不同方法促熟干酪成熟期间微生物及氨基酸研究

以0、15、30、45、60、75、90 d促熟干酪中主要微生物（乳杆菌、乳球菌、肠球菌、微球菌）和游离氨
基酸含量为指标,研究添加复合处理发酵剂和中性蛋白酶促熟干酪成熟过程对游离氨基酸和微生物菌落数的影响。
结果表明,添加处理发酵剂和中性蛋白酶可增加干酪中游离氨基酸含量,添加处理发酵剂可不同程度降低干酪中微
生物菌落数,添加中性蛋白酶对干酪成熟过程中微生物影响不明显（P＞0.05）。     

溶菌酶处理发酵剂加速干酪成熟的研究

以pH、蛋白质降解、脂肪酸含量变化及干酪的感官特征为指标,研究了溶菌酶处理发酵剂对干酪成熟的影响。结果表明:实验组干酪的pH在整个成熟期处于对照组1(添加2%发酵剂)干酪和对照组2(添加2.5%发酵剂)的pH之间,表明通过溶菌酶处理发酵剂可明显抑制干酪成熟期间的产酸量;添加溶菌酶处理发酵剂可加速干酪中蛋白质分解和乳脂肪的降解;感官评价结果表明,添加溶菌酶处理发酵剂可提高干酪风味,在相同的成熟时间实验组干酪的质地也较对照组好。     

干酪成熟过程中发酵剂的作用

介绍干酪成熟过程中乳酸菌发酵剂及二级发酵剂的作用,包括在干酪风味、质地、加速干酪成熟、产生抗菌素及营养和颜色等多方面作用,同时分析成熟期间发酵剂控制不当会引起的负面作用,提出应用具有选择性的发酵剂或经遗传修饰的发酵剂生产干酪具有较强的应用前景。     

干酪成熟过程中的微生物变化

干酪的成熟过程，是在添加酶及各种微生物的协同作用下完成的。干酪中的微生物，不仅有我们人为添加的发酵微生物，而且还含有残活在巴氏杀菌原料乳中的以及在制造和成熟过程中污染的微生物。在这些微生物的共同作用下，参与干酪成熟过程中的物理、化学以及感官性能的变化     

促进干酪陕速成熟方法的研究进展

干酪的成熟对其风味和质地有极大影响,且成熟时间的长短又涉及生产成本和企业效益.本文从干酪的成熟原理出发,深入探究了提高成熟温度、添加外源酶和附属发酵剂等方法加快干酪成熟的机理,以及对干酪感官品质的影响,为干酪的快速成熟提供理论依据.     

非发酵剂乳酸菌A-3和D-3对半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的影响

目的获得加速半硬质山羊奶干酪成熟的非发酵剂乳酸菌菌株(non-starterlacticacidbacteria,NSLAB)。方法以前期分离自地中海地区山羊奶干酪中的2株优良NSLAB菌株为研究对象,测定其对干酪成熟过程中组成成分、微生物菌群、蛋白质水解和质构的影响。结果添加NSLAB菌株对干酪组成成分没有显著影响, NSLAB菌株没有影响乳球菌生长,在干酪成熟期间pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN逐渐增加,且添加NSLAB的干酪在成熟30 d后显著增加了pH 4.6-SN和12%TCA-SN含量, 5%PTASN/TN的增加主要是由于乳酸菌中肽酶作用的结果, SDS-PAGE电泳结果说明添加NSLAB菌株的干酪中小分子多肽含量明显比对照干酪多,RP-HPLC分析得出干酪水溶性中肽的数量随着成熟时间增加。添加NSLAB菌株A-3没有改变干酪的硬度,使干酪的弹性增加。结论添加菌株A-3作为NSLAB的干酪样品中微生物自溶率高,蛋白水解程度强,质构性能良好,具有加速干酪成熟的潜力,是山羊奶干酪工业化生产的优良NSLAB。     

干酪成熟过程的微生物变化

干酪的成熟过程，是在添加酶及各种微生物的协同作用下完成的。干酪中的微生物，不仅有我们人为添加的发酵微生物，而且还含有残活在巴氏杀菌原料乳中的以及在制造和成熟过程中污染的微生物。在这些微生物的共同作用下，参与干酪成熟过程中的物理，化学以及感官性能的变化。     

干酪促熟附属发酵剂的研究进展

干酪成熟时间较长且费用较高,干酪促熟成为降低生产成本的有效途径之一。干酪促熟常用的方法有酶法、修饰发酵剂细胞、提高成熟温度、高压处理等,但均存在一定的不足,限制了其在干酪工业中的应用。非发酵剂乳酸菌可促进干酪风味的形成并加速成熟．已成为干酪促熟方法的研究热点之一。介绍了干酪生产及成熟过程中微生物的作用,特别介绍了干酪附属发酵剂发展的原由并综述了其在干酪成熟过程中研究进展。     

驼乳干酪的工艺优化及成熟期间的理化特性

研究了驼乳干酪最佳加工工艺及成熟期间理化和微生物指标的变化。确定了驼乳干酪的最佳工艺参数:发酵剂的添加量为0.006%,CaC12的添加量为0.03 g/L,pH值为6.1,凝乳酶的添加量为0.06 g/L,凝乳温度为35℃。驼乳干酪的干物质质量分数约为45%,随成熟时间的延长,驼乳干酪的蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖、水分,质量分数下降;硬度、咀嚼性升高,但黏着性和弹性降低;pH4.6-SN的质量分数、12%TCA-SN和5%PTA-SN的质量分数都有不同程度的上升;发酵剂乳酸菌数在逐渐降低,非发酵剂活菌数却在逐渐增高。     

Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中菌相变化规律的研究

为了研究Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中发酵剂菌种对干酪成熟的影响,本试验制作了模拟干酪,并以此为试验模型,分析了全脂Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中菌群的变化规律。结果表明:发酵剂乳酸菌是Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中的主要菌群,而且球菌在干酪成熟过程中占绝对优势;NSLAB对Mozzarella干酪成熟的作用不大。由于采用了真空包装,Mozzarella干酪中的杂菌数始终保持在很低的水平〔大肠菌群≤60MPN/100g,酵母霉菌≤45lg(cfu/g)〕,并且对干酪的成熟无影响。在Mozzarella干酪成熟过程中,乳糖含量逐渐下降,随着乳酸菌的自溶,使LDH增加,对干酪后期的成熟产生积极影响。     

修饰发酵剂细胞促熟干酪的研究进展

修饰发酵剂细胞是采用各种物理、化学或基因修饰等方法使发酵剂(主要是乳酸菌)不能生长而不致产生过量的乳酸。同时在干酪中添加时细胞会完整存在，并能在成熟期间释放出活性胞内酶。修饰发酵剂的方法主要有热休克、冷休克、冷冻或喷雾干燥、溶菌酶处理、溶剂处理和基因修饰等。这些方法修饰乳酸菌(包括乳球菌，乳杆菌)与原发酵剂一并加入乳中，可加速干酪中的蛋白质降解和脂肪分解，缩短其成熟期，且增强风味(减少苦味)，在促熟干酪方面取得了较好的实验效果。综述了现有的修饰发酵剂细胞促熟干酪的方法，详述了热休克、冷休克这两种常用的方法，最后对修饰发酵剂细胞促熟干酪的应用前景作以展望。     

Use of high pressure treatment to attenuate starter bacteria for use as adjuncts for Cheddar cheese manufacture

Attenuated starter bacteria cannot produce acid during cheese manufacture, but contain enzymes that contribute to cheese ripening. The aim of this study was to investigate attenuation of starter bacteria using high pressure treatment, for use in combination with a primary starter for Cheddar cheese manufacture, and to determine the effect of such adjunct cultures on secondary proteolysis during ripening. Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris HP and L. lactis ssp. cremoris 303 were attenuated by pressure treatment at 200 MPa for 20 min at 20 °C. Cheddar cheese was manufactured using untreated cultures of both these starter strains, either alone or in combination with their high pressure-treated equivalents. High pressure-treated starters did not produce acid during cheese manufacture and starter counts in cheeses manufactured using high pressure-treated starter did not differ from those of the controls. Higher levels of cell lysis were apparent in cheese manufactured using high pressure-treated strains than in the controls after 26 d of ripening. Small differences were observed in the peptide profiles of cheeses, analysed by reversed-phase HPLC; cheeses manufactured using high pressure-treated starters also had slightly higher levels of amino acids than the relevant controls. Overall, addition of high pressure-treated starter bacteria as a secondary starter culture accelerated secondary proteolysis in Cheddar cheese.

Industrial relevance

Attenuated starters provide extra pool of enzymes, which can influence cheese ripening, without affecting the cheese making schedule. This paper presents an alternative method for attenuation of starter bacteria using high pressure treatment and their subsequent use to accelerate secondary proteolysis in Cheddar cheese during ripening.     

干酪促熟方法的研究进展

干酪成熟时间较长，费用较高，导致生产成本增加。因此干酪的促熟受到人们普遍关注。干酪促熟常用的方法有酶法、修饰发酵剂细胞、悬浮液系统、提高成熟温度、高压处理等。其中提高成熟温度和高压处理法不需要额外的干酪添加剂，是应用于生产中成本较低且易实现的方法。本文主要就以上两种方法促熟干酪作以详述。     

Thermally-dried immobilized kefir on casein as starter culture in dried whey cheese production

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of thermally-dried immobilized kefir on casein as a starter culture for protein-enriched dried whey cheese. For comparison reasons, dried whey cheese with thermally-dried free kefir culture and with no starter culture were also produced. The effect of the nature of the culture, the ripening temperature and the ripening process on quality characteristics of the whey cheese was studied. The association of microbial groups during cheese maturation suggested repression of spoilage and protection from pathogens due to the thermally-dried kefir, as counts of coliforms, enterobacteria and staphylococci were significantly reduced in cheeses produced using thermally-dried kefir starter cultures. The effect of the starter culture on production of volatile compounds responsible for cheese flavor was also studied using the SPME GC/MS technique. Thermally-dried immobilized kefir starter culture resulted in an improved profile of aroma-related compounds. The preliminary sensory evaluation ascertained the soft, fine taste and the overall improved quality of cheese produced with the thermally-dried immobilized kefir. The potential of protein-based thermally-dried starter cultures in dairy products is finally highlighted and assessed.     

Effect of starter cultures on the physico‐chemical and biochemical features in ewe cheese made with extracts from flowers of Cynara cardunculus L

The effect of starter cultures on the physico‐chemical and biochemical features of Los Pedroches cheese made by using Cynara Cardunculus L extracts as vegetable coagulant was assessed. Specimens of cheese containing no starter (vats A and C) and others to which a lactic acid starter was added (vats B and D) were stored either under typical farmhouse ripening conditions (vats A and B) or in a controlled chamber at 14°C and 80% relative humidity (vats C and D) for 90 days. The addition of starter cultures and the ripening conditions where found to have no appreciable effect on the moisture, fat, protein, ash, NaCl, Ca and P contents of the cheese, nor on its water activity; however, it resulted in increased lactic acid contents and lower pH values relative to control specimens throughout ripening. The protein breakdown of the cheeses was assessed in terms of soluble nitrogen, non‐protein nitrogen, aminoacid nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, soluble tyrosine and tryptophan, and urea‐PAGE. Proteolysis was generally more marked and rapid in cheese containing the lactic starter, the NPN, NH₃ ‐N and soluble Tyr and Trp contents of which were significantly higher than those of the cheese obtained with no starter. The PAGE technique revealed no appreciable differences between the four cheese batches studied; however, it showed the cheese to be more resistant to β‐CN hydrolysis than to α_s‐CN hydrolysis. In general, the flavour and aroma scores were higher in batches obtained with starter cultures and ripened under controlled conditions. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characterization of aromatic properties of old-style cheese starters

Old-style cheese starters were evaluated to determine their ability to produce cheese aroma compounds. Detailed analyses of the aroma-producing potential of 13 old-style starter cultures were undertaken. The proteolytic profile of the starters was established by an accelerated ripening study using a model cheese slurry and compared with those of a commercial aromatic starter and commercial Cheddar cheeses. To evaluate the aromatic potential of the starter cultures, quantification of free amino acids liberated and volatile compounds after 15 d of ripening at 30°C as well as sensory analysis were carried out. Results showed that proteolysis patterns of all 13 starter cultures in the curd model were comparable to those of commercial Cheddar cheeses. All tested cultures demonstrated the ability to produce high amounts of amino acids recognized as precursors of aroma compounds. Several differences were observed between the starters and commercial Cheddar cheeses regarding some amino acids such as glutamate, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, and ornithine, reflecting the various enzymatic systems present in the starters. Starters Bt (control) and ULAAC-E exhibited various significant differences regarding their free amino acid profiles, as confirmed by sensory analysis. In addition, identification of volatile compounds confirmed the presence of several key molecules related to aroma, such as 3-methylbutanal and diacetyl. Besides the aroma-producing aspect, 2 starters (ULAAC-A and ULAAC-H) seem to possess an important ability to generate large amounts of γ-aminobutyric acid, which contributed up to 15% of the total amino acids present in the model curd after 15 d ripening. γ-Aminobutyric acid is an amine well-known for its antihypertensive and calming effects.     

处理发酵剂对促熟干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸的影响

以0、30、60、90 d促熟干酪中生物胺（组胺、色胺、苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺）和游离氨基酸含量为指标,研究了添加复合处理发酵剂对干酪产生游离氨基酸和生物胺量的影响。结果表明：不同处理发酵剂添加量对各种生物胺产生的影响不同;添加处理发酵剂干酪中生物胺和游离氨基酸含量增加,其含量随着复合处理发酵剂添加量增加而增加。     

Application of infrared microspectroscopy and multivariate analysis for monitoring the effect of adjunct cultures during Swiss cheese ripening

Improved cheese flavor has been attributed to the addition of adjunct cultures, which provide certain key enzymes for proteolysis and affect the dynamics of starter and nonstarter cultures. Infrared microspectroscopy provides unique fingerprint-like spectra for cheese samples and allows for rapid monitoring of cheese composition during ripening. The objective was to use infrared microspectroscopy and multivariate analysis to evaluate the effect of adjunct cultures on Swiss cheeses during ripening. Swiss cheeses, manufactured using a commercial starter culture combination and 1 of 3 adjunct Lactobacillus spp., were evaluated at d 1, 6, 30, 60, and 90 of ripening. Cheese samples (approximately 20 g) were powdered with liquid nitrogen and homogenized using water and organic solvents, and the water-soluble components were separated. A 3-μL aliquot of the extract was applied onto a reflective microscope slide, vacuum-dried, and analyzed by infrared microspectroscopy. The infrared spectra (900 to 1,800 cm⁻¹) produced specific absorption profiles that allowed for discrimination among different cheese samples. Cheeses manufactured with adjunct cultures showed more uniform and consistent spectral profiles, leading to the formation of tight clusters by pattern-recognition analysis (soft independent modeling of class analogy) as compared with cheeses with no adjuncts, which exhibited more spectral variability among replicated samples. In addition, the soft independent modeling of class analogy discriminating power indicated that cheeses were differentiated predominantly based on the band at 1,122 cm⁻¹, which was associated with S-O vibrations. The greatest changes in the chemical profile of each cheese occurred between d 6 and 30 of warm-room ripening. The band at 1,412 cm⁻¹, which was associated with acidic AA, had the greatest contribution to differentiation, indicating substantial changes in levels of proteolysis during warm-room ripening in addition to propionic acid, acetic acid, and eye formation. A high-throughput infrared microspectroscopy technique was developed that can further the understanding of biochemical changes occurring during the ripening process and provide insight into the role of adjunct nonstarter lactic acid bacteria on the complex process of flavor development in cheeses.