气相色谱－质谱法测定茶叶中唑虫酰胺残留量

建立了茶叶中唑虫酰胺残留量快速测定的气相色谱－质谱法。茶叶中的唑虫酰胺用正己烷－丙酮（7：3, V／V）混合液提取,经石墨化碳黑固相萃取小柱净化,用正己烷－丙酮（9：1, V／V）混合液洗脱,浓缩定容后,用气相色谱－质谱法测定,外标法定量。结果表明,目标物质在0．010～0．500 mg／L范围内的线性关系良好;空白样品在0．010～0．500 mg／L范围三水平加标回收实验中的平均回收率在75．2％～112．8％之间,相对标准偏差（ n＝3）为2．85％～5．12％;方法的定量下限为0．005 mg／kg。该方法操作简单、检测灵敏度高,能满足茶叶中唑虫酰胺残留量的检测需求。     

气相色谱法快速测定叶类蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留

建立了快速测定叶类蔬菜中拟除虫菊酯残留量的气相色谱方法。叶类蔬菜中的拟除虫菊酯经丙酮-石油醚混合液超声波辅助提取,经中性氧化铝-石墨化碳柱净化,正己烷定容,用外标法定量,以气相色谱法（GC-μECD）测定。试验结果表明：样品以0.20、0.10、0.05 mg/kg水平添加时,联苯菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、顺式氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯回收率分别为78.5%～104.3%,80.5%～106.5%,85.3%～107%,84.5%～108.5%,最低检出限为0.001 mg/L,相对标准偏差小于5%。     

气相色谱法检测食用菌中八氯二丙醚的残留量

建立了一种测定食用菌中八氯二丙醚(S-2)残留量的气相色谱方法.样品中的八氯二丙醚经丙酮-正己烷混合溶剂提取,浓硫酸液-液分配磺化法进行净化,以气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定,外标法定量.实验结果表明:样品中加入0.005～0.05mg/kg浓度水平的S-2,回收率在72.4%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于7.8...     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定杨梅中噻嗪酮残留量

[目的]建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定杨梅中噻嗪酮残留量的方法。[方法]杨梅样品经乙腈提取,弗罗里硅土柱净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测。[结果]噻嗪酮在0.5~500μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9952,在0.01~2.0 mg/kg添加水平下,噻嗪酮在杨梅中的平均回收率为88%~92%,相对标准偏差为2.43%~3.88%,噻嗪酮在杨梅中的定量下限为0.01 mg/kg。[结论]该方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏度高,可用于杨梅中噻嗪酮的残留检测。     

改良QuEChERS法测定土壤中的毒杀芬残留量

[目的]建立毒杀芬在农田土壤中残留量的气相色谱检测方法。[方法]样品采用正己烷提取后,经PSA和Carb净化,气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定,外标法定量。[结果]方法定量限(S/N=10∶1)为0.01 mg/kg,在0.10～3.0 mg/L的质量浓度范围内,相关系数为0.998,在土壤中添加0.01～0.1 mg/kg范围内(n=6),回收率为75%～92%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.1%～5.4%。[结论]该方法适用于土壤中毒杀芬的快速检测。     

气相色谱法测定黄瓜中哒螨灵残留量

建立了一种操作简单、快速测定哒螨灵在黄瓜中残留量的气相色谱分析法.黄瓜制备样品经提取、净化后用带有ECD检测器的气相色谱仪检测哒螨灵的残留量,仪器的最小检出量为1.0×10-11g,方法最低检出质量分数为0.01 mg/kg,样本添加回收率在81.6%～107.4%之间,精密度试验结果表明变异系数为2.4%～5.5%.     

腈菌唑在大葱中的残留分析与消解动态

[目的]腈菌唑被认为是防治大葱锈病等病害应用前景较好的杀菌剂,但尚未见腈菌唑在大葱中残留检测方法和残留消解动态的研究报道,建立腈菌唑在大葱中残留检测方法和残留消解动态的方法.[方法]采用气相色谱质谱法(GC-MS)测定了腈菌唑在春季大葱中的残留消解动态和最终残留量.样品经乙腈提取,SAX/PSA固相萃取柱净化,气相色谱质谱选择离子(GC/MS/SIM)检测.[结果]建立的大葱中腈菌唑残留量检测方法在0.01～0.10 mg/kg水平的平均添加回收率为93.0%～107.9%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～5.6%,腈菌唑检测限为0.002 mg/kg.腈菌唑在大葱中消解较快,半衰期为3.4 d.12.5%腈菌唑乳油按推荐剂量(62.5 mg a.i./kg)和加倍剂量(125.0 mg a.i./kg)对水喷雾2-3次,末次施药后7、14 d腈菌唑在大葱中残留量为0.003～0.017 mg/kg.[结论]建立的大葱中腈菌唑残留检测方法准确可靠.大葱收获时最终残留量低于日本规定的最大允许残留量(MRL),满足出口国要求.     

固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定茶叶中蒽醌残留

建立固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱法测定茶叶中蒽醌残留的方法。茶叶经0.1%乙酸乙腈(V/V)提取,盐析后旋转蒸发至近干,正己烷溶解,弗罗里硅土柱净化,丙酮-正己烷(2︰8,V/V)洗脱,丙酮定容,气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测。采用HP-5MS色谱柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)结合程序升温对样品进行分离,选择SIM反应监测模式,外标法定量。蒽醌在10.0~1000.0μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9998。茶叶样品在0.01,0.02和0.10 mg/kg 3个添加水平,回收率范围为90.2%~95.0%,相对标准偏差为3.0%~5.5%,检出限为0.002 mg/kg,定量限为0.008 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可满足茶叶中蒽醌残留的确证检测。     

固相萃取气相色谱法检测烟叶中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂残留

[目的]建立烟叶中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂多残留的固相萃取-气相色谱检测方法.[方法]烟叶样品经正己烷-乙酸乙酯超声提取、Florisil固相萃取柱净化后,用气相色谱电子捕获检测器检测.[结果]7种拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂在0.1、0.5、1.0 mg/kg三个加标水平上的回收率为85.32％～101.21％,相对标准偏差为2.97％～4.88％,检出限为0.003～0.005 mg/kg.[结论]该方法灵敏准确,适用于烟叶中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂多残留分析.     

高效液相色谱法测定水产品中氟苯尼考和甲苯咪唑的残留量

[方法]建立了高效液相色谱测定水产品中氟苯尼考和甲苯咪唑残留量的分析方法.匀浆样品用碱性乙腈水提取,经盐析和乙腈饱和正己烷除脂后离心净化浓缩,采用高效液相色谱法检测,外标法定量.[结果]当空白样品中氟苯尼考添加水平为0.10～1.00 mg/kg、甲苯咪唑为0.01～0.10 mg/kg时与峰面积呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.99.该方法的回收率为81.2％～102.4％,相对标准偏差为1.2％～7.5％,定量检出限分别为0.10、0.01 mg/kg.[结论]方法简便、快速、重现性好,适于进出口水产品检测分析.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。