高压热水-复合酶提取香菇多糖工艺研究

为提高香菇多糖提取率及质量,采用高压热水协同纤维素酶、果胶酶、菠萝蛋白酶的方法对香菇多糖进行提取。通过单因素及正交试验,研究了复合酶浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间、酶解pH四个因素对香菇多糖提取率的影响。研究显示:复合酶(1∶1∶1)浓度为3.25%,酶解温度40℃,酶解时间2.0h,酶解pH 4.5,在此条件下,香菇多糖的提取达到3.78%。     

超声波协同复合酶法提取香菇多糖的工艺优化

优化超声波协同复合酶法提取香菇中多糖成分的工艺。以香菇多糖提取率为评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳提取工艺参数。结果表明,超声波提取优化工艺条件为:料液比1∶15(g/mL),超声温度70℃,超声时间12 min。在此最佳超声提取条件下香菇多糖提取率为8.97%。在超声波优化的基础上,进行复合酶处理,最佳酶解工艺参数为:酶解时间50 min,复合酶(木瓜蛋白酶∶纤维素酶∶果胶酶=1∶1∶1,质量比)添加量3%,酶解温度60℃,酶解pH5.5,在此优化条件下香菇多糖提取率为12.46%。     

超声波辅助复合酶法提取松茸多糖的工艺研究

以松茸多糖得率为评价指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳提取工艺参数。结果表明,超声波提取优化工艺条件为超声温度90 ℃,料液比1∶15（g∶mL）,超声时间10 min。在此最佳超声提取条件下松茸多糖得率为11.18%。在超声波优化结果的基础上,进行复合酶处理,最佳酶解工艺参数为酶解温度50 ℃,酶解时间60 min,复合酶（木瓜蛋白酶∶纤维素酶∶果胶酶为1∶1∶1）添加量4.0%,酶解pH值6.0,此优化条件下松茸多糖得率为19.56%。复合酶超声辅助法比超声波法提取松茸多糖提高了8.38%。结果表明,复合酶超声辅助提取法提取松茸多糖是一种科学有效的方法,可显著提高松茸多糖得率。     

复合酶解法优化黄精多糖提取工艺

采用复合酶解法优化黄精多糖提取工艺,苯酚-浓硫酸显色法测定黄精多糖质量浓度,以黄精多糖提取率为指标,对复合酶种类和配比进行筛选后,在单因素试验基础上,考察酶解温度、pH、料液比、加酶量对提取率的影响,并通过正交试验进行优化。结果表明,复合酶提取优于单酶提取和普通水提。酶用量配比为纤维素酶:木瓜蛋白酶=3∶7。酶解最佳条件为:pH值5.0,酶解温度50℃,料液比(g/mL)1∶20,加酶量1.5 g/dL,即纤维素酶0.45 g/dL,木瓜蛋白酶1.05 g/dL,酶解2 h后,沸水浸提2 h。在此工艺条件下,黄精多糖提取率可达21.55%,是普通水提法得率的2.75倍,比单酶水解高出12.06%。     

超声波辅助酶法提取北五味子多糖工艺研究

建立了超声波辅助复合酶(纤维素酶/蛋白酶/果胶酶=1∶1∶1)提取北五味子多糖的方法。以多糖的提取率为研究指标,通过设计正交试验和响应面优化试验,对超声波辅助复合酶法提取北五味子多糖的工艺进行了优化。确定最佳工艺条件为酶解温度45℃,缓冲液pH 4.6,复合酶用量2%,酶解时间为2.0h,超声波功率166W,萃取温度56℃,萃取时间39 min。在此最佳条件下,北五味子多糖提取量达到105.36mg/g。超声波辅助复合酶法应用到多糖的提取领域,节省了时间,降低了溶剂消耗,且明显提高了多糖的提取率,该法操作方便,简单易行,为北五味子多糖工业化生产提取提供了理论依据。     

超声辅助酶法提取柚子皮多糖工艺的响应面优化

以柚子皮为原料,采用超声辅助酶法提取柚子皮多糖。为提高柚子皮多糖提取率,通过响应面法对提取条件进行优化。实验结果表明:柚子皮多糖的最适提取条件为料液比1∶30 g/mL、pH6、加酶量为1.7%、纤维素酶与果胶酶之比1∶1、酶解时间1.2 h、酶解温度50 ℃、超声时间29 min、超声温度70 ℃。在此条件下,柚子皮多糖的平均提取率为82.4%,得率为27.3%,得到的粗多糖纯度46.2%。     

黑皮鸡枞菌多糖提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以黑皮鸡枞菌子实体为试验材料,研究复合酶法提取黑皮鸡枞菌多糖的最佳工艺条件,并测定黑皮鸡枞菌多糖的抗氧化活性。分别考察复合酶比例、液料比、复合酶添加量、酶解温度、酶解pH、酶解时间对多糖提取率的影响,根据单因素试验结果,设计响应面试验优化提取工艺。通过测定DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率评价黑皮鸡枞菌多糖的抗氧化活性。黑皮鸡枞菌多糖提取条件确定为：以纤维素酶∶果胶酶∶木瓜蛋白酶为4∶3∶3制备复合酶,复合酶添加量3.0%,液料比47∶1 (mL/g),酶解温度54℃,酶解pH 7.5,酶解时间73 min,此时,多糖提取率达18.75%。黑皮鸡枞菌多糖浓度为4.0 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率分别达93.44%、47.58%,表现出较强的抗氧化活性。复合酶提取黑皮鸡枞菌多糖的方法具有较高的多糖提取率及抗氧化活性。该方法可以为黑皮鸡枞菌多糖的开发和利用提供理论依据和新的思路。     

莼菜多糖的提取工艺优化研究

该文研究高压脉冲电场耦合复合酶法提取莼菜多糖最佳工艺条件。以莼菜多糖提取率为指标,采用单因素试验和正交试验,确定最佳工艺参数。结果表明,高压脉冲电场提取最佳工艺参数为：料液比1∶30（g/mL）,提取时间40 min,电场强度25 kV/cm,脉冲数6。在此条件下莼菜多糖提取率为10.75%。在高压脉冲电场提取后,再耦合复合酶法提取,最佳酶解工艺参数为：复合酶（木瓜蛋白酶∶纤维素酶∶果胶酶为1∶1∶1,质量比）添加量2.5%,酶解pH4.5,酶解时间60 min,酶解温度40℃,在此优化条件下莼菜多糖提取率为12.27%。与单一的高压脉冲电场提取相比,高压脉冲电场耦合复合酶法提取莼菜多糖的提取率明显提高,为莼菜多糖的提取提供一种新的方法。     

超声波辅助酶法优化黄精多糖提取工艺的研究

该文主要以始兴黄精为原料,纯净水为提取溶剂,采用超声波辅助酶法提取黄精多糖,通过单因素试验研究复合酶添加量、酶解时间、酶解温度和料液比等因素对黄精多糖提取率的影响,并对其最佳工艺进行正交试验优化。结果表明,超声波辅助酶法提取黄精多糖的最佳工艺条件为:复合酶添加量6%、酶解温度65℃、酶解时间55 min、料液比1∶30(g/mL),在此工艺条件下得到黄精多糖的提取率为25.63%。     

超声辅助复合酶法提取桑黄多糖

探索超声辅助复合酶法提取桑黄多糖的最佳工艺。以多糖提取收率为指标,对超声时间、复合酶用量、作用时间、酶解温度及pH进行单因素试验研究。结果表明:超声辅助复合酶法提取桑黄多糖的最佳条件为超声时间300s、固定pH 4.0,应用2.0%的木瓜蛋白酶、果胶酶和纤维素酶50℃酶解90min后,多糖得率可达1.46%。该提取工艺多糖提取收率高,可应用于实际生产。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.