明胶/微纤化纤维素共混复合膜的逾渗研究

以共混的方法制备了明胶/微纤化纤维素(Gelatin/MFC)复合膜。测定了不同MFC含量(0wt%～1wt%)下复合膜的抗拉强度[(2.3～13.3)MPa]、断裂伸长率(55%～9%)和热缩性(3.3%～1.9%)。当添加MFC到一定量时,复合膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率和热缩性的数值都发生了突变。结果表明,明胶/微纤化纤维素共混复合膜存在逾渗现象,逾渗阈值约为0.35wt%MFC含量。     

氧化石墨烯、石墨/明胶复合膜的力学性能和热稳定性

以明胶为基体,甘油为增塑剂,石墨和氧化石墨烯(graphene oxide,GO)分别作为增强相,制备出一系列两种增强相的共混复合膜,探究两者与基体明胶的相容性,并通过测试复合膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、热缩、SEM和透光率,用于研究不同的增强相复合膜性能及规律。结果表明：0.5% GO复合膜的抗拉强度（17.98 MPa）最大,比空白样（11.74 MPa）增加53.4%,10%石墨复合膜的断裂伸长率（57.30%）最大,比空白样（22.65%）增加153%;通过不同复合膜的SEM观察得出GO与基体的相容性优于石墨;5%的石墨含量热缩率最小,比空白样减小27%,但石墨复合膜的热缩率下降趋势比GO复合膜的下降趋势波动性大;随着GO和石墨含量的增大,透光率逐渐的降低,雾度逐渐增大。通过两者的对比得出：GO与明胶结合较好,两者相互结合成键,使得分子间作用力增强,结构稳定;石墨与明胶结合相容性不好,但石墨对基体明胶的保护较好。     

明胶-壳聚糖共混复合膜的逾渗研究

为探讨明胶-壳聚糖复合膜的性能,确定复合体系的逾渗阈值,为生产实践提供依据。试验以共混的方法制备了明胶-壳聚糖复合膜,测定了壳聚糖质量分数不同(0～21%)时复合膜的抗拉强度(2.3～12.5 MPa)、断裂伸长率(203.1%～108.2%)和热缩性(3.7%～1.9%)。当添加壳聚糖到一定量时,复合膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率和热缩性均发生突变。结果表明,明胶-壳聚糖共混复合膜存在逾渗现象,逾渗阈值为壳聚糖质量分数约15%。     

甲壳素-明胶复合膜性能研究

以明胶为基体,甘油为增塑剂,甲壳素为增强相,制备可食用、易降解的功能性复合膜,通过添加不同质量甲壳素来制备甲壳素-明胶复合膜,探讨复合膜的抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、热缩、热差式扫描(differentialscanning calorimeter,DSC)以及膜的宏观、微观图像、吸水性、甲壳素-明胶溶液的黏度等反应膜的性能及规律。结果表明:甲壳素含量为0.5%的复合膜抗拉强度、断裂伸长率、黏度值等方面性能较好,对比空白样抗拉强度增强67.4%,断裂伸长率增强80.6%。     

胶原/氧化羟丙基甲基纤维素复合膜的制备与表征

为了制备性能更优的胶原膜,使其更好地应用于食品包装领域,采用不同氧化度的氧化羟丙基甲基纤维素（DHPMC）与胶原以质量比1:1.25共混成膜,考察DHPMC氧化度对胶原复合膜理化性能的影响。结果表明,胶原复合膜的三股螺旋结构未被破坏,且相比于纯胶原膜,其机械性能、热稳定性、耐酶降解性和亲水性能均有增强,结构更加均匀致密。当DHPMC氧化度较低（氧化度17.78%）时,DHPMC分子中的醛基与胶原的氨基形成共价键,体系的相互作用增强,且DHPMC氧化度低,对复合膜的成膜性能影响小,使得复合膜的抗张强度（115.74 MPa）和热变性温度（76.24 ℃）相较于胶原/羟丙基甲基纤维素（HPMC）复合膜（104.69 MPa,69.67 ℃）提高。当DHPMC氧化度较高（氧化度45.12%）时,DHPMC的醛基含量增加,但同时纤维素降解程度也增加,使得复合膜的抗张强度（93.56 MPa）和热变性温度（71.13 ℃）下降。因此,采用低氧化度的DHPMC与胶原共混可制得综合成膜性能更优的复合膜,将扩大其在食品包装中的应用范围。     

海藻酸钠对鱼皮明胶膜理化特性的影响

采用罗非鱼皮明胶与海藻酸钠混合制备可食性复合膜,研究海藻酸钠含量对复合膜理化性质的影响。结果显示：单一罗非鱼皮明胶具有良好的成膜能力,但是机械性能差,将海藻酸钠添加到明胶膜中得到的复合膜抗拉强度和断裂伸长率有明显改善,海藻酸钠添加量在40%时,抗拉强度达最大值6.6?MPa,相对于纯明胶膜（5.5?MPa）和纯海藻酸钠膜（4.6?MPa）分别增加20%和43%,断裂伸长率也在此时达到最大值120%,比纯明胶膜（64%）和纯海藻酸钠膜（88%）分别增加87.5%和26.7%。海藻酸钠水溶性和吸湿率分别高达100%和48.7%,经共混后复合膜的水溶性降低至55%以下,吸湿率介于25%～40%之间,有较大的改善。流变学特性和X射线衍射分析结果表明：明胶和海藻酸钠具有良好的相容性,二者共混可制得性质稳定的复合膜,海藻酸钠与明胶的复合膜液为非牛顿流体,黏度和增稠能力较单一明胶膜有所增加。     

可食性狭鳕鱼皮明胶-褐藻胶复合膜的性质与结构表征

采用狭鳕鱼皮明胶与褐藻胶共混法制备可食性复合膜,以改善鱼皮明胶膜的性能.结果表明:狭鳕鱼皮明胶具有很好的成膜性,但是其力学性能和热稳定性较低,阻水性差.褐藻胶与鱼皮明胶混合后,二者相容性较好,复合膜的透光卒达80%以上,力学性能增大,添加60%褐藻胶后,膜的抗拉强度和伸长率分别提高67.4%和112.6%,热变性温度提高8℃,水溶性和吸湿性都显著降低,说明复合膜的力学性能、热稳定性和阻水性都明显优于两种单一膜.红外光谱、X射线衍射和扫描电镜对其结构进行表征,表明两者通过化学结合生成了新的大分子化合物,得到稳定的复合膜.     

细菌纤维素-甲壳素-玉米醇溶蛋白颗粒复合膜的制备与表征

为制备功能化细菌纤维素基复合膜,本研究以细菌纤维素（Bacterial Cellulose,BC）、甲壳素纳米纤维（Chitin Nanofibrils,CH）、玉米醇溶蛋白纳米颗粒（Zein Nanoparticles,ZN）为原料,采用高效的快速抄纸技术（抽滤与热压结合）制备BC-CH-ZN复合膜。研究BC:CH质量比、ZN添加量对复合膜结构和性能的影响。进一步在ZN中加入百里香酚（Thymol,TH）,考察TH添加量对膜的热稳定性及抗菌特性的影响。结果表明,相对于纯BC膜,当BC:CH质量比从10:0减少至5:5时,复合膜的抗拉强度（从183.45 MPa到171.38 MPa）和断裂伸长率（从2.58%到2.11%）未发生明显变化。扫描电镜、厚度、红外光谱和元素分析结果共同证实ZN能有效地包覆在BC-CH复合膜内,接触角数据变化（从49.15°增加至77.28°）表明其改善了BC膜过于亲水的缺陷。TH的加入不影响BC-CH-ZN复合膜的热稳定性,且能为复合膜提供更好的抗菌效果。因此,复合CH、ZN和TH制备BC基新型功能膜材料可以改善BC过于亲水的缺陷,为开发具有更多功能特性的BC复合膜提供指导意义。     

微晶纤维素的醚化改性及其在淀粉膜中的应用

为改善微晶纤维素（microcrystalline cellulose,MCC）在淀粉膜中的分散性,通过对MCC进行阳离子醚化改性,制得改性微晶纤维素（modified-microcrystalline cellulose,MD-MCC）,并对其化学结构、结晶性、热稳定性和微观形貌进行表征。采用溶液流延法制得淀粉-微晶纤维素复合膜（淀粉-MCC,淀粉-MD-MCC）,分别研究MCC和MD-MCC添加量对淀粉膜结构和性能的影响。结果表明,与MCC相比,MD-MCC的基本化学结构未改变,仍然保持纤维素的基本结构,但其结晶度和热稳定性略有降低,表面呈多孔结构。随着MCC和MD-MCC添加量的增加,淀粉膜的表面粗糙度增大,透光率和断裂伸长率降低,水接触角、水分含量和厚度增大,抗拉强度和水蒸气渗透系数先增加后减小。MD-MCC在淀粉膜中的分散性优于MCC,淀粉-MD-MCC复合膜的力学性能和阻水性能优于淀粉-MCC复合膜,其中MD-MCC添加量为5%时,复合膜具有最大的抗拉强度和阻水性能。     

低取代羟乙基纤维素在碱溶剂中的溶解行为及其机制

为改善纤维素在氢氧化钠（NaOH）水溶液中的溶解性能,通过醚化改性制备了低取代羟乙基纤维素（HEC）,并借助光学显微镜、核磁共振仪、差热扫描量热仪和透射电子显微镜等研究了HEC在质量分数为8%的NaOH水溶液中的溶解行为及溶解机制。结果表明：低温下NaOH溶剂和水分子可结合形成尺寸合适、结构稳定的NaOH水合分子,与HEC大分子上的羟基键合形成HEC-NaOH-H2O缔合结构,切断了HEC大分子间氢键,HEC直接溶解;醚化改性后亲水性侧链的引入减弱了分子间作用力,增强了HEC与NaOH水合分子之间的作用强度,增强了缔合结构稳定性,促进了HEC在NaOH溶剂中的良好溶解;沿纤维长度方向HEC最外层膜溶胀成球形并逐渐破裂溶解,最终以长度为微米级、宽度为10~80 nm的微纤维形式分散在溶剂中。     

Natural pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains--characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability

Pigments are present in all living matter and provide attractive colors and play basic roles in the development of organisms. Human beings, like most animals, come in contact with their surroundings through color, and things can or cannot be acceptable based on their color characteristics. This review presents the basic information about pigments focusing attention on the natural ones; it emphasizes the principal plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Special considerations are given to their salient characteristics; to their biosynthesis, taking into account the biochemical and molecular biology information generated in their elucidation; and to the processing and stability properties of these compounds as food colorants.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Tyrosinase, Laccase, and Peroxidase in Mushrooms (Agaricus, Crimini, Oyster, and Shiitake)

Enzyme assays and electrophoresis were used to monitor the activity of tyrosinase, laccase, and peroxidase in Agaricus bisporus (common cultivated button mushrooms and Crimini mushrooms), Oyster, and Shiitake mushrooms. The three enzymes could be differentiated using specific substrates and inhibitors. Tyrosinase seemed to be the major phenol oxidase in the Agaricus strains, while Oyster and Shiitake mushrooms had much lower levels. Peroxidase activity was low or undetectable in all types examined. Control of enzymatic browning in different mushroom types may depend upon the distribution of different oxidases within any given type.     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

Hormones, metabolites, and reproduction in Holsteins, Jerseys, and their crosses

Holsteins (HH), Jerseys (JJ), and their crosses in first (n=157) and second (n=107) lactation were used to determine if reproduction, progesterone (P4), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and milk production differed between genetic groups. Thirty-four cows were Holstein-Jersey (HJ) crosses, 46 were Jersey-Holstein (JH) crosses, 48 were purebred Holsteins (HH), and 29 were purebred Jerseys (JJ) in first lactation, whereas the second-lactation animals included 23 HJ, 35 JH, 35 HH, and 14 JJ. Blood samples were collected weekly for the first 10 wk postpartum. Analyses were conducted using the MIXED, chi-square, and GLIMMIX procedures (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Seasons of calving were cold (November to May) and hot (June to October) and were combined with year to form 8 year-seasons. Days open and number of services were affected by genetic group. The HH were open 169±8 d, which was greater than HJ (143±9 d), JJ (132±10 d), and JH (127±8 d). The HH had 2.4±0.1 services per pregnancy, which was greater than JH (1.9±0.1), but not different from HJ (2.1±0.2) or JJ (2.1±0.2). Concentrations of NEFA were greater in lactation 2 (0.52±0.02 mEq/L) than in lactation 1 (0.45±0.02 mEq/L) and decreased over the 10-wk period. Concentrations of NEFA were greater in the cold season except in yr 3. Insulin in lactation 1 (0.81±0.03 ng/mL) was greater than in lactation 2 (0.72±0.03 ng/mL); insulin decreased to wk 2 then gradually increased. The HJ had the greatest insulin concentrations (0.87±0.04 ng/mL) and the JJ had the lowest (0.66±0.04 ng/mL), and IGF-1 gradually increased over the 10-wk period. Milk production (actual yield in the first 305 d, not adjusted for fat and protein) was affected by genetic group, lactation number, year-season, and wk 1 insulin. The HH produced 10,348±207 kg of milk, which was greater than the HJ (9,129±230 kg), the JH (9,384±190 kg), and the JJ (7,080±240 kg). Milk production in lactation 2 (9,676±163 kg) was greater than that in lactation 1 (8,294±160 kg). The JJ (10.3±4.7%) had the highest frequency of mastitis. The chance of getting mastitis for HH (1.1±0.9%) differed from that for HJ (9.4±4.1%), JH (8.1±3.4%), and JJ (10.3±4.7%). Genetic group affected hormones and metabolites, which may partially explain differences in reproductive measures and milk yield.     

Water-, oil-, and soil-repellent treatment of textiles,artificial leather,and leather

Several products are on the market to realize water-, oil-, and soil-repellent properties on textiles or textile-related materials. To make an adequate and fast rating of repellent properties of finished textiles, different drop tests according to AATCC and ISO standards are commonly used. For evaluation of the repellent properties of solid substrates against different liquids often contact angle measurements are performed. The aim of the work presented here is to determine and evaluate the repellent effects gained by the application of three different finishing agents on three different substrates, such as polyester fabric, artificial leather, and leather. The main questions are at that point: It is possible to gain similar repellent effects with the same finishing product applied on different substrates? Do the different testing methods lead to comparable results? Is there a relation to the repellency against everyday consumer products as red wine, ice tea, or coffee? This article should help the reader to evaluate different testing methods and the influence on common substrates.     

Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences

The spice Capsicum is the fruit of the cultivated species of the genus Capsicum (family, Solanaceae), C. annuum principally, and C. frutescens L. to a lesser extent. A third variety of C. annuum var. annuum fruits, the large-sized, fleshy bell capsicum is used as a fresh vegetable and valued for its aroma, color, and crisp texture, but with no pungency. This variety is not considered in this series of reviews covering primary processing, production, international trade, chemistry, and biochemistry of functional components--the red keto carotenoids, the aromatic volatiles and the pungent capsaicinoids in Parts I to III. The valid qualitative aspects correlating the specific components of capsicum and their sensory responses are critically covered in Part IV. In this the concluding part of the series of reviews, the significant preference of the spice for initially evoking an aversive response, its potent physiological and pharmacological effects, and the aspects of structure-activity relationships of the pungent stimuli of the capsaicinoids are reviewed. The beneficial effects particularly associated with long usage by some ethnic groups and its safe consumption levels, with a critical review of the studies on the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, the sensory system, thermoregulation, nutritional impacts, and an overview of the five series is also detailed.