干腌火腿质量与安全控制研究进展

干腌火腿是传统腌腊肉制品.文章通过对干腌火腿以及其它腌腊肉制品传统加工工艺较为系统的分析,介绍了影响干腌火腿质量的因素,干腌火腿加工过程中质量安全方面存在的如含盐量高、苦味和脂肪氧化等缺陷,并结合国内外相关技术提出了解决这些问题的可行措施.     

干腌火腿的质量品质及研究现状

干腌火腿具有色泽鲜艳、香气浓郁、滋味鲜美、外形美观、保存期长等特色,是传统腌腊肉制品中的精华。文章系统阐述了衡量干腌火腿质量的品质指标、品质形成机理及干腌火腿的研究热点,以期为干腌火腿的质量评定及进一步研究提供借鉴。     

干腌火腿的质量分析及改善方法

干腌火腿是用猪的前、后腿经腌制和发酵等加工步骤制作而成的一种干腌肉制品.随着人们经济水平的提高,生产高质量的干腌火腿已成为市场必需.本文从风味、质地、色泽三个方面分析了干腌火腿的质量及其常见的问题,重点提出了对其质量加以改善的方法.     

低盐干腌火腿的加工

干腌火腿风味独特，深受消费者青睐，但传统干腌火腿含盐量高，对其消费量和食用者健康均有不利影响。从火腿的成熟机理出发，综述了低盐干腌火腿的研究近况，指出低盐干腌火腿加工应注意的问题。     

云南干腌火腿加工工艺及其品质影响因素研究进展

云南干腌火腿是一种重要的传统发酵肉制品,以猪后腿为原料,经腌制、风干、发酵等加工而成。云南干腌火腿主要有宣威火腿、撒坝火腿、三川火腿、老窝火腿、诺邓火腿及鹤庆火腿等,本文对云南干腌火腿加工工艺及干腌火腿品质影响因素进行综述,从原料肉、腌制条件、色泽及风味等几方面做了详细讨论,旨在为干腌火腿品质改进提供一定的理论参考。     

低盐干腌火腿的加工

干腌火腿风味独特,深受消费者青睐,但传统干腌火腿含盐量高,对其消费量和食用者健康均有不利影响。本文从火腿的成熟机理出发,综述了低盐干腌火腿的研究近况,指出低盐干腌火腿加工应注意的问题。     

基于CiteSpace的干腌火腿研究进展

目的：为全面了解“干腌火腿”研究现状，基于文献分析软件CiteSpace对干腌火腿的现状进行研究。方法：在Web of Science核心数据库中以“干腌火腿”为关键词检索2001—2020年的文献。利用CiteSpace软件从发表年份、国家、作者、关键词等方面对文献进行系统性分析。结果：Web of Science核心合集数据库中共检索到968篇可供分析的干腌火腿文献，西班牙贡献了一半以上的发文量。结论：干腌火腿的相关研究热点主要在肌肉、挥发性化合物、肉制品质量、蛋白质水解等方向，近几年的研究重点主要集中在盐含量，宏观方面则主要涉及到干腌火腿的风味、质地、微生物等。     

干腌火腿中的螨

干腌火腿中的螨主要是腐食酪螨和长食酪螨。改变制作过程中的温度和相对湿度对控制干腌火腿中的螨的作用不大,也会降低干腌火腿的品质。几种天然单萜类化合物对于控制干腌火腿中的螨具有很好的应用前景。     

意大利和西班牙火腿生产技术与金华火腿之对比及其启发

干腌火腿是指利用猪的后腿经过腌制和发酵等加工工艺制作而成的一种传统的干腌肉制品.本文通过对国内金华火腿与西班牙伊比利亚(Iberian)火腿、索拉娜(Serrano)火腿,意大利帕尔玛(Parma)火腿生产工艺的系统比较,分析金华火腿等国内干腌火腿存在的不足,如含盐量高、毒素残留与微生物腐败、脂肪氧化严重等,并结合国内外相关技术对这些问题提出了改进措施,旨在提高我国干腌火腿生产质量与销售产量,实现火腿的现代化生产.     

高品质干腌火腿关键加工技术

综述了传统干腌火腿的加工工艺特征,分析了传统干腌火腿加工的原理及关键加工工艺.提出了生产高品质干腌火腿的现代化加工方法.     

The effect of RN gene on yields and quality of extended cooked cured hams

The effect of RN(-) allele on minimally processed hams as manufactured in France is now well established. In the present study, meat from 35 rn(+) and 51 RN(-) pigs on the basis of their glycolytic potential (GP) was used to assess the effect of the RN(-) allele on a model system and on yields and quality of cooked hams cured with a 40% brine addition containing the most common meat processing ingredients. Quality parameters were also measured on the fresh loins and a glucose assay was carried out on meat juice from both hams and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles. With respect to GP, glucose content of LD juice gave the best prediction of RN status with 10% misclassified samples in comparison with 20% as determined from ham juice. Lower pH and higher drip loss and L* values were measured on the LD from RN(-) pigs (p?0.001). Technological yields obtained on the model system and on extended cooked cured hams were lower in meat from RN(-) pigs (p?0.001). However, pH value was more influential on the yield of the model system while protein content and particularly the amount of extractable sarcoplasmic proteins were more determinative on cured hams probably due to the effect of tumbling. All other quality traits were lower in hams from RN(-) pigs (p?0.001). Meat from RN(-) pigs can be used for the manufacture of extended cured products, but under similar processing technologies, quality and yield will remain inferior to what would provide pork of normal quality.     

Effect of Needle Tenderization on Salt Absorption, Yields, Composition and Palatability of Dry-Cured Hams Produced from Packer Style and Skinned Green Hams

The effects of needle tenderization on the curing processes and final cured ham properties of packer style and skinless hams were investigated. Skinless hams absorbed salt faster and lost weight faster than packer style hams. Needle tenderized hams also absorbed salt faster and had more weight loss than nontenderized hams in both the packer style and the skinless groups. Two months'aging resulted in excess dehydration and lowered quality in the skinless tenderized group. In skinless hams, curing, salt equalization and aging times were reduced so that acceptable, though mild flavored, hams that met the USDA requirements for weight loss and salt content were produced within 5 wk.     

Proteolysis,Texture, and Sensory Characteristics of Serrano Hams from Duroc and Large White Pigs during Dry‐Curing

Proteolysis, texture, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of Serrano hams from Duroc and Large White pigs at 5, 7, 9, 12, and 15 m of curing (3 hams per breed per curing time) were investigated. Higher concentrations of some sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins, peptides with molecular mass in the ranges 3700 to 12000 Da, 700 to 2000 Da, and below 450 Da, and total free amino acids were recorded for Large White hams, while hydrophobic peptides were at higher levels in Duroc hams. A 40 kDa peak in the low‐ionic‐strength soluble protein fraction and 2 peaks of 40 and 45 kDa in the high‐ionic‐strength soluble protein fraction found only in Duroc hams could be of use in discriminating products from different breeds. Physicochemical and textural characteristics of both types of hams evolved similarly during curing and differences in organoleptic traits between breeds were negligible. Flavor intensity and flavor quality of hams were strongly correlated to curing time, with r² values over 0.95 for flavor intensity and over 0.90 for flavor quality, and to the concentration of total free amino acids, with r² values over 0.90 for both flavor intensity and flavor quality. The sensory evaluation scores of Duroc hams, at least as high as those of Large White hams, make the production of high‐quality Serrano ham from pure breed Duroc pigs feasible. Practical Application: Duroc breed crosses are advantageous in the production of dry‐cured hams, resulting in higher marbling, enhanced flavor and lower processing losses, but the characteristics of pure breed Duroc hams have not been investigated. The similar evolution of the compositional, proteolytic, textural, and sensory characteristics of Serrano hams from Duroc and Large White pigs during dry‐curing recorded in the present work makes the production of high‐quality dry‐cured hams from pure breed Duroc pigs feasible. Three protein peaks found only in Duroc hams can be of use to discriminate products from different breeds.     

Effect of intensifying high‐temperature ripening on proteolysis,lipolysis and flavor of Jinhua ham

BACKGROUND: The flavor quality of dry‐cured ham comes from proteolysis, lipolysis and lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction and Strecker amino acid degradation. Intense proteolysis, lipolysis and lipid oxidation make major contributions to flavor development of dry‐cured ham. Increasing the temperature in fermenting and ripening could promote these reactions and accelerate flavor development in dry‐cured hams. The specific aroma flavor of Jinhua ham is developed only during long‐time high‐temperature ripening in July and August. Our objective was to effectively shorten the process time by intense high‐temperature ripening based on the flavor and quality features of traditional Jinhua ham. RESULTS: Muscle dehydration rate of 80‐day ripened hams (29.43 ± 1.16%) was higher than that of the traditional process (P < 0.05). The total free fatty acids in ripened hams of 45–80 days were all higher than that of traditional hams (P < 0.05) and the level of TBARS was significantly lower (P < 0.01). The flavor profile of modern‐processed hams was different from that of the traditional Jinhua ham. The contents of carboxylic acids and aldehydes were obviously higher than those of the traditional products (P < 0.05). The results of organoleptic evaluation for flavor and quality showed that 80‐day ripened hams reached the first‐grade level of traditional Jinhua ham. CONCLUSION: Long‐time (25–30 days) intensifying high‐temperature ripening (35–37 °C) could accelerate the proteolysis, lipolysis, lipids oxidation, flavor development and effectively shorten the process time based on the traditional flavor and quality features of dry‐cured ham. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Sensory and Texture Quality of Dry-Cured Ham as Affected by Endogenous Cathepsin B Activity and Muscle Composition

Hams were processed with standard cure adjuncts under two drying temperatures and analyzed after aging for 7 mo. Dried hams revealed that flavor and texture traits were affected by moisture and nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) content and that NPN was enhanced by greater cathepsin B activity, lower salt levels and higher temperature. Two major defects of dry-cured ham, mushy mouthfeel and surface white film, occurred in about 15% of samples. Most of these hams had abnormal NPN values and were shown to originate from meat with high enzyme activity and low protein content. We concluded that this type of meat is prone to uncontrolled proteolysis and related undesired traits, and to be a potential hazard in dry-cured hams cured with less salt.     

Pig sire type and sex effects on carcass traits,meat quality and physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Serrano dry‐cured ham

This study demonstrates that improvements in animal line selection by breeding enterprises exert a strong effect on carcass traits, meat quality and sensory characteristics of Serrano dry‐cured ham. A total of 461 pigs from the offspring of a Duroc (DU) × Landrace (LD) sow mated with two DU boars and a DU × Large White (LW) boar from three breeding enterprises were evaluated. The two DU terminal sires were significantly different (P < 0.05) in carcass conformation, backfat thickness, ham and loin yields, raw ham traits, myoglobin concentration and total pigments formed during the curing process; in addition, the two lines provided different percentages of hams (54 vs 91%) with sufficient subcutaneous fat and weight to manufacture dry‐cured Serrano hams using a slow ripening process (11 months). The DU × LW sire had the best carcass and ham traits from an economic standpoint and obtained highest scores for sensory characteristics of Serrano ham evaluated by a trained panel test; furthermore, this line provided 84% of total hams suitable for manufacturing Serrano hams by a slow process. When the sex effect was analysed, carcass and ham traits of females were more favourable, but females presented a higher incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat and a lower percentage of hams with sufficient subcutaneous fat and weight to produce Serrano hams using a slow ripening process (61% for females and 91% for castrates). On the other hand, castrates provided Serrano hams cured by a slow procedure with better organoleptic characteristics than females. Right and left hams were similar. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phenotypic correlations among quality traits of fresh and dry-cured hams

In this study, fresh and processing quality traits were collected on a total of 312 Country Hams. Phenotypic correlations between traits were estimated and numerous values were significantly different (P<0.05) from zero. Yield was significantly correlated with several fresh pork quality traits measured on the fresh hams, including subjective color (0.34) and lipid percentage (0.32). Some meat color traits were significantly correlated, including associations between the color scores taken on the fresh and cured hams. Correlations between fresh pork quality traits were also determined, with results showing significant correlations between ultimate pH and other pork quality traits. The results indicate that yield can be maximized if hams with good fresh pork quality parameters are used for curing. The correlations estimates are helpful for understanding of the biological mechanisms behind the production of dry-cured hams and can potentially be used to improve the efficiency of the dry-cured ham production chain.     

FRESH AND PROCESSED QUALITIES OF COUNTRY-STYLE CURED HAMS FROM PUREBRED DUROC AND GENETICALLY UNDEFINED MARKET HOGS

The objective of this study was to determine country-style processing differences between hams from purebred Duroc market hogs and market hogs of unknown genetic makeup. Genetically undefined hams purchased from commercial suppliers were sampled the same day as hams from Duroc market hogs. Processing and curing followed standard commercial procedures. After curing, hams were weighed and sliced using a band saw. Slices from the approximate center of the ham were utilized to evaluate cured objective color, moisture content, pH, and salt content. There were no significant differences in cured ham yield between Duroc and genetically undefined market hogs. Intramuscular fat content was greater (P< 0.05) in hams from Duroc market hogs when compared to the hams from genetically undefined pigs. Subjective color, marbling and firmness scores were higher (P< 0.05) in hams from Duroc pigs. Objective color evaluation of cured, center-slices favored the hams from Duroc market hogs.     

CATHEPTIC ENZYME ACTIVITY IN AGED COUNTRY-STYLE HAMS AS INFLUENCED BY PRE-CURING TREATMENT

Chemical composition and catheptic activity were determined in fresh chilled hams and four lots of cured hams subjected to different pre-curing treatments. Hams were sampled after aging (storage) of 2, 4 and 6 months at 29 °C. Moisture decreased, while protein, salt and free amino acid concentrations increased with aging time of cured hams, but treatment effects were similar. Frozen, thawed cured hams aged for 2 months exhibited the highest specific enzyme activity but decreased in enzyme activity after 4 and 6 months of aging. Free amino acid concentration after aging was higher in hams frozen 1–3 yr (= 2.3) at −29 °C than for those frozen 0 or 2 days.