草莓汁的超高压杀菌研究

本文研究热敏性果汁——纯草莓汁超高压处理与微生物存活量之间的关系。考察了菌落总数、霉菌、酵母菌数和大肠菌群数的变化。实验结果表明:在温度为29℃下,草莓汁中大肠菌群对压力非常敏感,压力为350MPa,保压3min即可全部杀灭;霉菌和酵母菌较大肠菌群耐压,压力为350MPa,保压10min可全部杀灭;果汁中虽含多种耐压菌,但经500MPa,保压15min处理,菌落总数还可降至30cfu/ml,达到了国家食品卫生标准要求。     

花生奶的超高压杀菌工艺研究

研究了花生奶超高压处理与微生物存活量之间的关系。考察了菌落总数、霉菌、酵母菌数和大肠菌群数的变化。实验结果表明：在室温下，花生奶中大肠菌群对压力非常敏感，霉菌和酵母菌较大肠菌群耐压，经500MPa，保压10min处理，菌落总数可降至20cfu／mL，达到了国家相应卫生标准。     

超高压处理对干红枣酒中微生物的影响

研究了超高压处理对干红枣酒中菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌存活量的影响.室温25℃下,将干红枣酒分别在100 MPa、300 MPa、500 MPa和700 MPa压力下,超高压处理10 min后,进行微生物检测.实验结果表明,处理压力为100 MPa,霉菌和酵母菌存活量均为10 cfu/mL;当处理压力达到300 MPa时,菌落总数为45 cfu/mL.干红枣酒经300 MPa超高压处理10min,可以达到国家食品卫生标准.     

超高压对草莓浆杀菌效果及微生物菌落形态的影响

研究了超高压对草莓浆的杀菌效果,考察了常温下菌落总数、霉菌、酵母菌数及大肠菌群在处理压强分别为400、500、600MPa,保压时间5～25min时的变化.实验结果表明,大肠菌群为压力敏感型菌,400MPa处理5min后全部杀死;霉菌、酵母菌对压力较为敏感,500MPa处理10min可全部杀死;虽有部分耐压细菌存在,但600MPa处理25min后仅有15～21cfu/g存活,符合国家食品卫生标准要求.同时发现,高压处理后细菌菌落形态发生变化.     

鱼肉肠的超高压杀菌工艺优化

研究鱼肉肠杀菌工艺处理压力、保压时间以及协同温度对微生物存活量的影响,并采用正交试验优化鱼肉肠的杀菌工艺条件。结果表明,在各因素中,处理压力是最重要的影响因素,温度次之,最后是保压时间。通过数据分析得出杀菌的最优工艺条件为处理压力400MPa、保压时间5min、协同温度30℃,在此条件下处理,鱼肉肠的菌落总数减少了97.25%,大肠菌群、霉菌和酵母菌致死率可达100%,致病菌在超高压处理前后均未检出。     

热协同超高压处理对浑浊梨汁中微生物的影响

为探讨高压对浑浊梨汁中微生物的影响,对浑浊梨汁进行了200~600MPa处理及热协同高压处理,并对50℃协同320MPa处理的果汁分别在4、22和37℃下贮存了35d,然后测定了残余微生物数目。当压力升高到300MPa时检测不到霉菌和酵母菌,压力升高到400MPa时检测不到细菌。50℃协同400MPa和600MPa处理后,果汁中检测不到微生物。50℃协同320MPa保压10min可以全部杀灭或钝化混浊梨汁中的微生物,并且在整个储藏期内微生物数目比较稳定。储藏条件并未对超高压处理后果汁中微生物产生明显影响。     

超高压对苹果汁微生物和多酚氧化酶的影响

研究不同处理压力和保压处理时间对鲜榨苹果汁的杀菌和钝酶效果.结果表明,随着处理压力升高和保压时间延长,菌落总数、大肠菌群数和多酚氧化酶活性均下降显著.在压力达到400MPa,保压时间25 min时,菌落总数由9750 cfu/mL降低到80 cfu/mL,降低达2.5个对数,大肠菌群数由30 cfu/mL降低到0cfu/mL,多酚氧化酶活性降低了100％,符合美国FDA鲜榨果蔬汁非热力加工的安全营养要求和国家饮料食品卫生标准.     

超高压处理对牛初乳中微生物的影响

超高压技术不但能杀灭微生物,而且可以有效保留乳品中的营养成分.本实验主要以压力、时间、温度三个因素为变量,研究超高压处理对牛初乳中菌落总数和金黄色葡萄球菌的影响.结果表明,当压力为450MPa时,施压温度≥40℃,保压时间≥25min;当压力为500MPa时,施压温度≥40℃,保压时间≥15min;当压力为550MPa时,施压温度≥30℃,保压时间≥25min或施压温度≥35℃,保压时间≥15min,细菌总数和金黄色葡萄球菌的致死率均可达到100％.因此,超高压处理牛初乳,可杀灭其污染的微生物,保证生物安全性.     

超高压处理对百香果-火龙果复合饮料品质的影响及杀菌工艺优化

以未杀菌的复合饮料作为对照组,通过设定不同低高压压力组合、保压时间、低高压时间比和协同温度,采用单因素和正交试验对百香果-火龙果复合饮料进行超高压处理,测定其菌落总数、霉菌和酵母菌、pH、可溶性固形物、稳定系数和色差△E等各项指标的变化,研究超高压处理对复合饮料品质的影响并确定最佳杀菌工艺条件。试验结果表明,经低高压压力组合200 MPa/550MPa,保压时间12min,低高压时间比1 2,协同温度30℃的超高压处理后,能有效杀灭复合饮料中的微生物,同.时对复合饮料原有品质影响较小。     

超高压在涮肉调料中抑菌处理的应用

对于半固体膏状调味品,常规热力抑菌措施很难有效保障产品的安全。但是超高压杀菌技术实现了常温或较低温度下杀菌和灭酶,保证了食品的营养成分和感官特性。本实验尝试以涮肉调料为样本,探讨非热力抑菌技术在半固体膏状调味品生产的应用。采用Box-Behnken响应曲面法分析压力、温度、保压时间等三因素的交互影响,得出影响的主次顺序为:压力>温度>保压时间,压力330MPa,保压时间16min,温度37℃的条为最佳参数。其结果为菌落总数为18000cfu/g,大肠菌群数<3.0(MPN/100g)。本次试验大肠杆菌均未检测出超标情况,大肠菌群阴性,MPN/g<3.0。     

猕猴桃汁的超高压杀菌效果

探讨了热敏性纯猕猴桃汁在超高压处理过程中,存在的菌落总数和大肠菌群数随压强大小和加压时间变化的关系。试验结果表明,在常温下猕猴桃汁中的大肠菌群对压强的敏感性高于菌落总数。压强400MPa保压15min时,大肠菌群可全部杀灭,而菌落总数也可降至35cfu/mL,符合国家食品卫生标准的要求。     

高静压对桃汁杀菌、钝化酶活性的效果

研究在不同处理压力和时间条件下,高静压加工技术对桃汁中微生物(细菌总数、霉菌、酵母菌、大肠菌群)以及酶(多酚氧化酶、果胶甲基酯酶、脂肪氧化酶)的影响。结果表明:经400MPa、5min高静压处理即可完全杀灭桃汁中的微生物;在400MPa和500MPa条件下,桃汁中的多酚氧化酶和脂肪氧化酶的活性出现了不同程度的激活现象,但在600MPa时,随着处理时间的延长,其活性逐渐降低,经30min处理后,分别被钝化了0.7662和0.641。而果胶甲基酯酶在400、500、600MPa条件下,出现了不规律的激活或钝化现象。另外,研究表明在高静压加工前增加漂烫工艺,可以有效杀灭桃汁中的微生物及钝化酶活性。     

Comparison of aqueous commercial cleaners for effectiveness in removing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella muenchen from the surface of apples

Unpasteurized fruit juice and cider have been implicated in outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella infections, yet various processes used to clean and sanitize fruits before producing juice have not been thoroughly studied for their effectiveness in removing pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate cleaners used in the apple industry for their efficacy in removing E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella from the surface of apples. E. coli O157:H7 was transformed with green fluorescent protein plasmid (pGFP). In addition to encoding for the production of GFP, the plasmid also encodes for ampicillin resistance. S. muenchen was adapted to grow in media containing 50 microg/ml nalidixic acid. The use of ampicillin and nalidixic acid resistant strains enabled enumeration of the pathogen without interference by microflora naturally present on apples. Unwaxed Red Delicious cv. apples were surface inoculated with 8.58 log10 cfu of E. coli O157:H7 and 8.11 log10 cfu of S. muenchen. Five commercial apple cleaners were applied at concentrations and exposure times recommended by manufacturers. Populations of E. coli O157:H7, S. muenchen, aerobic mesophiles, and yeasts and molds on apples treated with cleaners and water (control) were determined. Compared to washing with water, treatment with cleaners removed or killed up to 2.86, 3.11, 2.48, and 0.73 log10 cfu of E. coli O157:H7, S. muenchen, aerobic mesophiles, and yeasts and molds per apple, respectively. There were differences in the effectiveness of cleaners in removing pathogens, but pH (2.0 and 12.0) and concentration (1% and 5%) of cleaner, and time of exposure (0.5-2 min) were not correlated with magnitude of reduction in population. The use of some types of cleaners commercially formulated for apples may contribute significantly in attaining target 5-log10 reductions of pathogens on the fruit intended for unpasteurized juice production or the fresh produce market.     

Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus helveticus in ovine milk subjected to high hydrostatic pressure.

Ovine milk, standardized to 6% fat, was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus CECT 534 and Lactobacillus helveticus CECT 414 at a concentration of 10(7) cfu/ml and treated by high hydrostatic pressure. Treatments consisted of combinations of pressure (200, 300, 400, 450, and 500 MPa), temperature (2, 10, 25, and 50 degrees C), and time (5, 10, and 15 min). Staphylococcus aureus was highly resistant to pressure; only pressurizations at 50 degrees C of 500 MPa for 15 min achieved reductions of > or = 7.3 log units. For L. helveticus, the number of surviving cells was reduced considerably at pressures of 400 MPa or more (up to 4.5 log units at 50 degrees C for 15 min), and pressure was more effective at low (2 and 10 degrees C) and moderately high (50 degrees C) temperatures than at room temperature (25 degrees C). Both species showed first-order kinetics of destruction in the range 0 to 60 min. The D values for S. aureus were 20 min (2 degrees C at 450 MPa) and 16.7 min (25 degrees C at 450 MPa), and D values for L. helveticus were 7.1 min (2 degrees C at 450 MPa) and 9.1 min (25 degrees C at 450 MPa). Lactobacillus helveticus showed higher rates of survival of pressure than those reported in previous studies for other Lactobacillus spp.     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Muenchen on apples as affected by application of commercial fruit waxes

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Muenchen, and yeasts and molds on apples as affected by application of five commercial apple waxes was investigated. Red Delicious cv. apples at 21 degrees C were spot inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen and spray coated with waxes. Apples sprayed with water served as controls. Apples were dried at either 21 or 55 degrees C for 2 min before subjecting to microbiological analysis after storage for 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks at 2 or 21 degrees C. Drying temperature did not significantly influence populations of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen. Waxing reduced populations E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen by up to 1.48 log10 cfu/apple. Compared to untreated apples, treatment of apples with water or waxes resulted in significant (P < or = 0.05) reductions in populations of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Muenchen during storage at 2 degrees C. Reductions on waxed apples stored at 21 degrees C were not as marked compared to reductions on waxed apples stored at 2 degrees C. With the exception of one wax, drying temperature did not significantly influence populations of yeasts and molds. Mold populations were less affected by wax applications than were yeasts, and were detected in higher numbers on apples treated with three of the five waxes compared to populations recovered from untreated control apples. None of the waxes evaluated can be relied upon to kill or remove E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on apples.     

超高压处理诸因素对辣根过氧化物酶活力的影响

目的:研究超高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶活力的影响。方法:实验压力为0.1～500MPa,温度为20～60℃,保压时间为5～30min,酶溶液pH7.0。结果:①在常压常温条件下,在酶溶液为pH7.0时酶活力最大,为其最适酸碱度。②在处理温度为40℃、保压时间为10min和酶溶液pH7.0的条件下,压力对酶活力有显著影响;在100MPa附近的低压处理时,酶活力会反常升高;大于400MPa处理时,酶活力下降趋势缓慢。③在处理压力为500MPa、保压时间为10min、酶溶液pH7.0条件下,在40℃以下的温度范围内,酶的活力下降趋势缓慢;40℃以后,酶活力随温度升高下降迅速。④在500MPa、40℃、pH值为7.0的条件下,保压25min辣根过氧化物酶的残留活力接近最低水平,进一步延长保压时间对酶的活力影响甚微;保压时间不是影响酶活力的主要因素。结论:超高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶活力影响显著;压力、温度和保压时间对酶活力均产生较大影响。     

Effect of a simple chlorine dioxide method for controlling five foodborne pathogens, yeasts and molds on blueberries

The effect of aqueous chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) on controlling foodborne pathogens, yeasts, and molds on blueberries was studied. Five pathogens were spot-inoculated on the skin of blueberries. A sachet containing necessary chemicals for generation of ClO(2) was used to provide 320 ppm of ClO(2) in 7.5 l of water. The efficacy of different concentrations (1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 ppm) of ClO(2) and various contact times (10s; 1, 5, 10, 20, 30 min; and 1h and 2h) were studied. ClO(2) was most effective in reducing Listeria monocytogenes (4.88 log cfu/g) as compared to the other pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reduced by 2.16 log cfu/g after 5 min when treated with 15 ppm of ClO(2). Relatively short treatment time was more effective in reducing Salmonella Typhimurium than longer treatment time for most concentrations. The highest reduction (4.56 log cfu/g) of Staphylococcus aureus was achieved with 15 ppm of ClO(2) for 30 min. When treated for 2h with 5 ppm of ClO(2), Yersinia enterocolitica was reduced by 3.49 log cfu/g. Fifteen ppm of ClO(2) reduced natural yeasts and molds by 2.82 log cfu/g after 1h. Concentrations of ClO(2) decreased over time. When exposed to blueberries, ClO(2) concentrations were further reduced, showing significant degradation.