O2/CO2气氛下炉内煤粉切圆燃烧数值研究

对某电厂600 MW切圆燃烧锅炉进行了O2/CO2气氛下炉内流动、传热和燃烧过程的数值研究。结果表明:在O2/CO2气氛下,随着氧气摩尔浓度的增加,炉内温度升高,高温区变大,对煤粉的着火燃烧有利;但考虑到燃烧器安全和水冷壁结渣,氧气摩尔浓度不能太高,对燃用文中煤质的锅炉其极限摩尔浓度在40%至45%之间。O2/CO2气氛对现有切圆燃烧锅炉的上层燃烧器煤粉的燃烧影响较小,对下层燃烧器煤粉的燃烧影响较大。与空气气氛煤粉燃烧相比,炉内火焰中心上移,且在氧气摩尔浓度不太高时,炉内温度分布特性有利于防止水冷壁的结渣。     

径向外浓内淡旋流燃烧器NO_x排放和燃尽率的试验研究

在一台1 MW的热态煤粉燃烧试验炉上进行热态模拟试验,用两台双调风旋流燃烧器对冲燃烧,并且在主燃烧器上方的不同位置还布置了燃尽风装置(OFA)。主燃烧器使用的是变截面的一次风管和碰撞环相结合,在一次风管内,风粉气流在惯性的作用下分离为外浓内淡的环状气流,从而实现了燃烧器喷口处沿直径方向的浓淡分布。通过对陕北神华优质烟煤、山西河津劣质烟煤和山西长治贫煤这三种特性相差较大的煤的燃烧对比实验,得到了燃尽风布置的相对位置变化,一次风率、内二次风率、外二次风率的变化,内二次风、外二次风旋流强度等因素的变化,对NOx的生成和对飞灰含碳量的影响作用,同时也得到了NOx的生成和燃尽率之间的相互关系,以及对燃烧的稳定性、经济性的影响因素,其结果对工程设计和实际应用有着重要的指导意义。     

600 MW偏转二次风系统锅炉炉内结渣特性的数值模拟

偏转二次风系统已广泛应用于大型四角切圆燃烧锅炉，用以报制炉内结渣，防止水冷壁高温腐蚀等。为降低炉膛出口扭转残余，通常采和下部二次风大角度正切、上部二次风和OFA风反切的布置方式。本文对某台采用偏转二次风系统的600MW燃煤四角切圆燃烧锅炉的炉内结渣过程进行模拟，对炉内气固相流动、温度场、气固相燃烧、固相向水冷的输运过程和灰粒在水冷壁上的附生长过程进行了数值模拟，结果表明，偏转二次风系统具有较强的防结渣性能，这一点也被锅炉的实际运行所证实。     

600MW超临界锅炉机组螺旋管圈水冷壁管壁温度

超临界锅炉水冷壁尤其是燃烧器区水冷壁的温度场计算对水冷壁的安全运行有重要意义。本文采用分区段热力计算方法计算了向火侧的热流密度。依据水冷壁入口和出口工质的实际温度和压力确定了管内工质温度及管内的对流换热系数。基于有限元法对某电厂600MW发电机组锅炉在100％BMCR工况条件下螺旋管圈水冷壁温度场进行了分析计算。     

1000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布的试验研究

对2台1 000MW超超临界压力塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布进行了测量和计算,并对不同负荷工况、不同磨煤机投运方式下的热负荷和管壁温度分布规律以及炉膛上部垂直水冷壁的热负荷分布进行了分析.结果表明:1 000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律与其他四角切圆燃烧锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律基本一致.由于在最上层的燃烧器上方布置了燃尽风,对炉内烟气的扰动加强,导致沿管长方向的热负荷在54m标高处波动较大;在燃尽风喷嘴中心线以上,因受到燃尽风进入炉膛的影响,水冷壁热负荷大幅度下降.为了避免炉膛大比热区传热恶化,可以将处于拟临界点附近的水冷壁布置在低热负荷区域.     

Modeling of thermal characteristics for a furnace of a 500 MW boiler fired with high-ash coal

An advanced zonal computational method has been used to determine the temperature and heat flux profiles and other thermal characteristics for a furnace of the 500 MW boiler fired with high-ash, medium-volatile Ekibastuz coal. The predicted temperature profiles for a 100% boiler load and different methods of fuel distribution through the burner tiers were compared with respective data obtained in experimental tests. The effects of the fuel dust fineness and excess air on the furnace temperature pattern were studied. The cases associated with the reduced boiler loads were considered as well. The lower limit for the boiler load has been established, based on the predicted results.     

600 MW超临界锅炉燃烧器区膜式水冷壁温度场的数值计算

基于有限元法对某电厂600 MW机组锅炉在不同超临界工况下燃烧器区膜式水冷壁的温度场进行了分析和计算.采用双线性四边形单元对水冷壁温度场进行剖分,分区段计算了向火侧的热流密度.依据水冷壁入口和出口工质的实际温度和压力,确定了管内工质温度及管内的对流换热系数,计算了超临界压力下不同工况的水冷壁温度分布,并对造成水冷壁超温的原因进行了分析.对计算结果与实测值进行了比较,误差很小.     

低NO_x燃烧与脱硝经济运行的实践

吴泾热电厂2×300MW级燃煤供热机组脱硝设备,采用低NOx燃烧加选择性催化还原法(SCR)脱硝系统。介绍了SCR的化学反应机理、反应器安装位置、分段配风燃烧技术,分析了低NOx燃烧工况和运行参数,结果证实了:对分段配风的低NOx燃烧器来说,有效控制主燃烧区的风量,在总风量不变的条件下,加大可水平摆动的分离燃烧器(SOFA)配风量和加大SOFA配风距离是有效降低NOx的生成、减轻SCR的负载、降低耗NH3的有效方式;当燃用低值煤和可磨性差煤,使相对一次风量增加时,应降低二次风的配风量,用一次风总量自动实时修正二次风的配风量是实现自动低NOx燃烧调整的有效途径;适当降低二次风与炉膛的差压是防止二次风配风不均和控制主燃烧区风量的有效方法。     

水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧技术在预防水冷壁高温腐蚀中的应用

分析了切向燃烧锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀的主要原因,认为合理配风、调整燃烧是防止高温腐蚀的根本措施,着重介绍了新型实用专利水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器的基本原理,指出水平浓淡风煤粉燃烧器可有效防止高温腐蚀的发生。     

600MW超超临界机组锅炉下水冷壁出口工质温度的分布特性

分析了华能营口电厂2台600 MW超超临界机组锅炉下水冷壁在不同负荷下的出口工质温度分布特性.结果表明:在500 MW以上负荷时,锅炉各墙下水冷壁出口工质温度分布呈现非对称的"M"形,且靠近上游燃烧器侧的区域温度最高.指出导致下水冷壁出口工质温度偏高的主要原因是水冷壁节流孔布置没有充分发挥其控制偏差的作用.根据2台锅炉的当前运行特性,提出了通过改变壁温测量方法、降低过热度和调整部分节流孔圈内径等措施来提高锅炉运行安全性的建议.     

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m~2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.     

深度调峰工况下锅炉过量空气系数对炉内温度影响的分析

  [目的]  为了分析火电机组超低负荷运行工况下过量空气系数对于炉膛燃烧稳定性的影响,更好地指导机组参与调峰。  [方法]  通过深入分析锅炉运行和炉内传热机理,以炉膛出口烟温表征炉内燃烧温度,并作为燃烧稳定性的指标,在MATLAB/SIMULINK中搭建炉膛出口烟温模型。以某300 MW火力发电机组为例,首先选择几个典型工况点采用相似性求解方法计算炉膛出口烟温与锅炉厂家给出的设计数据进行比对,检验计算方法基本正确之后代入超低负荷运行参数,计算深调峰工况下不同过量空气系数对应的炉膛出口烟温。  [结果]  仿真结果表明:模型算得炉温与锅炉厂家给出的设计数据对比,计算误差小于±15 ℃,计算方法基本正确,可以将其应用于超低负荷工况计算。  [结论]  随着负荷的降低,使炉膛出口烟温达到最大值的最优过量空气系数逐渐增大。因此在超低负荷运行工况下,可在一定范围内适当增大过量空气系数以提高炉膛出口烟温,进而提高锅炉燃烧的稳定性,并且过量空气系数小于2.0时,数值越大炉膛出口烟温越高。     

600MW高水分褐煤锅炉变负荷特性试验

由于高水分褐煤的低发热量和易结渣特性,锅炉一般采用非常低的炉膛容积热负荷和非常低的炉膛断面热负荷.该类型的褐煤锅炉变负荷速率低于普通烟煤锅炉.进行了一次风压、燃烧器负荷分配、二次风配风调整等对锅炉变负荷影响的试验.试验结果表明:在机组需要快速升负荷时,先提高一次风压,然后增加给煤量可以提高锅炉的升负荷速率.如果锅炉的氧...     

A study on the design of recuperative burner

Waste heat recovery from the exhaust gas of industrial furnaces and kilns that are high energy-consuming equipment is one of the effective energy conservation methods because of its high sensible heat contents. The recuperative burner integrated with a recuperator and burner is one of the combustion equipments with many advantages of simple installation, compactness and easy control which can be applied to various fields of industry. A recuperative burner with the capacity of 400 kW was designed using the design data from experimental results. Performance tests on this burner were made. The exhaust gas analysis, including NO_x, the measurement of the flame temperature, velocity, heat flux and heat flux analysis on the recuperative burner were the main topics of hot combustion tests. Design data from the experimental results are gas velocity, air velocity, air velocity, the tip-location of gas nozzle, the dimension of furnace suitable to burner capacity, the dimension of recuperator and the role of cross-shaped steel plate for increasing the energy efficiency in the recuperator. For uniform temperature distribution and good thermal efficiency, it is appropriate to maintain the furnace pressure at 2–3mmAq. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

1000MW超超临界锅炉燃烧调整的试验研究

对某电厂1000MW燃煤锅炉进行了燃烧优化调整试验,分析了一次风配风均匀性、煤粉细度、燃烧器配风、运行中氧的体积分数以及燃尽风率对锅炉效率的影响．结果表明：对同层燃烧器外二次风采用两端和中间开度大的配风方式可以改善由于大风箱两端进风引起的沿炉膛宽度方向氧气的体积分数偏差,随着炉内氧气的体积分数增加,锅炉的热效率先提高后降低．当氧气的体积分数在3．0％左右时,锅炉热效率达到最高．随着燃尽风率的逐渐降低,锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度逐渐提高．综合考虑锅炉效率、NOx排放质量浓度以及屏式过热器管壁金属温度,在额定负荷下,燃尽风率以保持在25％左右为宜,此时锅炉热效率为93．9％,NOx排放质量浓度为306．1mg／m^3．     

燃煤锅炉一次风掺混氢氧对炉膛温度影响的数值模拟

为提高1 000 MW超超临界四角切圆燃煤锅炉低负荷工况(300 MW)燃烧稳定性,在一次风中掺混不同比例氢气和氧气,采用数值模拟方法对比分析了低负荷掺混氢氧前后炉膛平均温度场和CO体积分数等参数。研究结果表明：一次风掺混氢氧加强了低负荷工况下的火焰温度,进而提升炉内整体平均温度,改善低负荷燃烧不稳定现象;掺混5%体积分数的氢气,主燃区炉内截面平均温度达到1 603 K,比初始工况平均温度高了37 K;掺混8%～15%体积分数的氢气,随着氢气燃烧产生水份比例增高,炉膛截面平均温度逐步降低;掺混5%体积分数的氢气和10%体积分数的氧气,主燃区炉内截面平均温度达到了1 696 K,比只掺混5%体积分数的氢气平均温度提高了93 K,比初始工况平均温度提高了130 K,此工况是该四角切圆锅炉低负荷下改造后较为理想的工况。     

Operational characteristics of a parallel jet MILD combustion burner system

This study describes the performance and stability characteristics of a parallel jet MILD (Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution) combustion burner system in a laboratory-scale furnace, in which the reactants and exhaust ports are all mounted on the same wall. Thermal field measurements are presented for cases with and without combustion air preheat, in addition to global temperature and emission measurements for a range of equivalence ratio, heat extraction, air preheat and fuel dilution levels. The present furnace/burner configuration proved to operate without the need for external air preheating, and achieved a high degree of temperature uniformity. Based on an analysis of the temperature distribution and emissions, PSR model predictions, and equilibrium calculations, the CO formation was found to be related to the mixing patterns and furnace temperature rather than reaction quenching by the heat exchanger. The critical equivalence ratio, or excess air level, which maintains low CO emissions is reported for different heat exchanger positions, and an optimum operating condition is identified. Results of CO and NO_x emissions, together with visual observations and a simplified two-dimensional analysis of the furnace aerodynamics, demonstrate that fuel jet momentum controls the stability of this multiple jet system. A stability diagram showing the threshold for stable operation is reported, which is not explained by previous stability criteria.     

Measurement of gas species,temperatures, char burnout,and wall heat fluxes in a 200-MWe lignite-fired boiler at different loads

We measured various operational parameters of a 200-MW_e, wall-fired, lignite utility boiler under different loads. The parameters measured were gas temperature, gas species concentration, char burnout, component release rates (C, H and N), furnace temperature, heat flux, and boiler efficiency. Cold air experiments of a single burner were conducted in the laboratory. A double swirl flow pulverized-coal burner has two ring recirculation zones that start in the secondary air region of the burner. With increasing secondary air flow, the air flow axial velocity increases, the maximum values for the radial velocity, tangential velocity, and turbulence intensity all increase, and there are slight increases in the air flow swirl intensity and the recirculation zone size. With increasing load gas, the temperature and CO concentration in the central region of burner decrease, while O₂ concentration, NO_x concentration, char burnout, and component release rates of C, H, and N increase. Pulverized-coal ignites farther into the burner, in the secondary air region. Gas temperature, O₂ concentration, NO_x concentration, char burnout and component release rates of C, H, and N all increase. Furthermore, CO concentration varies slightly and pulverized-coal ignites closer. In the side wall region, gas temperature, O₂ concentration, and NO_x concentration all increase, but CO concentration varies only slightly. In the bottom row burner region the furnace temperature and heat flux increase appreciably, but the increase become more obvious in the middle and top row burner regions and in the burnout region. Compared with a 120-MW_e load, the mean NO_x emission at the air preheater exits for 190-MW_e load increases from 589.5 mg/m³ (O₂ = 6%) to 794.6 mg/m³ (O₂ = 6%), and the boiler efficiency increases from 90.73% to 92.45%.     

导流板式煤粉燃烧器解决炉内结渣的数值试验

用投影法计算喷口出口和炉内空气动力场。用蒙特卡洛法计算了炉内的辐射换热，用有限差分法计算了对流换热和导热，最后求解出炉内的温度分布。数值试验结果表明，采用了导流板式煤粉燃烧器，可有效减小炉内切圆直径，降低水冷壁附近的温度水平，防止炉内结渣的发生。在某300MW机组上的成功应用，验证了本数值试验的正确性。该方法的提出为解决大型电站锅炉内结渣问题提供了一条行之有效的途径。     

W火焰锅炉炉内煤粉气流着火特性研究

对一台引进的300 MW机组W火焰锅炉炉内煤粉气流的着火特性进行了研究,测试了不同二次风挡板开度及煤粉浓缩器上乏气挡板开度下燃烧器区域烟气温度分布.结果表明二次风挡板和乏气挡板的开度在不同程度上影响到炉内着火特性;虽然乏气挡板开度能影响煤粉浓缩器浓、淡两侧的气相分配,但其对煤粉气流着火的影响较二次风挡板开度弱的多,究其原因在于燃烧器喷口采用一、二次风喷口相间布置,二次风离开喷口后极易与浓煤粉气流混合,这直接影响到煤粉气流的着火.