短时升温在果实贮藏上应用

温度是影响果实代谢过程、品质与贮藏寿命的重要因子，应用短时升温处理技术延缓果实衰老和控制采后病害是近年来果实保鲜领域研究热点。本文归纳了短时升温在果实贮藏上应用，热处理方法及常见果品短时升温最佳处理温度、时间。     

不同出库温度对马水桔乙醇含量的影响

研究了冷藏后不同出库温度对马水桔果实乙醇含量的影响。结果表明:在获得较低的果实贮藏保鲜腐烂率的情况下,经每隔2 h升温2℃让冷藏库缓慢升温到室温贮藏条件下,马水桔中乙醇含量处于较低水平,使出库果实保持了良好的风味。     

石榴贮藏期间间歇升温处理对果实品质的影响

以陕西临潼净皮甜石榴为试材,研究了间歇升温处理对石榴果实贮藏期间品质变化的影响。结果表明:石榴在(5.0±0.5)℃条件下贮藏,每隔6 d在(15±0.5)℃下间歇升温处理24 h,能有效保持果粒可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量和可滴定酸含量,减缓果皮褐变指数升高速率,降低果实腐烂率,贮藏120 d果实外观色泽鲜艳.籽粒感官品质良好,保鲜效果理想。     

两种间歇升温方式对李果实冷害抑制的效果比较

间歇升温是减轻核果类果实冷害的一项有效技术。本研究比较了间歇9d和14d两种升温方式对低温贮藏期间"红宝石"李冷害发生程度、细胞膜透性和品质的影响。结果表明,两种间歇升温方式均显著降低了果实冷害,经49d贮藏后,两种间歇处理的果实冷害指数和褐变指数均为对照的一半。但两种间歇处理之间差异不大。14d间歇还更好地维持了果实细胞膜的透性,延缓了丙二醛含量的增加和可滴定酸含量的降低。由此表明,14d间歇更适宜于减轻"红宝石"李的果实冷害,维持果实品质。     

1-甲基环丙烯在抑制果实衰老软化方面的应用

1-甲基环丙烯是一种乙烯作用抑制剂,可以延缓果实采后衰老与软化,提高果实的贮藏品质和货架寿命。概括了1-甲基环丙烯抑制果实衰老软化的作用效果及常见果品1-MCP处理的最佳温度、时间,展望了1-MCP在果实贮藏保鲜上的应用现状及前景。     

高浓度CO2处理对采后甜樱桃果实生理代谢的影响

以"8-102"品种甜樱桃为研究材料,对高浓度CO2处理不同时间(48、96、144h)后的甜樱桃果实的呼吸强度、果实颜色以及相关酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,不同时间的高浓度CO2处理均不同程度地抑制了果实的PPO活性,尤其短时高浓度CO2处理明显地延缓了果皮的着色过程,抑制了果实的呼吸强度和PPO、POD酶活性以及降低了MDA含量,减轻了果实的褐变程度,贮藏后期果实保持较好的贮藏品质。     

短时高浓度二氧化碳处理对冰温贮藏期间葡萄果实软化生理的影响

以‘乍娜’葡萄为试材,考察冰温贮藏条件下不同高浓度外源CO2处理对贮藏过程中葡萄好果率、硬度及软化生理指标的影响,分析各指标间的相关性,以期为葡萄新型无硫保鲜技术的开发提供切实的方法和理论依据。结果表明,10%CO2能够使冰温贮藏过程中葡萄好果率和果实硬度保持在较高水平,有效抑制果实原果胶含量的下降及多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、纤维素酶(Cx)及β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性的升高;贮藏过程中,葡萄果实好果率与果实硬度呈极显著正相关,果实硬度与原果胶含量呈极显著正相关,与PG和β-Gal活性呈极显著负相关。由此可见,适宜浓度短时CO2处理可通过调控葡萄果实中软化相关生理机制,从而抑制果实软化,提高果实贮藏品质。     

间歇升温对香蕉李贮藏中生理生化变化的影响

以香蕉李为试材,研究了不同的间歇升温对低温下贮藏的李果实生理生化的影响。结果显示:对照果在冷藏20d时,呼吸强度和乙烯释放量逐渐增加,相对电导率明显上升;说明冷害已经开始启动,而且随着贮藏时间的延长,冷害指数显著增大,冷害程度明显加剧,果实正常后熟过程受阻。经过间歇升温的果实,果皮逐渐由绿变黄,再由黄转红而逐渐完成后熟过程。间歇升温到10℃虽然对冷害症状有所缓解,但李果实更易成熟老化,可溶性固形物含量快速下降,呼吸强度明显高于冷害果,膜透性增加最快,贮藏后期老化的果实更易发生冷害。而间歇升温到18℃的李果实呼吸强度、膜透性、贮藏初期的乙烯释放量明显受到抑制,可溶性固形物含量较高,冷害指数显著下降,说明间歇升温到18℃能有效地抑制李果实冷害的发生,延缓了李果实的衰老进程,保持了李果实良好的贮藏品质。     

间歇升温对采后香蕉李贮藏中酶促褐变的影响

以香蕉李为试材,研究不同的间歇升温对低温贮藏的李果实酶促褐变的影响。结果表明,李果实在冷藏20d 时启动冷害,多酚含量和PPO 活性逐渐下降,冷害指数显著增大,果实正常后熟过程受阻。同时,低温胁迫诱导了SOD 活性的增加,而冷害又激发CAT 或POD 活性的上升,说明受冷害果实的保护酶系统在抵抗逆境胁迫方面具有一定的协同作用。随着贮藏时间的延长,MDA 含量逐渐上升,冷害和褐变程度加剧。而间歇升温提高了SOD、POD 和CAT 的活性,抑制了活性氧的积累,减弱了膜脂过氧化的程度,延缓了冷害的发生,特别是间歇升温到18℃抑制冷害的效果更好,促进果实逐渐后熟,延迟了果实的衰老进程。而间歇升温到10℃贮藏前期虽然对冷害症状有所缓解,但果实成熟老化速度较快,贮藏后期老化的果实不耐低温贮藏,导致冷害加剧,果实褐变现象严重。     

微波处理对货架期石榴品质的影响

利用微波炉对采后石榴果实进行辐照处理,研究处理后果实在货架期的生理变化及贮藏品质。结果表明：10～20s 短时微波处理可抑制果皮多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,减轻果实的褐变程度,保持果皮较高的多酚含量,减缓可滴定酸(TA)含量降低的速度,较好的保持了可溶性固形物含量(SSC)。10～20s 是适宜的微波处理时间,超过20s会产生热伤害,加重果实褐变。     

Effect of yeast antagonist in combination with heat treatment on postharvest blue mold decay and Rhizopus decay of peaches

The potential of using heat treatment alone or in combination with an antagonistic yeast for the control of blue mold decay and Rhizopus decay of peaches caused by Penicillium expansum and Rhizopus stolonifer respectively, and in reducing natural decay development of peach fruits, as well as its effects on postharvest quality of fruit was investigated. In vitro tests, spore germination of pathogens in PDB was greatly controlled by the heat treatment of 37 degrees C for 2 d. In vivo test to control blue mold decay of peaches, heat treatment and antagonist yeast, as stand-alone treatments, were capable of reducing the percentage of infected wounds from 92.5% to 52.5% and 62.5%, respectively, when peach fruits stored at 25 degrees C for 6 d. However, in fruit treated with combination of heat treatment and Cryptococcus laurentii, the percentage of infected wounds of blue mold decay was only 22.5%. The test of using heat treatment alone or in combination with C. laurentii to control Rhizopus decay of peaches gave a similar result. The application of heat treatment and C. laurentii resulted in low average natural decay incidences on peaches after storage at 4 degrees C for 30 days and 20 degrees C for 7 days ranging from 40% to 30%, compared with 20% in the control fruit. The combination of heat treatment and C. laurentii was the most effective treatment, and the percentage of decayed fruits was 20%. Heat treatment in combination with C. laurentii had no significant effect on firmness, TSS, ascorbic acid or titratable acidity compared to control fruit. Thus, the combination of heat treatment and C. laurentii could be an alternative to chemicals for the control of postharvest decay on peach fruits.     

采用响应曲面法研究热处理对鲜切荸荠色泽的影响

本研究以荸荠为原料,采取中心复合旋转试验设计,研究不同的热处理温度、热处理时间以及不同贮藏时间对鲜切荸荠冷藏过程中色泽的影响。通过响应曲面法建立热处理对鲜切荸荠变黄度、a*值和b*值的二次多项数学模型,对其显著性、拟合程度等进行分析,同时利用模型的响应面及等高线对影响鲜切荸荠品质的关键因素及其相互作用进行了探讨。结果表明：热处理温度以及热处理温度和贮藏时间的交互作用对鲜切荸荠贮藏期的色泽影响显著;防止鲜切荸荠褐变的较优处理条件为：热处理温度52～55℃,热处理时间20～22min,贮藏时间3d。     

IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CANNED PEACHES AND THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING VARIABLES

The texture profile of canned peach fruits was studied using magnitude estimation as a scaling method. Their sensory characteristics were assessed using as a modulus either a model fruit or a real fruit sample. The sequence of appearance of the textural characteristics was determined during 4 stages of assessment (nonoral, first bite, during mastication, after effects). Four different varieties of peach fruits were canned and the effect of four processing variables (level of heat treatment, degree of ripeness, sugar concentration in the processing liquid and hardness of the processing liquid) on the texture profile of the fruits was examined. The results showed that an increase in the severity of the heat treatment and the degree of ripeness of the fruit resulted in a decrease in the firmness, crunchiness and chewiness of the canned fruit. Fibrousness was similarly affected but to a lesser extent. Freshness and juiciness were also negatively affected by these variables. An increase in the sugar concentration and hardness of the processing liquid resulted in an increase in the firmness, crunchiness and chewiness of the canned fruit. Fibrousness, freshness and juiciness were similarly affected but to a lesser extent.     

Combination of heat treatment and chitosan coating to improve postharvest quality of wolfberry (Lycium barbarum)

The synergistic application of hot water dip at 42 °C for 30 min and 1% chitosan coating on differentiation in postharvest quality traits, microstructure as well as microbiological evolution of wolfberry fruits was investigated. Fresh wolfberry fruits were stored at 2 ± 0.5 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) for 28 days. Results indicated the combination of prestorage heat treatment and chitosan coating maintained higher levels of ascorbic acid, total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity as well as lower decay, compared with untreated wolfberry fruits. The possible mechanism was that the heat treatment almost sealed open stomata to limit the sites of pathogen penetration into fruits independently, followed by the biofilm formed by chitosan which controlled secondary infections as well as slowed changes in fruit respiration and metabolic activity in wolfberries. The synergistically treated fruit also exhibited a higher acceptability obtained by sensory analysis after cold storage. In this sense, the integrated application of heat treatment and chitosan coating could be regarded as an effective strategy to extend storage life and maintain the postharvest quality of wolfberry fruits.     

桃果实冷害发生机理及御冷措施研究进展

桃果实因其呼吸跃变的特点,采后在室温下会出现呼吸高峰与乙烯释放高峰,极易腐烂,不耐贮藏。冷藏是延长桃果实贮藏期的最有效方法之一,但由于桃果实的冷敏性,长期的不适低温易使桃产生冷害,引起果肉革质化、组织絮败、褐变、固有风味损失等品质劣变问题,成为桃产业健康发展的重要影响因素。本文综述了目前桃果实采后冷害发生的机理的研究进展,总结了冷害对桃果实细胞膜、细胞壁代谢、抗氧化系统及精氨酸代谢的影响,并针对相关机制归纳了桃果实采后冷害控制技术,旨在为桃果实采后保鲜研究和应用提供理论与技术依据。     

钙和热激处理对无花果的采后生理效应和保鲜效果

钙和热激处理是目前公认的绿色环保型保鲜处理手段。对无花果采用6%CaCl2溶液或43℃热水处理,然后1℃环境中贮存,能使果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量明显降低,并能较好地维持SOD活性,抑制MDA的生成。热处理能显著降低果实腐烂率,钙处理在维持果实硬度方面效果很好。整体比较,热处理的保鲜效果优于钙处理。     

热处理对鲜切果蔬品质影响的研究进展

鲜切果蔬方便、营养的特性越来越受到加工者和消费者的重视和青睐,然而短暂的货架期已成为限制鲜切果蔬发展的瓶颈难题。为了在保证其食用安全性的前提下,延长鲜切果蔬的货架期,有必要寻找或开发更为环保和安全的鲜切果蔬加工方法,来取代氯水清洗或其他化学试剂在果蔬去皮、切块、清洗等工序中的使用。热处理是一种传统的物理保鲜方法,而将热处理技术应用在鲜切果蔬贮藏保鲜是近年来的研究热点。为此,本文概括了热处理和热处理与其他技术相结合对鲜切果蔬感官品质、营养品质和安全品质的影响,同时归纳了热处理对鲜切果蔬保鲜的机理。以期为热处理应用于鲜切果蔬的贮藏保鲜和提高鲜切果蔬的食用安全提供参考。     

Cyanogenesis in Canned Stone Fruits

The amount of cyanogenic glycosides in seeds and pulp of stone fruits, and the HCN content in heat processed unstoned fruit have shown that the decisive factors affecting HCN concentration in canned unstoned fruits are the glycoside content of raw fruits and the conditions of heat processing. Enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosides during canning is the main source of HCN in fruit products. HCN contents found in canned fruits (0-4 mg-kg^?1) were not acutely toxic, but are not negligible.     

预温处理对草莓贮藏保鲜效果的影响

本试验从草莓果实贮藏期间的腐烂率入手,研究了不同贮前预温处理对草莓果实采后贮藏保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:预热处理后,无论是冷藏或室温贮藏,均以贮前50℃30min 处理的果实腐烂率最低;预冷处理后,室温贮藏条件下,以5℃30min处理的果实腐烂率最低;预冷处理和预热处理均能明显抑制果实 Vc 含量的下降。     

加热预处理对青梅低温贮藏品质的影响

将绿熟期青梅用30℃热风分别处理24、48h后,与无处理果实一起,在青梅冷害发生临界温度5℃下贮藏,通过测定贮藏期间青梅的乙烯生成量、呼吸速率以及主要化学成分的变化,探讨加热预处理对减轻青梅冷害的效果及对果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:经30℃-48h处理虽然在减轻冷害方面表现出一定效果,但该处理果实的硬度下降较快,外观颜色的黄化进展也明显快于30℃-24h处理和对照,且贮藏后期腐烂较严重,果实的贮藏期只有36d;30℃-24h加热预处理可有效抑制青梅冷害的发生,其它贮藏品质指标也较好,果实的贮藏期可达到50d,比无处理果延长了7d。