高压微波催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯

以一水合硫酸氢钠为催化剂，利用高压微波技术，快速合成了对硝基苯甲酸乙酯。用正交试验研究了各反应因素对产品收率的影响，确定最佳反应条件为：以2．0g对硝基苯甲酸为准，醇酸物质的量比为4：1，催化剂用量为1．0g，微波时间为9min，微波功率为522w，产率达97．8％。     

钛酸四丁酯催化合成硝基卡因的研究

对硝基苯甲酸和N，N-二乙基乙醇胺在二甲苯溶液中，以直接酯化法合成硝基卡因。通过对催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应时间等影响因素的考察，确定以钛酸四丁酯作为催化剂，催化剂用量为对硝基苯甲酸质量的3．5％，n(对硝基苯甲酸)：n(N，N-二乙基乙醇胺)=1：1，反应14h。硝基卡因的产率达到82．1％，比没有催化剂时产率提高11．8％。     

季铵盐催化合成β-硝基对氯苯乙烯

以季铵盐PTCA作相转移催化剂，通过Henry反应，在醋酸铵／冰乙酸条件下，催化对氯苯甲醛与硝基甲烷缩合合成β-硝基对氯苯乙烯。考察了不同相转移催化剂的催化活性、最佳催化剂的用量、反应时间、反应温度、反应物料比等对反应的影响。在优化条件下，即以季铵盐PICA为相转移催化剂，反应物料比为对氯苯甲醛：硝基甲烷：PTCA=1：1．8：0．04，反应温度为78℃，反应时间为2h，在弱酸性条件下进行反应，产率达74．25％。实验结果表明：季铵盐PICA是一种优良的相转移催化剂。     

羟基磷灰石多相催化合成对硝基苯甲醛的研究

经Ru(Ⅲ)交换的羟基磷灰石(RuHAP)作多相催化剂,用氧气常压氧化对硝基苯甲醇制备了对硝基苯甲醛。研究了催化剂用量、催化剂中Ru的质量分数、反应温度、反应时间等因素对对硝基苯甲醛产率的影响。反应在优化条件下：催化剂中Ru的质量分数为15％,催化剂用量质量分数占对硝基苯甲醇的5％,甲苯为溶剂,反应温度80℃,反应时间3h,对硝基苯甲醛的产率达97．3%。此催化剂重复使用3次,对硝基苯甲醛的产率未见明显降低。     

有机磷酰化物催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯

以氯磷酸二乙酯为催化剂，合成了对硝基苯甲酸乙酯。酸醇摩尔比为１：４，回流反应１．５ｈ，产率接近理论值，产物含量达９９．７７％，反应后处理简单。对产品进行了元素分析、热行为分析及红外光谱、质谱、核磁共振和高效液相色谱测定。     

均匀设计研究对硝基苯甲酸乙酯的合成

以均匀设计安排实验,在一水合硫酸氢钠催化下．利用高压微波技术,快速合成了对硝基苯甲酸乙酯。实验结果经过优化组合,得出最佳反应条件为：醇酸物质的量比为3:1,催化剂用量为1.0g,微波时间为9min,微波功率为522W．产率达99.1％。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯的研究

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,合成了对硝基苯甲酸乙酯。对影响产率的诸因素进行了考察,其最佳反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比4∶1,催化剂用量为醇酸总量9%,反应时间2.5h,反应温度81℃～85℃,酯化反应产率高达95.8%。     

杂多酸催化合成对硝基苯甲酸乙酯

以钨锗杂多酸Ｈ４ＧｅＷ１２Ｏ４０为催化剂,研究了对硝基苯甲酸与乙醇的液相酯化反应。考察了催化剂用量,反应时间,醇酸比等对合成产物的影响,给出了适宜的酯化工艺条件,此时对硝基苯甲酸乙酯的产率达到７８．８％。     

4-硝基-4′-氯二苯甲酮的优化合成

研究了4-硝基-4′氯二苯甲酮．以对硝基苯甲酰氯为原料，与氯苯在无水三氯化铝的催化下，经C-酰化反应得到4-硝基-4′咄二苯甲酮，经过正交试验，得到优化条件为对硝基苯酰氯：氯苯：三氯化铝=1：2．7：1．7（mol），反应时间1．5h，反应温度为70℃，在优化条件下实验的产率为88．9％，纯度99．2％。熔点101—103℃。     

对甲苯磺酸催化合成对硝基苯甲酸正丁酯

对甲苯磺酸为催化剂酯化合成对硝基苯甲酸正丁酯。实验最佳条件为醇酸比为4，催化剂用量占反应液总质量5％，反应温度118～126℃，反应3．5h可以获得98．7％的转化率。根据产品的熔点、红外谱图定性分析，气相色谱测其纯度。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.