葡萄酒中的酚类物质Ⅰ：种类、结构及其检测方法研究进展

葡萄酒以其复杂的风味受到广大消费者的青睐。酚类物质是葡萄酒中重要的组成部分,影响其感官品质。同时酚类物质也被认为是葡萄酒保健功能的来源。葡萄酒中的酚类物质复杂多样,主要包括了类黄酮类物质和非类黄酮类物质,其中类黄酮类物质包括花色苷及其衍生物、黄烷醇类和黄酮醇类。非类黄酮类物质包括羟基苯甲酸、羟基肉桂酸和芪类物质。本文对上述葡萄酒中的酚类物质进行了系统综述,包括其种类、结构与性质,同时对这些物质的主要检测方法以及研究进展进行了总结,以期为相关研究者提供学术参考,为葡萄酒行业从业者提供一定的指导。     

刺葡萄酒发酵过程中几类多酚成分的含量变化分析

该文以两种湖南刺葡萄品种（米葡萄和甜葡萄）为原料酿造的干红葡萄酒为研究对象,并利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术分析在其酿造过程中酚类物质的含量变化。结果显示,在刺葡萄干红葡萄酒样品中共检测到六大类酚类物质共33种,其中包括7种黄酮醇类物质、5种黄烷-3-醇类物质、3种羟基苯甲酸类物质、3种羟基肉桂酸类物质、7种非酰化花色苷类物质、8种酰化花色苷类物质。在整个酿造过程中,两种刺葡萄酚类物质的变化基本一致,苹乳发酵结束后酚类物质均明显上升。其中米葡萄酒的黄酮醇、黄烷醇含量高于甜葡萄酒,而甜葡萄酒的其他四种酚类物质含量比米葡萄酒高。     

苹果酒酚类物质研究进展

苹果酒中含有多种酚类物质,主要是酚酸类和类黄酮类化合物,酚酸类包括绿原酸、原儿茶酸和p-香豆酸等,类黄酮类主要是黄烷-3-醇类,包括儿茶素、表儿茶素等.这些成分对苹果酒的风味、颜色和质量起着重要作用.综述了苹果酒中的酚类化合物及其作用机理,并简要介绍了酚类物质的测定方法.     

干红葡萄酒色泽的形成

干红葡萄酒的酿造是以红葡萄为原料,酿造过程中采用果浆浸提技术,尽可能多的将果皮中所含的色素类物质浸提出来,并采取各种措施使色素类物质稳定。本文仅就红葡萄酒色泽的形成进行探讨。1 红葡萄酒中的色素类物质葡萄酒的色泽主要由来自于葡萄各部分及橡木桶中的色素物质构成。葡萄酒中的色素物质是一种酚类化合物。酚类物质是影响红葡萄酒品质的主要因素,它不仅赋予葡萄酒颜色,而且使葡萄酒具有复杂的口感和味感特性。葡萄中酚类物质很多,而且易于变化,其中主要有酚酸、类黄酮和单宁多聚体。酚酸中有两类主要的物质,即羟基肉桂酸和羟基苯…     

添加‘丹菲特’单品种葡萄酒对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒酚类物质和颜色的影响

该研究以‘赤霞珠’单品种干红葡萄酒为基酒,添加不同比例的‘丹菲特’单品种干红葡萄酒,旨在通过改变‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒的酚类物质组成,改善其颜色表现。利用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）对葡萄酒中的酚类物质进行测定,并结合CIELAB颜色评价体系对调配葡萄酒的颜色品质进行分析。结果表明,‘丹菲特’单品种干红葡萄酒的添加比例在20%和25%时对‘赤霞珠’干红葡萄酒的颜色改善有较好的效果,能够显著提高红色色调,降低黄色色调,同时显著提高调配葡萄酒的类黄酮类物质含量,其中添加比例为20%的葡萄酒黄烷醇含量最高（25.27 mg/L）,添加比例为25%的葡萄酒花色苷（371.72 mg/L）和黄酮醇类物质（16.23 mg/L）含量较高。     

醇类与葡萄酒的酒体

醇类与葡萄酒的酒体于清琴（山东省轻工实业发展公司）关键词醇类，葡萄酒，香气，酒体葡萄酒中的醇类极其复杂，主要包括乙醇、甘油、高级醇、２．３一Ｊ二醇和甲醇，也有少量的萜品醇、肌醇及带有羟基基团的其它物质。这些醇类是形成葡萄酒香气并使酒体丰满醇厚所必不可...     

水果中酚类物质研究进展

水果中的酚类物质包括水解单宁、缩合单宁和复杂多酚三大类。主要存在于水果的种皮、果肉及种子中,含量仅次于纤维素、半纤维素,可达20%。水果中酚类物质的酚羟基很容易与环境中的氧结合,被氧化成醌类结构,同时对自由基也具有很强的捕捉能力,被称为"第七类营养素"。本文就水果中酚类物质分类、成分、含量、抗氧化作用和机理进行了综述。     

赤霞珠葡萄酒苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程中香气成分动态变化

为了研究苹果酸-乳酸发酵过程对葡萄酒香气的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取（HS-SPME）结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）对赤霞珠葡萄酒苹乳发酵过程中香气物质动态的变化进行了监测。结果表明：在葡萄酒苹乳发酵过程中共检出55种不同的香气成分,包括22种酯类、10种醇类、8种酸类、7种醛类、4种酮类、3种萜烯类和1种酚类,其中酯类、醇类和酸类化合物为苹乳发酵过程中主要香气成分。相比于发酵起始阶段（0 d）,发酵末期（18 d）葡萄酒中的酯类和酸类化合物的质量分数由20.7%和1.08%上升至25.61%和2.33%,主要包括乙酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、月桂酸等,这类香气物质能够赋予葡萄酒浓郁的果香,而由于酯化反应醇类化合物的质量分数由42.89%下降至29.01%,主要变化为异戊醇等高级醇质量分数的降低。由此看出,葡萄酒经过苹乳发酵不仅增强了酒体的水果类香气还提高了葡萄酒的安全性。     

葡萄成熟度对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒酚类物质及抗氧化能力的影响

以新疆天山北麓石河子产区的4种不同成熟度‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实所酿葡萄酒为样本,对葡萄酒中的酚类物质组成和抗氧化活性进行测定,分析样品的差异性及相关性,探究葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化活性的影响。通过对酚类物质含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力的测定,结果表明,葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化能力有较大影响。花色苷含量随着葡萄成熟度的上升呈现增高趋势,黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇含量呈现下降趋势。抗氧化能力的不同主要是由酚类物质差异导致。黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇类物质对DPPH自由基清除率影响较大;花色苷乙酰化物质会使低成熟度的葡萄酒呈现出与高成熟度葡萄酒相似的铁离子还原能力。     

采用GC-MS联用法测定墨尔乐红葡萄酒中的香气成分

以墨尔乐(Merlot)红葡萄酒为分析对象,采用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)法对葡萄酒中的香气成分(包括挥发性和非挥发性组分)进行采集,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC/MS)对收集到的44种香气组分进行分析测定。结果表明,墨尔乐红葡萄酒中的香气成分包含16种酯类物质、13种酸类物质、8种醇类物质、1种萜烯类、1种酚类物质及3种其他类物质等,酯类和酸类物质是构成墨尔乐红葡萄酒香气的主要成分。化学味和果香味是其主要香气类型,其次是花香味、香料味、植物味。     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in organic red wine using different winemaking techniques

Abstract: Wine phenolic composition depends on the grapes used to make wine and on vinification conditions. The occurrence of these biological compounds has stimulated numerous studies focused on understanding the mechanisms that influence their concentrations in wine. This article studied the effect of different vinification techniques on the antioxidant activity and on the phenolic compounds of red wine made from the variety of Monastrell grapes obtained by organic culture. To this purpose, 3 different vinification procedures were carried out: vinification after prolonged maceration, vinification with the addition of enological enzymes, and traditional vinification procedures (used as control).The results showed similar values of antioxidant activity in all 3 types of wine elaborated and found no differences in the concentrations of the different types of phenolic compounds in wine made with the 3 different methods. The evolution of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds tested in wines during 3 mo of storage showed a similar pattern. Organic wine has acquired an important role in the economic world and its important, working in oenology to research in this field.     

Chemical compounds and mechanisms involved in the formation and stabilization of foam in sparkling wines

The visual properties of sparkling wine including foam and bubbles are an indicator of sparkling wine quality. Foam properties, particularly foam height (FH) and foam stability (TS), are significantly influenced by the chemical composition of the wine. This review investigates our current knowledge of specific chemical compounds and, the mechanisms by which they influence the foam properties of sparkling wines. Grape and yeast proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, organic acids, fatty acids, ethanol and sugar are examined with respect to their contribution to foam characteristics in sparkling wines made with the Traditional, Transfer, and Charmat and carbonation methods. Contradictory results have been identified that appear to be due to the analytical methods used to measure and quantify compounds and foam. Biopolymer complexes are discussed and absent knowledge with regards to thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), polysaccharides, amino acids, oak-derived phenolic compounds and organic acids are identified. Future research is also likely to concentrate on visual analysis of sparkling wines by in-depth imaging analysis and specific sensory analysis techniques.     

葡萄多酚的保健作用及其在酿酒葡萄成熟度判定中的应用

葡萄酒含有极其复杂的物质,其中葡萄多酚对葡萄酒品质具有决定性的作用。本文综述了当前葡萄多酚的研究成果以及在酿酒葡萄成熟度判定中的应用。通过实验证明,酿酒葡萄中葡萄多酚含量的测定值可以用于判断葡萄成熟度,对酿酒葡萄的适时采收具有普遍的指导意义。     

Grape and wine polymeric polyphenols: Their importance in enology

Phenolic compounds are important constituents of red wine, contributing to its sensory properties and antioxidant activity. Owing to the diversity and structural complexity, study of these compounds was mainly limited, during the last three decades, on their low-molecular-mass compounds or simple phenolic compounds. Only in recent years, much attention has been paid to highly polymerized polyphenols in grape and red wines. The reason for this is largely due to the development of analytical techniques, especially those of HPLC-ESI-MS, permitting the structural characterization of highly polymerized polyphenols. Furthermore, the knowledge on the biological properties of polymeric polyphenols of red wine is very limited. Grape polyphenols mainly consist of proanthocyanidins (oligomers and polymers) and anthocyanins, and low amount of other phenolics. Red wine polyphenols include both grape polyphenols and new phenolic products formed from them during winemaking process. This leads to a great diversity of new polyphenols and makes wine polyphenol composition more complex. The present paper summarizes the advances in the research of polymeric polyphenols in grape and red wine and their important role in Enology. Scientific results indicate that polymeric polyphenols, as the major polyphenols in grape and red wine, play a major role in red wine sensory properties, color stability and antioxidant activities.     

GC-MS与HPLC分析荔枝酒的苦味物质

利用GC-MS分析了荔枝酒中的主体化学成分,各个组分经过质谱图对照分析,鉴定出包括酯、脂肪酸、芳香烃、酮和多种醇类物质,同时利用HPLC分析了酒体中的多种氨基酸.这些物质中,一部分是皮和核中浸提出来的,一部分是通过发酵过程转化而来的,其可使酒体显得更加饱满、柔和.影响荔枝酒口感的主要为后苦味物质,本文对荔枝酒的苦味物质做了分析.     

葡萄酒与健康

葡萄酒作为一种自然和文化的产物,随着人民生活水平的提高,正逐渐引起中国大众的广泛关注。然而饮用葡萄酒是否有利于健康一直是一个存在争议的问题,一方面葡萄酒中的酚类物质具有多种生理活性,赋予了葡萄酒一定的保健功效;另一方面酒精作为葡萄酒中的主要成分被证实对健康有不利影响。为了探讨葡萄酒的利与弊,该文首先介绍了葡萄酒的主要成分,然后分别从酚类物质和酒精两方面,详细客观地阐述了它们与健康的关系,最后对葡萄酒的饮用提供了相关建议,以期为消费者更加理性地认识葡萄酒、合理地饮用葡萄酒提供帮助。     

Updated knowledge about the presence of phenolic compounds in wine

Phenolic compounds are partly responsible for the color, astringency, and bitterness of wine, as well as for numerous physiological properties associated with wine consumption. Mass spectrometry has allowed for great progress in the identification and characterization of wine polyphenols. The aim of the present article is to summarize the numerous advances recently achieved in this field. The main type of phenolic compounds found in wine, including hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols, flavanonols, flavanols, and anthocyanins, are firstly described. Chemical reactions and mechanisms involving phenolic compounds during winemaking are also extensively discussed, including enzymatic and chemical oxidation reactions, direct and acetaldehyde-mediated anthocyanin-tannin condensation reactions, acetaldehydemediated and glyoxylic acid-mediated tannin-tannin condensation reactions and, C-4/C-5 anthocyanin cycloaddition reactions with 4-vinylphenols, vinylflavanols and pyruvic acid, among others, leading to the formation of pyranoanthocyanins. Useful mass spectral data of well-known and novel phenolic compounds recently identified in wine, and details related to their fragmentation pathway according to different ionization techniques, are given.     

Wine: a potential source of antimicrobial compounds

With increase in the socioeconomic status, the demand of the health and nutraceutical food is increasing day-by-day. Wine contains a wide variety of the biologically active compounds including antimicrobial compounds (phenolics, acids, alcohols, bioamines, etc.) which possess the numerous health benefits. The concentration of these compounds changes according to the raw material their varieties and vinification process. Phenolics, such as epicatechin, gallic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, vannillic acid, p-coumaric acid and resveratrol, are present in different wines. Wine also contains various acids such as tartaric acid, succinic acid, acetic acid and malic acid. Alcohol includes majorly the ethanol with a minute quantity of methanol and other higher alcohols, whereas the bioamine includes the ethanolamine, ammonia and histamine. These all compounds have the ability to possess antimicrobial activity either independently or in the conjugative form with the other compounds. In this article, efforts have been made to document the different antimicrobial compounds present in wines and their antimicrobial activity. This review has the potential to attract readers; mainly researchers and industrialists for the future study and product development in the wine industry.     

Wine features related to safety and consumer health: an integrated perspective

This review presents a global view of the current situation of the scientific knowledge about aspects of wine with possible repercussions (positive or negative) on consumer health and wine safety. The presence in wine of some potential harmful compounds such as phytosanitary products, trace metal compounds, sulfites, and some toxics of microbial origin, such as ochratoxin A, ethyl carbamate, and biogenic amines, is discussed. The different strategies and alternative methodologies that are being carried out to reduce or to avoid the presence of these substances in wines are also discussed. In recent years much work has focused on establishing the scientific explanations for the positive biological effects of some wine compounds. In this review, we also examine the latest knowledge regarding wine and health, focusing on two types of compounds that have been related to the positive effects of moderate wine consumption, such as phenolic compounds and bioactive peptides.     

Mediterranean Way of Drinking and Longevity

The relation between alcohol consumption and mortality is a J-shaped curve in most of the many studies published on this topic. The Copenhagen Prospective Population Studies demonstrated in the year 2000 that wine intake may have a beneficial effect on all cause mortality that is additive to that of alcohol. Wine contains various poliphenolic substances which may be beneficial for health and in particular flavonols (such as myricetin and quercetin), catechin and epicatechin, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, various phenolic acids and the stilbene resveratrol. In particular, resveratrol seems to play a positive effect on longevity because it increases the expression level of Sirt1, besides its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. Moderate wine drinking is part of the Mediterranean diet, together with abundant and variable plant foods, high consumption of cereals, olive oil as the main (added) fat and a low intake of (red) meat. This healthy diet pattern involves a “Mediterranean way of drinking,” that is a regular, moderate wine consumption mainly with food (up to two glasses a day for men and one glass for women). Moderate wine drinking increases longevity, reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases and does not appreciably influence the overall risk of cancer.