for four-cylinder intake port-fuel-injection hydrogen internal combustion engine(H2ICE)is established to study the effect of fuel-air equivalence ratio,ignition advance angle,engine speed and exhaust gas recirculation on NOx emission.Experimental results show that the fuel-air equivalence ratio is the key factor to NOxemission,NOxemission concentration is always higher than 8 000×10-6 when the fuel-air equivalence ratio is larger than 0.8and lower than 500×10-6 when the fuel-air equivalence ratio is smaller than 0.5.The ignition advance angle and engine speed also play important roles on NOxemission formation.EGR is an useful method to reduce NOx emission concentration at large fuel-air equivalence ratio especially when engine speed is low and EGR ratio is high.     

Coherence-based performance analysis of the generalized orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm

The performance guarantees of generalized orthogonal matching pursuit( gOMP) are considered in the framework of mutual coherence. The gOMP algorithmis an extension of the well-known OMP greed algorithmfor compressed sensing. It identifies multiple N indices per iteration to reconstruct sparse signals.The gOMP with N≥2 can perfectly reconstruct any K-sparse signals frommeasurement y = Φx if K 1/N(1/μ-1) +1,where μ is coherence parameter of measurement matrix Φ. Furthermore,the performance of the gOMP in the case of y = Φx + e with bounded noise ‖e‖2≤ε is analyzed and the sufficient condition ensuring identification of correct indices of sparse signals via the gOMP is derived,i. e.,K 1/N(1/μ-1)+1-(2ε/Nμxmin) ,where x min denotes the minimummagnitude of the nonzero elements of x. Similarly,the sufficient condition in the case of G aussian noise is also given.     

喷油参数对电控柴油机性能影响的仿真研究

利用发动机仿真软件,对1台电控共轨式柴油机的燃烧过程进行数值仿真,研究了喷油压力、喷油提前角等喷油参数对燃烧生成的NOx(氮氧化物)和碳烟的影响.结果表明:喷油压力和喷油提前角影响燃油的雾化质量和油气混合质量,进而影响燃烧过程和排放物的生成.该仿真计算对优化柴油机喷油参数、改善燃烧过程和降低排放具有指导意义.     

用快速压缩机研究异辛烷燃料均质压燃的燃烧特性

利用快速压缩机研究了混合气浓度和进气温度对异辛烷均质压燃燃烧特性的影响。试验表明:随着进气温度的升高,燃烧始点提前,燃烧持续期缩短,最高燃烧温度升高,最大燃烧放热率增加,最大压力升高率增大,最大压力升高率出现时刻提前;随着可燃混合气过量空气系数的增加,燃烧始点延迟,着火温度升高,燃料的最高燃烧温度降低,最大放热率降低,最大压力升高率降低,最大压力升高率出现时刻延迟,燃烧持续期增加。     

氢内燃机怠速性能试验研究

为研究氢内燃机的怠速特性,在一台6缸氢内燃机上研究了过量空气系数λ与点火提前角θi对发动机主要性能参数的影响.结果表明:随着λ的增大,最大指示热效率ηi所对应的θi逐步增加,ηi随之增加,NOx排放随之减小;同一λ条件下,NOx排放随着θi增大而增加;氢内燃机怠速时可采用λ2.5的稀混合气,且应适当增大Qi;最大缸压随着λ增加而降低、随着θi增大而上升;不同λ值条件下最大压力升高率的规律基本相似,只是在λ=2.5、θi10°CA时,最大压力升高率基本保持不变。     

乙醇燃料均质压燃发动机的试验研究

利用进气预热和废气再循环(EGR)控制方法,在由CA6110柴油机改造的单缸发动机上进行了以乙醇为燃料的均质混合气压燃(Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition,HCCI)试验研究。结果表明:在过量空气系数λ=1~9时,发动机可以实现HCCI燃烧,但由过量空气系数和EGR率表示的HCCI工作范围受爆震和部分燃烧的限制。乙醇燃料HCCI燃烧最大平均指示压力可达到0.6 MPa,指示效率可达到60%。在HCCI燃烧中只产生少量的NOx,但是未燃HC和CO的排放较高。     

Three-Dimensional Models for Analyzing the Cyclic Variations in a Lean Burn CNG Engine

Three-dimensional models,consisting of the flame kernel formation model,flame kernel development model and natural gas single step reaction model,are used to analyze the contribution of cyclic equivalence ratio variations to cyclic variations in the compressed natural gas(CNG)lean burn spark ignition engine.Computational results including the contributions of equivalence ratio cyclic variations to each combustion stage and effects of engine speed to the extent of combustion variations are discussed.It is concluded that the equivalence ratio variations affect mostly the main stage of combustion and hardly influence initial kernel development stage.     

Three-Dimensional Models Variations in a Lean for Analyzing the Cyclic Burn CNG Engine

Three-dimensional models, consisting of the flame kernel formation model, flame kernel development model and natural gas single step reaction model, are used to analyze the contribution of cyclic equivalence ratio variations to cyclic variations in the compressed natural gas （CNG） lean burn spark ignition engine. Computational results including the contributions of equivalence ratio cyclic variations to each combustion stage and effects of engine speed to the extent of combustion variations are discussed. It is concluded that the equivalence ratio variations affect mostly the main stage of combustion and hardly influence initial kernel development stage.     

混氢汽油机的燃烧及排放特性试验

针对汽油机热效率低、排放高的问题,通过进气混氢降低汽油机的能耗和排放.在一台4缸汽油机上安装一套电控多点顺序气道氢气喷射系统,可实现汽油和氢气在进气道的现场混合.在发动机转速为1 500 r/min及理论当量比条件下,选择混氢体积分数为1%、1.5%、2%、3%的4种不同进气,对混氢汽油机的燃烧与排放特性进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:在混氢体积分数为3%的工况下,与原机相比,发动机制动热效率平均提高了3.23%,缸压峰值的循环变动平均减少了3.18%.随着进气中氢气体积分数的增加,发动机着火滞燃期和燃烧持续期缩短,燃烧峰值压力增加,CO_2与HC排放明显降低,但NO_x与CO排放有所增加.混氢对改善发动机性能效果显著.     

汽油-DMF混合燃料的燃烧性能与排放特性试验

为减少对石油的依赖和环境的污染,使丰富的可再生生物质燃料能够在内燃机中使用|在不改变汽油机点火提前角特性和供油系的前提下用单缸四冲程汽油机对汽油-二甲基呋喃(DMF)以及汽油-乙醇混合燃料进行试验研究.研究表明：汽油-DMF混合燃料的指示热效率与燃烧效率稍低于汽油-乙醇,与纯汽油接近,但缸内燃烧压力与燃烧速率比汽油-乙醇高;而且汽油-DMF的油耗率要优于汽油-乙醇,并且DMF掺混质量分数为10%时油耗率在混合燃料中最低;汽油-DMF的常规排放物总体上低于纯汽油.     

汽油机NOx的形成及控制

对NO的生成机理进行了分析 对以下因素———燃空当量比、燃烧产物高温区停留时间、点火提前角、负荷、转速及冷却水温与混合气温度对NO生成的影响进行了详细讨论 最后提出了降低NOx 排放的各种控制措施 ,其中包括适当推迟点火提前角、降低冷却水温、通过进气喷水增加进气湿度、降低压缩比、排气再循环以及在机外加催化器 另外在排气系统中放入吸附材料以及采用进气门全可变凸轮调节系统均可大幅度降低NOx     

缸内直喷汽油机起动控制

在缸内直喷增压汽油机上,运用自主开发的直喷发动机控制软硬件系统,研究了喷油脉宽、点火提前角和起动过程PID控制器参数对发动机起动的影响。试验结果表明：喷油脉宽为45℃A,发动机起动转速波动小。点火提前角为12℃A时,发动机起动转矩最大。PID控制的KP=1时,转速响应迅速;KI=0.2时,实现无误差跟踪转速,超调量小;...     

Electroencephalogram characters of parallax stereo watching asthenopia

The electroencephalogram(EEG)characters value of observers can be deduced by collecting brain electrical information when the observers are watching parallax stereo video.The characters value will change clearly when watching asthenopia appear.To investigate the characters of parallax stereo watching asthenopia,the EEG of observers were recorded through the whole watching process of parallax stereo films until watching asthenopia appeared.The recorded EEG data of observers belongs to time-domain information.Fourier transform can process these data to frequency spectrum information.Theαandβwaves average power can be got by Newton-Cotes equation from the information.The ratio ofβpower to the sum ofαandβpower,CV,can be defined as EEG characters value of parallax stereo watching asthenopia and used to estimate the asthenopia degree of observers.Our experiments show that the smaller the CVis,the more serious the asthenopia is.     

压缩点火均质混和气燃烧的试验研究

对压缩点火均质混和气燃烧(CIHC燃烧)与内燃机的压缩比、转速、充气温度、混和气浓度、充量系数等运行参数之间的关系进行了系统的试验研究,指出如果运行参数选择合适,则压缩点火均质混和气燃烧在内燃机上可以实现,并给出理想的运行参数范围。利用化学动力学分析CIHC燃烧的机理,对其点火和放热过程进行描述和归纳,并介绍了一种计算CIHC燃烧平均放热速率的半经验公式。     

车用电控发动机点火能量测试系统的开发

为了加快车用发动机电控单元的开发,优化发动机的燃烧过程,开发了点火能量测试系统.系统中的试验监控界面通过串口与点火模块中的MCU保持通讯,实时监控系统的运行参数;MCU以输入的转速信号为基准,计算点火提前角和点火正时,输出点火控制信号,并通过晶体管控制初级回路的通断;参照SAE J973—1999标准,采用稳压管串模拟负载,分别采集点火线圈次级输出的电压信号和流经次级回路的电流信号,并对电流和电压信号的乘积进行积分运算,即可得到点火线圈次级输出的能量,以此作为评价点火能量的一个指标.试验结果表明,针对自主开发的JL465Q5发动机电控点火模块,点火能量能被有效的量化评价.     

甲烷/空气预混合气在定容燃烧室内的燃烧试验

为研究进气温度、进气压力、当量燃烧比、射流引燃、压燃(自燃)等对甲烷燃烧的影响,以提高点燃式天然气发动机的性能,在定容燃烧室(CVCC)内进行甲烷/空气预混合气的燃烧试验,通过火焰高速摄影和气体压力测量等手段,获取试验结果并进行分析.试验发现,在燃烧室内安装带通孔的横隔板后,有利于加快火焰传播速度、提高燃烧峰值压力和燃烧的稳定性,在某些试验条件下,下燃烧室会出现混合气压燃(自燃)现象.     

甲烷HCCI燃烧反应机理简化与分析

通过分析系统温度变化与主要中间产物生成率,以敏感度分析为基础对GRI-MECH3.0机理进行简化,最后得出一个包含25种组分、36个反应的简化机理。此简化机理适用于天然气HCCI模式燃烧着火相位研究,与详细机理在着火点预测上吻合良好。经验证,在较广的初始压力、温度、转速、压缩比、空燃比变动范围内可以保证与详细机理相近的精度。同时在简化过程中梳理出着火延迟期的关键反应。     

基于GT-Power的BN6V87QE汽油机性能优化仿真

应用GT-Power软件建立了BN6v87QE汽油机整机结构和燃烧仿真计算模型,利用该模型对发动机的原进气歧管部分结构参数、配气相位、空燃比和点火提前角电控参数进行了匹配计算．实验验证了该仿真计算模型的计算结果与原机有很好的一致性,在此基础上,对BN6V87QE汽油机配气相位、空燃比和点火提前角电控参数进行了优化计算,试验证明发动机的性能得到了改进．     

Numerical investigations on HCCI engine with increased induction induced swirl and engine speed

Homogeneous charge compression ignition(HCCI) mode of combustion is popularly known for achieving simultaneous reduction of NOx as well as soot emissions as it combines the compression ignition(CI) and spark ignition(SI) engine features. In this work, a CI engine was simulated to work in HCCI mode and was analyzed to study the effect of induction induced swirl under varying speeds using three-zone extended coherent flame combustion model(ECFM-3Z, compression ignition) of STAR-CD. The analysis was done considering speed ranging from 800 to 1600 r/min and swirl ratios from 1 to 4. The present study reveals that ECFM-3Z model has well predicted the performance and emissions of CI engine in HCCI mode. The simulation predicts reduced in-cylinder pressures, temperatures, wall heat transfer losses, and piston work with increase in swirl ratio irrespective of engine speed. Also, simultaneous reduction in CO2 and NOx emissions is realized with higher engine speeds and swirl ratios. Low speeds and swirl ratios are favorable for low CO2 emissions. It is observed that increase in engine speed causes a marginal reduction in in-cylinder pressures and temperatures. Also, higher turbulent energy and velocity magnitude levels are obtained with increase in swirl ratio, indicating efficient combustion necessitating no modifications in combustion chamber design. The investigations reveal a total decrease of 38.68% in CO2 emissions and 12.93% in NOx emissions when the engine speed increases from 800 to 1600 r/min at swirl ratio of 4. Also an increase of 14.16% in net work done is obtained with engine speed increasing from 800 to 1600 r/min at swirl ratio of 1. The simulation indicates that there is a tradeoff observed between the emissions and piston work. It is finally concluded that the HCCI combustion can be regarded as low temperature combustion as there is significant decrease in in-cylinder temperatures and pressures at higher speeds and higher swirl ratios.     

电控稀燃CNG发动机标定试验研究

文章对某型号柴油机进行了CNG发动机系统改进设计,其主要包括控制系统EMS、燃烧系统、高能点火系统、燃料供应系统等。同时对稀薄燃烧、增压中冷发动机做了ECU I/O标定、怠速标定、冷启动标定、对电控系统进行全工况内点火提前角的标定、内空燃比的标定、发动机增压压力标定。最后对标定的发动机进行性能试验。试验结果表明：动力性、经济性和排放性指标均达到设计要求。