ZnO白漆空间性能退化的地面恢复与保护研究

地面环境与空间环境间的巨大差异对氧化锌白漆的性能退化研究影响很大.为了在地面模拟实验中保护氧化锌白漆的光学性能退化,在模拟的空间环境下对S781白漆进行了150keV质子辐照实验,辐照后分别在原位、空气、真空、氩气和液氮环境下研究了S781白漆光谱反射系数的变化和太阳吸收比的变化.结果表明:空气暴露后,氧在氧化锌表面的...     

基于单分子层模型的ZnO热控涂层电子辐照光学性能退化研究

在分析电子辐照对ZnO类热控涂层光学性能退化机理的基础上,提出了单分子层电子色心产生模型,推导了"色心浓度"表达式及材料光学性能退化随辐照剂量的变化关系。用该理论对100keV电子辐照下S781白漆太阳吸收比变化Δαs的实验数据的拟合结果表明,单分子层模型能够很好地预测ZnO类热控涂层在电子辐照环境下光学特性退化趋势。该理论可扩展应用于其它热控材料在空间不同辐射环境下光学性能退化趋势的预测。     

电子辐照下氧化锌涂层光学特性变化的解析

本文在分析以氧化锌为颜料的S781热控白漆电子辐照作用机理的基础上,结合材料的辐照剂量深度分布理论、材料对光子的吸收理论等,采用对材料分层解析的方法,建立了表达材料光谱吸收率变化与电子辐照能量和注量关系的模型。结合实验数据,使用Matlab软件中运用最小二乘法解决曲线拟合问题的方法,计算出了模型中的待定参数。本模型的准确性和计算方法的可行性得到了实验的验证,可应用于氧化锌白漆类热控涂层空间辐照环境下光学特性退化的预测。     

质子辐照对Yb掺杂ZnO稀磁半导体薄膜缺陷与磁性的影响

采用电感耦合等离子体增强物理气相沉积法制备了Yb掺杂ZnO薄膜, 并采用不同剂量质子对薄膜进行了辐照实验, 重点采用X射线衍射、光电子能谱、正电子湮灭图谱和磁测量系统对Zn_0.985Yb_0.015O薄膜的缺陷和磁性能进行了研究。磁性测试结果表明: Zn_0.985Yb_0.015O薄膜经质子辐照后其饱和磁化强度随辐照剂量的增加逐渐增大, 当辐照剂量为6 × 10¹⁵ ions/cm²时, 其饱和磁化强度达到最大, 随着辐照剂量的进一步增加, 其饱和磁化强度反而变小。正电子湮灭图谱结果显示薄膜中主要存在锌空位相关的缺陷, 并且锌空位相关的缺陷随辐照剂量的变化与饱和磁化强度随辐照剂量的变化相一致。本研究从实验上揭示了在含有各种缺陷的Yb掺杂ZnO薄膜中, 锌空位缺陷是影响质子辐照Zn_0.985Yb_0.015O薄膜磁性的主要原因。     

快重离子辐照对氧化锌材料内部结构特性的影响

使用拉曼光谱和透射电镜等分析手段研究了高能快重离子辐照对ZnO单晶内部结构特性的影响。结果表明,经过快重离子辐照后,在ZnO单晶的拉曼光谱中出现了两个新的振动吸收峰。采用不同轴向的拉曼入射光表征方法,证实了位于576 cm^-1的振动吸收峰与氧空缺位(V₀)密切相关。经离子辐照后透射电镜图像显示出现了许多间隙原子、空位和位错等缺陷,而电子衍射图表明试样没有出现明显的非晶化。这个结果表明,较高的能量和辐照剂量对氧化锌的整体结构和性能几乎没有影响,也充分证明ZnO单晶具有良好的抗辐照性能。     

入射质子能量对银膜反射镜光学性能的影响

为探讨空间高能质子模拟试验方法,用基于蒙特卡罗方法的SRIM程序计算了质子在石英玻璃基银膜反射镜中的射程和能量损失分布,试验研究了不同能量质子辐照对反射镜光学性能的影响.能量低于160keV时,50%以上的质子能量损失在表面膜中,随着能量的增大,质子在膜系中的能量损失逐渐减小;在1016/cm2注量条件下,100keV质子辐照引起350～500nm波段反射率明显下降,而0.5MeV和1MeV质子辐照对光谱的影响很小;计算与试验结果表明,低能质子辐照对反射镜的膜系损伤起主要作用,在进行空间质子辐照模拟试验时,能量选取应低于200keV.     

质子、电子综合辐照作用下Teflon FEP/Al辐照损伤效应研究

在地面模拟研究了能量为30keV的质子与电子辐照对Teflon FEP/Al的光学性能退化的综合影响。结果表明,质子辐照引起Teflon FEP/Al在可见光区反射性能退化,而电子引起其在可见光与近红外区反射性能的全面下降。电子辐照更多的是使材料的大分子形成激发态进而轰击出主链上的F原子,形成自由基以及游离态的C。质子辐照时,除产生上述的辐照缺陷外,H~*的离子注入还使材料中形成各种新的官能团。质子与电子辐照的顺序不同,Teflon FEP/Al的C_(1s)谱也明显不同。     

低能粒子辐照对铝膜反射镜光学性能的影响

地面模拟研究了低能质子和电子对铝膜反射镜光学性能的影响。结果表明,低能质子辐照后,在200~800nm波长范围内铝膜反射镜反射率随辐照剂量增加而下降。质子辐照能量越低射程越短,则反射镜表面膜层中质子浓度越大损伤也更为明显。电子辐照射程较深,辐照作用对铝膜反射镜光学性能影响很小。     

空间太阳近紫外辐照对ACR-1白漆表面导电性能的研究

通过试验研究了近紫外辐照对ACR-1白漆电学性能的影响，并用X射线光电子能谱仪和四极质谱仪对ACR-1白漆的组分和状态等进行了分析，进而对其电学性能变化的机理进行了分析。研究发现：ACR-1白漆的表面电阻率随着近紫外辐照度的增加而呈指数规律减小，并在大气环境中存在“回复”效应；氧化锌的分解、吸附氧的减少和氧空位的增多是近紫外辐照后ACR-1白漆表面电阻率减小的主要原因。     

空间辐射环境作用下热控涂层光学特性退化仿真方法研究

对于长寿命卫星而言,需要评估热控涂层在空间使用期间的性能退化状况。针对星用典型热控涂层,建立了辐照下光学特性退化模型并提出了光学特性预示软件编制方案,为空间环境作用下材料光学特性退化的计算模拟奠定了基础。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.