大豆溶血磷脂的制备及其对面包品质的影响

利用液态磷脂酶A1,在水相中催化水解大豆粉末磷脂制备溶血磷脂,得出最佳反应条件为:磷脂与溶剂比为15%、加酶量6%、pH=5.0、反应温度50℃、反应时问8h,此条件下反应得磷脂酸值为79.46mg KOH/g.并研究了溶血磷脂对面包焙烤品质的影响,发现溶血磷脂的用量在0.60%～1.0%范围内能有效增大面包体积;硬度值测定结果表明,溶血磷脂对延缓面包老化有显著效果.     

脂肪酶催化大豆磷脂制备溶血磷脂的研究

以脂肪酶Novozym 435为催化剂,正己烷为溶剂,探讨了以大豆磷脂为原料制备溶血磷脂的影响因素,并得到最佳工艺条件:底物浓度为25%(W/V)、加水量20%、反应温度为51℃、加酶量为6.6%.该条件下磷脂水解后的酸值可达到77.8mgKOH/g.     

有机相酶促粉末磷脂制备溶血磷脂的研究

选用磷脂酶A1为工具酶,以响应面为数值分析方法,在正己烷有机相中进行了大豆粉末磷脂水解制备溶血磷脂研究。探讨了反应时间,反应温度,加酶量,底物浓度,加水量,pH对其反应的影响。结果表明,溶血磷脂制备优化条件为:反应时间12.1 h,反应温度45℃,加酶量3%,底物浓度20.8%,加水量23.8%,pH 6。该条件下验证得溶血磷脂酸值(KOH)为77.8 mg/g。所得产物中磷脂酰胆碱和1-酰基-溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量分别为15.51%和3.99%,且2-酰基-溶血磷脂酰胆碱相对含量为19.6%。     

磷脂酶A_1催化水解大豆磷脂制备溶血卵磷脂的研究

以价格相对低廉的磷脂酶A_1作为催化剂水解大豆磷脂制备溶血磷脂产品,反应体系简单,获得亲水性更好的溶血磷脂产品,拓展大豆磷脂在食品乳化剂中的应用范围。首先通过单因素试验研究反应温度、加水量、加酶量、反应时间等对溶血卵磷脂含量变化的影响,并在此基础上通过正交试验优化得出最佳制备条件为:大豆磷脂100g,反应温度65℃,加水20g[加水量20wt-%(底物质量)],加酶量120μL(加酶量12 U/g),反应时间80 min,获得的改性磷脂中溶血卵磷脂的含量可达9.87%。研究表明,加酶量对溶血卵磷脂含量变化影响最为显著,其次为反应时间、加水量、反应温度。     

有机相酶法制备溶血磷脂工艺

以大豆浓缩磷脂为原料,通过响应面分析法研究有机相酶法制备溶血磷脂的工艺条件,得出溶血磷脂酸值与影响因素间的回归模型,根据模型进行工艺参数优化。同时,用红外光谱法和高效液相色谱法对所得磷脂进行分析。结果表明,在正己烷有机相中利用磷脂酶A1制备溶血磷脂的最佳工艺参数:反应温度50℃、反应时间13h、加酶量4%、加水量17%、磷脂质量浓度24g/100mL,该条件下磷脂酸值为73.8mg KOH/g。该脱油溶血磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱和1-酰基-溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量分别为6.79%和4.45%。     

脂肪酶Bakezyme LFP水解大豆粉末磷脂研究

以酸值为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了脂肪酶Bakezyme LFP在水相中水解大豆粉末磷脂的最佳工艺条件为:反应温度为50℃,反应时间为8h,p H为5.0,加酶量为8%,底物质量浓度为25mg/m L。在该工艺条件下,大豆磷脂水解产物酸值为65.2mg KOH/g。利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了水解前后大豆磷脂的脂肪酸组成,结果表明水解后饱和脂肪酸含量明显下降,不饱和脂肪酸含量明显增加,说明脂肪酶Bakezyme LFP主要水解大豆磷脂1位上脂肪酸,具有磷脂酶A1的特性。利用高效液相色谱分析水解前后大豆磷脂的磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)和磷脂酰胆碱(PC)含量,结果表明大豆磷脂中PE、PC发生水解,生成溶血磷脂。     

己烷体系中磷脂酶A1催化卵磷脂乙醇解制备溶血卵磷脂的研究

在己烷体系中,采用磷脂酶A1催化卵磷脂乙醇解制备溶血卵磷脂。首先通过单因素试验分别考察了加酶量、加水量、底物比、温度和溶剂比对卵磷脂乙醇解制备溶血卵磷脂的影响,并在此基础上利用响应面法对反应工艺进行了优化。最终确定最佳工艺条件为:卵磷脂1.5 g,加酶量40μL/g(磷脂酶A1/卵磷脂),加水量25μL/g(水/卵磷脂(PC)),底物比:1∶3(PC/无水乙醇,mol/mol),温度30℃,溶剂比:1∶2(PC/正己烷,W/V),反应时间3.55 h,溶血磷脂转化率达98.3%。结果表明,磷脂酶A1可以催化磷脂酰胆碱乙醇解反应制备溶血磷脂酰胆碱。     

溶血磷脂在面包中应用的探讨

磷脂酶A1催化酶解大豆磷脂获得溶血磷脂。采用单因素试验研究溶血磷脂在面包中的应用,发现溶血磷脂在面包中添加量在0.65%～0.9%范围内能有效增大面包的体积。利用质构仪对添加溶血磷脂面包和浓缩大豆磷脂面包储存期间的物性参数进行了测定,硬度值变化表明,溶血磷脂能有效延缓面包的老化。     

超临界CO2萃取脱油溶血磷脂的研究

以磷脂酶A1(Lectiase Ultra)水解的大豆浓缩磷脂为原料,通过响应面分析法研究了超临界CO2流体萃取脱油溶血磷脂的工艺条件,得出脱油溶血磷脂萃取率与影响因素间的回归模型,根据模型进行了工艺参数优化。同时,用红外色谱法和高效液相色谱法对所得磷脂进行了分析。结果表明,超临界CO2流体萃取脱油溶血磷脂的最佳工艺参数是:萃取温度为52℃,萃取压力为35 MPa,萃取时间为5.4 h,在此条件下脱油溶血磷脂的实际萃取率为(90.2±1.65)%。该脱油溶血磷脂中磷脂酰胆碱和1-酰基-溶血磷脂酰胆碱质量分数分别为6.79%和4.45%。     

大豆水化油脚酶法改性研究

用磷脂酶A1水解大豆油脚中磷脂制备溶血磷脂产品。通过正交试验得到磷脂酶A1水解的最佳反应条件：反应温度60℃、加酶量4U／g、反应时间5h，在该条件下水解产品的酸值为60．65mgKOH／g。用高效液相色谱（HPLC）对水解前后原料和产品进行了分析，知最佳条件下磷脂酶A1水解水化油脚的水解率为90．2％。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.