实时荧光聚合酶链式反应法检测食品中猪源性成分

针对猪线粒体细胞色素b基因序列设计特异的引物和探针,建立食品中猪源性成分实时荧光聚合酶链式反应检测方法,并经特异性和敏感性试验验证其可行性。结果表明：该体系可扩增猪肉DNA片段,长度为98bp,其他常见畜、禽肉成分均无法正常扩增。该体系灵敏度低至1pg,且阴性样品扩增后的Ct值限制在35循环以后。对于各模拟肉类样品中掺杂的猪源性成分,其检测限均达1%,经市售加工食品检测验证,表明所建立的猪引物探针体系具有特异性好、灵敏度高、快速、高效等优点,可用于对食品中猪源性成分的掺假鉴别检测。     

食品中鸡源性成分实时荧光PCR检测方法的建立

目的：建立基于实时荧光聚合酶链式反应技术的食品中鸡源性成分快速检测方法。方法：以鸡线粒体细胞 色素b为目的基因,设计特异性引物和探针,通过特异性、灵敏性实验及模拟混合肉样和市售肉制品检测,对该体 系进行验证。结果：该鸡源荧光聚合酶链式反应检测体系具有很好的特异性及灵敏性,可检测3.5 pg/μL鸡源DNA 的存在;经含鸡源成分的模拟混合肉样检测,证实体系抗干扰能力强;并且通过市售食品检测表明体系可用于定性 加工食品中的鸡源成分。结论：所建立的鸡源引物探针体系具有特异性好、灵敏度高、快速高效等优点,可用于对 食品中鸡源性成分的掺假鉴别。     

实时荧光PCR技术快速检测食品中的牛源成分

目的:建立基于实时荧光PCR技术的食品中牛源性成分快速检测方法.方法:以牛线粒体细胞色素b为目的基因,设计特异性引物和探针,通过特异性、灵敏性实验,及模拟混合肉样和市售肉制品检测,对该体系进行验证.结果:该牛源荧光PCR检测体系具有很好的特异性及灵敏性,可检测1pg牛源DNA的存在,对于各模拟肉类样品中掺杂的牛源性成分,其检测限低至0.5％,且经市售加工食品验证具有较好的应用能力.结论:所建立的牛引物探针体系具有特异性好、灵敏度高,快速高效等优点,可用于对食品中牛源性成分的掺假鉴别检测.     

食品中马源性成分定性检测能力验证结果与分析

摘要：目的提高实验室对食品中马源性成分定性鉴定的准确性和评估检测人员的专业技术水平,增强实验室竞争力。方法 通过核酸蛋白仪器分析法和单重实时荧光PCR法对样品真核生物18S rRNA基因扩增的循环阈值来分析DNA的提取质量。在利用标准SN/T 3730.5-2013《食品及饲料中常见畜类品种的鉴定方法第5部分：马成分检测实时荧光PCR法》检测过程中,对该标准扩增体系的引物探针浓度进行优化和检出限分析后,用优化的扩增体系对样品进行检测。再依据标准SB/T 10923-2012《肉与肉制品中动物源性成分的测定实时荧光PCR法》的要求,对样品进行检测。最后对2个标准的检测结果进行比对。结果 提取的DNA质量符合标准要求。标准SN/T 3730.5-2013的引物探针浓度优化后,能有效扩增阳性样品,检出限为0.1%,能有效检测马源性成分。2个标准检测20-M805和20-Q719待测样品,均未检出马源性成分。结论 本次能力验证获得满意评价。DNA提取质量的评估,反应体系中引物探针浓度的优化与选择,不同检测方法结果的相互验证和实验的质量控制都是影响能力验证结果的重要因素     

实时荧光PCR技术快速检测奶制品中掺入的大米源性成分

目的:建立基于实时荧光PCR技术的奶制品中掺入大米源性成分的快速检测方法。方法:以水稻的根部表达基因(gos9)为靶基因设计特异性引物和探针,经特异性实验和灵敏度实验验证引物探针可行性,并经模拟含大米奶粉及市售奶类制品检测验证其实际检测能力。结果:该引物探针体系只针对大米DNA进行扩增,与奶类主成分牛、羊及其它谷类和植物性食物DNA均无交叉扩增;最低能检测到0.1ng的大米DNA,对含大米粉的模拟混合奶粉样品,检出限可达0.1%(W/W)。将其应用于21份市售奶制品样品检测,对含大米源性成分的奶制品扩增阳性,检测结果与食品标签相符。结论:该实时荧光PCR检测体系具有快速、特异、灵敏的优点,可以准确鉴定出奶制品中大米成分,适用于奶类中掺加大米源性成分的检测。     

Taqman探针荧光聚合酶链式反应实时同步鉴定动物源性食品中猪肉、鸡肉源性成分

目的:建立一种能实时同步检测动物源性食品中猪肉源性和鸡肉源性成分的Taqman探针双重荧光聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法,应用于动物源性食品的成分掺假快速检验。方法:分别依据猪和鸡的种间保守基因(Cytb)序列设计、合成特异性引物及不同荧光标记(FAM、HEX)的Taqman探针,建立可同步检测动物源性食品中的猪源性和鸡源性成分的Taqman探针双重荧光PCR方法。结果:所建立的Taqman探针双重荧光PCR检测方法特异性强,仅对猪、鸡成分有扩增;灵敏度高,最低检测到猪源、鸡源DNA的含量分别为0.02、0.10 ng;抗干扰性强,当DNA混样中猪源、鸡源性成分含量在2%以上水平时,所建立的混合检测体系均能对DNA混样给出正确判断。结论:所建立的混合检测体系具有高特异性、高灵敏度,能够适用于动物源性食品中猪肉、鸡肉成分的同时快速检测。     

荧光定量PCR方法检测畜肉食品中猪源性成分

目的 建立一种快速、特异、灵敏的猪源性成分检测方法。方法 本研究以猪线粒体12S rRNA基因序列为靶位点设计引物和探针, 进行荧光定量PCR扩增, 建立猪源性成分检测方法; 以常见畜禽肉包括羊肉、牛肉、鸡肉、鹅肉、鸭肉、兔肉、马肉、鹿肉等参考动物物种作特异性检测; 以50 mg/kg羊肉DNA作为稀释液对猪肉DNA进行梯度稀释, 做灵敏度检测。结果 该方法能够有效对猪源性成分进行快速检测, 具有较强的特异性, 灵敏度较高(可达0.1 μg/kg)并且羊肉成分的存在对猪肉灵敏度检测没有影响。结论 该方法特异性强, 灵敏度高, 可以快速、准确检测畜肉食品中含有的猪源性成分。     

肉制品中鸵鸟源性成分的实时荧光PCR检测

通过实时荧光PCR技术检测肉制品中鸵鸟源性成分。根据鸵鸟线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因(COX1)序列,用Primer Express和DNAMAN软件设计特异性的引物和Taq Man探针,并用阳性样本进行验证。结果表明,引物和探针对鸵鸟源性成分的特异性良好,与常见物种DNA无非目标扩增,该方法的检测灵敏度达0.27 pg/反应,适用于鸵鸟源性成分的鉴定,从而建立了肉制品中鸵鸟源性成分的实时荧光PCR鉴定方法 。     

基于双拖尾重组聚合酶恒温扩增技术的核酸杂交试纸条快速检测驴肉中的马源性成分

目的：建立快速、操作简单、价格相对低廉的驴肉中马源性成分快速可视化检测技术。方法：采用双拖尾重组聚合酶恒温扩增技术(RPA)与核酸杂交试纸条相结合。针对马线粒体细胞色素b(cytb)基因设计RPA引物,引物包含3个功能区域,特异性绑定区域用于RPA扩增反应,spacer 9用于终止聚合酶的扩增,单链拖尾区域用于与试纸条上的探针杂交。这对特殊引物使RPA扩增子带有两个单链拖尾序列,这两个单链拖尾序列可以特异性地被金纳米探针和试纸条上的检测探针识别并捕获,形成一条肉眼可见的红色条带。整个扩增(15 min)和检测(5 min)过程在20 min即可完成,无需复杂的设备,仅需要一台数字化水浴锅。为进一步验证该方法的实际应用性能,对市面上的20份驴肉产品进行测定,并采用PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法进行验证。结果：该方法对马肉的检测限达到0.01%,且仅对马肉核酸有特异性扩增,与其他8个物种的核酸均无交叉反应,20份驴肉样品中有2份存在马源性成分。结论：该方法特异性强、灵敏度高,可实现驴肉中马源性成分的可视化快速检测。     

实时荧光PCR法检测食品中梅花鹿成分

采用实时荧光聚合酶链式反应技术检测食品中梅花鹿成分。通过对梅花鹿基因序列对比分析,选取种间差异大、种内差异小的线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ基因序列作为靶序列,利用Primer Express、Oligo和DNAMAN等软件设计了梅花鹿特异性的引物和Taq Man探针,并用已知样本对引物和Taq Man探针的物种特异性、检测灵敏度进行验证和检测。实验结果表明,引物和探针对梅花鹿成分检测的特异性良好,与其他物种DNA无非目标扩增,对梅花鹿DNA的扩增效率为91.68%,该方法的检测灵敏度达0.42 pg/反应。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.