浓香型白酒窖泥中3株厌氧菌的分离鉴定及代谢产物分析

在厌氧条件下,从窖泥中分离厌氧菌,通过菌落形态观察、革兰染色、芽孢染色、生化试验、磷脂脂肪酸分析、16S r DNA鉴定,并采用GC-MS分析其代谢产物,共筛选出3株细菌,即菌株SJ-1、SJ-2、SJ-3。经分析鉴定后得出:SJ-1为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、SJ-2为空气芽孢杆菌(Bacillus aerius)、SJ-3为丁酸梭菌亚种(Clostridium butyricum subsp.)。发酵产物分析结果表明,3株菌的主要产物如丁酸、正丁醇、乙酸、2,3-丁二醇等均为浓香型白酒微量成分中的骨架成分,其中菌株SJ-3表现较好,丁酸产量为202.56 mg/m L。表明这3株芽孢杆菌对浓香型白酒风味物质的产生起到了积极作用。     

无窖泥发酵生产浓香型白酒

浓香型白酒是我国产销量最大的白酒,传统的泥窖发酵劳动强度大、机械化操作困难,且原酒常常带有窖泥臭味。该研究采用窖泥微生物(己酸菌群)单独培养制备己酸发酵液,再与大曲微生物发酵酒醅(前发酵)混合发酵,实现无窖泥发酵生产浓香型白酒。己酸发酵液的制备采用液态厌氧培养,通过考察发酵产酸情况确定发酵时间为9 d,此时己酸含量达到10 g/L左右,丁酸含量达到2 g/L左右;前发酵为传统的固态发酵,由乙醇体积分数、残淀粉等发酵理化指标确定发酵周期为6～8 d;己酸发酵液与前发酵酒醅混合进行后发酵,己酸发酵液添加量为0. 40 g/kg,总发酵周期为42 d。在此条件下,酒醅四大酯含量较高,比例协调,该研究为无窖泥发酵生产浓香型白酒打下基础。     

浓香型白酒产酸细菌的筛选及有机酸产物分析

有机酸是白酒的重要呈味物质,也是香味成分的前驱物质。采用稀释涂布法从浓香型白酒生产大曲和窖泥中分离得到20株细菌,经初筛、复筛、产酸实验得到来自大曲中的芽孢杆菌属产酸较强的2株细菌SJ-7和SJ-5,经放大产酸实验得pH及总酸分别为:4.30、0.95mmol/100mL和4.35、0.89mmol/100mL。利用气相色谱对这两株菌发酵产酸物质进行定量分析,结果表明两株菌可发酵产9种有机酸,其中乙酸产量最高,其次为丁酸、庚酸和己酸。     

赊店老酒窖池中产己酸菌分离鉴定及产酸条件研究

窖泥己酸菌是重要的窖泥产酸功能菌,所生成的己酸是生产浓香型白酒主体香气己酸乙酯的主要成分,将其应用于白酒的生产,可提高白酒的香气和质量。本研究从赊店老酒不同窖池的窖泥和黄水中筛选产己酸菌株并进行分离纯化,通过硫酸铜显色及气相色谱分析检测,初筛从118株菌株中获得了96株可产生己酸和丁酸的菌株,大部分为兼性厌氧型菌株。其中10株高产己酸菌经分子鉴定属于赖氨酸芽孢杆菌属（Lysinibacillus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,拉梅尔芽胞杆菌属（Rummeliibacillus）,寡养单胞菌属（Stenotrophomonas）,棒杆菌属（Corynebacterium）。己酸菌拮抗对峙实验结果表明10个菌株之间均无拮抗作用,可以进行混合培养。培养基中乙酸钠浓度从0.5%增加到1.0%时,产物中丁酸和己酸的总酸量最高,超过1.5%时己酸和丁酸的总量反而下降。74%的菌株在厌氧条件下产总酸量要高于好氧条件下产总酸量,厌氧条件下63%的菌株在30 ℃时产总酸量高于37 ℃时的产酸量。5株高产己酸菌在18 d发酵过程中菌浓度随着培养时间而逐渐增加,丁酸在发酵中期达到高峰并逐渐下降,己酸在发酵后期逐渐累积,产量最高达到3 g/L。     

电场辅助筛选技术快速筛选窖泥中的产酸菌

中国浓香型白酒的风味形成中起着关键作用的是窖泥中的产酸菌。由于梭状芽孢杆菌的培养条件恶劣，一旦培养不当，容易造成窖泥老化，降低浓香型白酒的质量。因此，研究梭菌的培养条件具有重要意义。研究采用电场辅助筛选法和传统筛选法对窖泥中的产酸梭菌进行筛选。两种方法共筛选得到23株形态具有差异的细菌，其中电场辅助筛选的菌株产酸能力是传统筛选菌株的2倍以上，其中C2菌株初步总产酸能力达到830.9mg/L，己酸初步产量达到8.5 mg/L，是传统筛选菌株（己酸0.6 mg/L）的十倍以上。该技术可用于改善窖泥的老化，进一步提高浓香型白酒的质量。也可用于其它厌氧条件严格的微生物的筛选和培养。     

在白酒酿造中已酸菌C_1应用方法的对比试验

前言已酸乙酯是浓香型白酒主体香气成分之一,这种香气成分的生成主要与窖泥中栖息的梭状芽孢杆菌属中的己酸菌、丁酸菌等产香细菌有关。而己酸菌的存在,又是形成己酸乙酯的先决条件。因此,有针对性地从窖泥中分离、选育产己酸的优良菌株,是提高白酒中己酸乙酯含量的关键性技     

多轮次富营养模拟富集对窖泥富集液代谢产物的影响

窖泥是酿酒厌氧功能菌生长繁殖的主要载体。窖泥微生物在发酵过程中产生的典型挥发性酸（己酸、乙酸、丁酸）是浓香型白酒窖香来源的基础。富集培养对于分离窖泥功能微生物和驯化窖泥功能菌群具有重要的研究意义。本研究通过比较不同处理下窖泥富集液的主要发酵产物信息,研究富集培养基成分、是否热激处理以及富集轮次对富集发酵液内的主要挥发性酸性代谢产物的影响。结果表明,富集培养基成分和发酵轮次对窖泥富集产酸有显著性影响,热激处理对富集产酸的影响较弱,其中13号、14号处理在不同轮次下产酸量最为稳定,它们在第3—4轮发酵期产酸最为显著。发酵5 d后的总酸量能达4692～7445 mg/100 mL,其中乙酸在2254～3055 mg/100 mL,丁酸在2452～3383 mg/100 mL,己酸在909～1744 mg/100 m L。第5—6轮发酵期主要代谢产物开始下降（乙酸：1034～1136 mg/100 mL,丁酸：1419～1674 mg/100 m L,己酸：595～635 mg/100 mL）。这项工作可以为产酸窖泥功能菌液的生产和功能微生物的分离提供理论基础和菌种资源。     

浓香型白酒窖泥微生物群落及其风味成分研究进展

窖泥在浓香型白酒的生产过程中扮演着重要角色,其微生物群落种类、结构和代谢产物对酒体风味具有重要影响。为了揭示窖泥对浓香型白酒风味物质形成的影响,该文简述了窖泥微生物中的乳酸菌、己酸菌、芽孢杆菌及产甲烷菌,并综述了浓香型白酒中的挥发性风味物质,探讨了窖泥中的微生物菌群对浓香型白酒挥发性风味物质的影响。该研究有助于更深入地理解窖泥微生物群落对浓香型白酒风味特征塑造的作用,为酿酒行业工作者提供借鉴与参考。     

己酸菌L—Ⅱ菌株及其应用的研究

泥窖酿酒是我国独特的白酒发酵工艺,由于窖泥中含有的己酸菌产酸能力不一,己酸菌的数量也不相同,所以生产出来的白酒质量也不稳定,其己酸乙酯含量的差异较大。为了使浓香型白酒生产工艺从必然王国走向自由王国,提高产品质量,我们采取从窖泥中筛选产己酸能力强的优良菌株,经扩大培养,接入窖中进行发酵,以达到提高浓香型白酒质量的目的。     

己酸菌发酵液在浓香型大曲酒生产中的应用

己酸菌是梭状芽孢杆菌的一种,是浓香型大曲白酒发酵中起决定作用的一种窖泥功能菌,它的数量多少和功能的强弱直接影响浓香型大曲酒发酵的质量。本实验利用己酸菌液淋窖、灌窖及其养护窖,使用前后对照分析己酸菌发酵液对浓香型大曲酒的影响。     

Effects of abomasal infusions of fatty acids and 1-carbon donors on apparent fatty acid digestibility and incorporation into milk fat in cows

Our primary objective was to determine the effects of the abomasal infusion of 16-carbon (16C) and 22-carbon (22C) fatty acids (FA) on apparent FA digestibility, plasma FA concentrations, and their incorporation into milk fat in cows. Our secondary objective was to study the effects of 1-carbon donors choline and l-serine on these variables. Five rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (214 ± 4.9 d in milk; 3.2 ± 1.1 parity) were enrolled in a 5 × 5 Latin square experiment with experimental periods lasting 6 d. Abomasal infusates consisted of (1) palmitic acid (PA; 98% 16:0 of total fat), (2) PA + choline chloride (PA+CC; 50 g/d of choline chloride), (3) PA + l-serine (PA+S; 170 g/d of l-serine), (4) behenic acid (BA; 92% 22:0 of total fat), and (5) docosahexaenoic acid algal oil (DHA; 47.5% DHA of total fat). Emulsions were formulated to provide 301 g/d of total FA and were balanced to provide a minimum of 40 and 19 g/d of 16:0 and glycerol, respectively, to match the content found in the infused algal oil. Apparent digestibility of FA was highest in DHA, intermediate in PA, and lowest in BA. Digestibility of 16C FA was lowest in BA and highest in PA. The digestibility of 22C FA was highest in DHA relative to BA (99 vs. 58%), whereas 1-carbon donors had no effect on 22C FA digestibility. Plasma 16C FA concentrations were greatest with PA treatment, and 22C FA concentrations were ~3-fold greater in DHA-treated cows relative to all other treatments. Milk fat 16:0 content was highest in PA relative to BA and DHA (e.g., 37 vs. 27% in PA and DHA), whereas the milk yield of 16:0 was higher in PA relative to DHA (i.e., 454 vs. 235 g/d). Similarly, milk 22:0 content and yield were ~10-fold higher in BA relative to all other treatments, whereas DHA treatment resulted in higher content and yield of 22:6 in milk fat relative to all other treatments (41- and 38-fold higher, respectively). Consequently, the content of FA >16C (i.e., preformed) was higher in milk fat from cows infused with BA and DHA relative to PA. De novo FA content in milk did not differ between PA, PA+CC, and PA+S (~16% of milk fat) but was higher in BA and DHA treatments (19 and 21%, respectively). We conclude that FA carbon chain length and degree of saturation affected FA digestibility and availability for absorption as well as their incorporation into milk fat. The abomasal infusion of choline chloride and l-serine did not modify these variables relative to infusing palmitic acid alone.     

奶粉脂肪酸与乳制品风味关系研究

用气质（GC—MS）联用色谱分析了11个商业奶粉样品的脂肪酸组成以及含量,每个样品均检测到了28种脂肪酸,在表现奶粉风味的4个呈味脂肪酸,也即辛酸、己酸、壬酸和葵酸中只检测到了辛酸和葵酸。辛酸和葵酸含量在进口奶粉中普遍高于国产奶粉。国产奶粉中辛酸和葵酸的含量以2号最好,3号其次。亚油酸含量在国产奶粉中普遍高于进口奶粉。     

Determination of ethanol,volatile fatty acids,lactic and succinic acids in fermentation liquids by gas chromatography

A rapid and simple quantitative method was developed to determine, by gas chromatography, the concentrations in fermentation liquids of ethanol, the C₂-C₆ volatile fatty acids, and lactic and succinic acids. Aqueous samples were acidified with 250μlml^?1 metaphosphoric acid (5:1 ratio), centrifuged, and injected directly on to a column containing a porous aromatic polymer (Chromosorb 101) maintained at 200°C in a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionisation detector. It was unnecessary to purify samples further before injection, although distillation and ion-exchange methods were examined. Derivatisation of lactic and succinic acids before injection was not necessary, but the lowest level of detection of these two relatively non-volatile acids was about four times greater than that for the volatile fatty acids. The method described was suitable for the analysis of rumen fluid, methane digester fluid, silage extracts and other anaerobic fermentation fluids. The relative retention times are given for 23 organic acids and six other fermentation end-products.     

气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中的5种 不饱和脂肪酸

目的建立气相色谱法同时测定保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的含量。方法样品先采用氢氧化钾甲醇溶液进行皂化处理,再用三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,经HP-FFAP色谱柱(30m×0.53 mm,1.0μm)分离测定。结果 EPA甲酯、DHA甲酯、DPA甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、α-亚麻酸甲酯分别在0.03927~1.178、0.04200~1.260、0.03449~1.035、0.08368~1.255、0.08482~4.241 mg/mL的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r均大于0.999;检出限分别为0.0039、0.0042、0.0034、0.0042、0.0042 mg/mL;加标回收率在91.1%~109.3%之间,相对标准偏差均小于5%。结论该方法操作简单快捷,适用于保健食品中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、EPA、DPA和DHA的测定。     

Analysis of pomegranate seed oil for the presence of jacaric acid

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate seed oil is predominantly composed of triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids, including high levels of conjugated linolenic acids (CLnAs). The major CLnA component, punicic acid, is known to possess biological activity. Consequently, it is desirable to obtain a detailed characterisation of pomegranate seed oil fatty acid profiles, including molecules potentially co‐eluting with punicic acid, such as jacaric acid. RESULTS: Conjugated fatty acid profiles of a commercial sample of cold pressed pomegranate seed oil were characterised in detail by both gas chromatography of methyl esters and by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The methylation procedures were found to be critical for determination of accurate fatty acid profiles. GC analysis was unable to resolve jacaric acid from punicic acid, the major fatty acid present in pomegranate seed oil. To establish the presence or absence of jacaric acid, ¹³C NMR was employed. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to investigate pomegranate seed oil for the presence of jacaric acid. Punicic acid, eleostearic acid, and catalpic acid were confirmed by ¹³C NMR, but jacaric acid was not found. Thus, we have shown that punicic acid levels may be accurately measured by gas chromatography alone in pomegranate seed oil. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

磁化处理对脂肪酸精馏过程的影响

在不同磁感应强度的磁场中,研究了磁化处理对脂肪酸精馏过程的影响。研究结果表明,磁场对脂肪酸的精馏过程有一定的影响,脂肪酸经磁化处理后,油酸的含量提高0.41%～0.64%,收率提高0.30%～0.47%;亚油酸的含量提高0.46%～0.69%,收率提高0.37%～0.54%;硬脂酸的含量提高0.44%～0.62%,收率提高0.34%～0.48%。由此可见,磁化处理有利于脂肪酸精馏过程的进行。     

Effects of addition of malic or citric acids on fermentation quality and chemical characteristics of alfalfa silage

We studied the effects on alfalfa preservation and chemical composition of the addition of different levels of malic acid and citric acid at ensiling as well as the utilization efficiency of these 2 organic acids after fermentation. Alfalfa was harvested at early bloom stage. After wilting to a dry matter content of approximately 40%, the alfalfa was chopped into 1- to 2-cm pieces for ensiling. Four levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1% of fresh weight) of malic acid or citric acid were applied to chopped alfalfa at ensiling with 4 replicates for each treatment, and the treated alfalfa forages were ensiled for 60 d in vacuum-sealed polyethylene bags (dimensions: 200 mm × 300 mm) packed with 200 to 230 g of fresh alfalfa per mini silo and an initial density of 0.534 g/cm³. The application of malic or citric acids at ensiling for 60 d led to lower silage pH than was observed in the control silage (0% of malic or citric acids). Application of the 2 organic acids led to higher lactic acid concentration in alfalfa silage than in the control silage except with the application rate of 1% of fresh weight. Silages treated with both organic acids had lower nonprotein nitrogen concentrations than the control silages, and the nonprotein nitrogen concentrations in ensiled forages decreased with the increase in malic or citric acid application rates. The application of the 2 organic acid additives led to lower saturated fatty acid proportions and higher polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in ensiled alfalfa than in the control silage. The amount of malic and citric acids degraded during ensiling of alfalfa was 1.45 and 0.63 g, respectively. At the application rate of 0.5% of fresh weight, residues of malic acid and citric acid in alfalfa silage were 11.1 and 13.6 g/kg of dry matter. These results indicate that including malic or citric acids at the ensiling of alfalfa effectively improved silage fermentation quality, limited proteolysis, improved fatty acid composition of the ensiled forage, and could provide animals with additional feed additives proven to promote animal performance. However, when the application rate of both organic acids reached 1%, the concentration of lactic acid in silages decreased notably. Additionally, 0.5 and 1% application rates also increased the yeast count in ensiled alfalfa.     

过氧乙酸灭菌效果及酸残留的实验研究

目的 研究过氧乙酸灭菌的效果及酸的残留量对pH值的影响。方法 用微生物学无菌检测法和pH值测定法。结果 满载,少量装载,重复灭菌时达到无菌效果,△pH均在0.3～0.4之间。结论 经过氧乙酸灭菌的塑料瓶能达到无菌要求,酸的残留量对pH值的影响不显著,生产上可用过氧乙酸灭菌法对不耐热的内包材进行灭菌。     

Growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 as Affected by Organic Acids

The influence of different acids on the aerobic growth kinetics of Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in BHI broth with 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl incubated at 5 and 19°C. Growth curve data were analyzed by the Gompertz equation and a nonlinear regression program; generation and lag times were calculated from the Gompertz parameters. Type of acid, pH, NaCl level and temperature influenced lag and generation times. The organic acids (acetic, lactic, citric and tartaric) inhibited growth at higher pH values than inorganic acids (HCl and H₂SO₄). The high NaCl level interacted with type of acid and pH to restrict growth of the organism at the lower temperature of incubation. Acetic and lactic acids were effective in controlling the growth of A. hydrophila and could readily be combined with low holding temperature to render foods free of the organism.     

花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸 在炎症中的作用概述

心脑血管疾病、肿瘤、糖尿病、神经系统疾病、自身免疫等疾病严重危害着人类的生命和健康,并消耗着大量医疗资源。事实上,很多疾病发生和发展的背后都伴随着炎症反应,炎症是众多疾病的病理基础,甚至是导致这些疾病的诱因。炎症本身是机体的防御性反应,但过度的炎症反应和长期慢性炎症会损害机体的稳态。炎症的调节和控制由炎症介质介导,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)等长链多不饱和脂肪酸(10ng-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,LC-PUFAs)的衍生物是一类重要的调控炎症的介质。炎性细胞间的交流和细胞内信号传递与LC-PUFAs有关。AA经环氧酶和脂氧合酶合成的类二十烷酸主要起促炎作用,但有的也有抗炎作用。DHA和EPA在体内起抗炎作用,由它们合成的消退素(resolvins,Rvs)和保护素(protectin,PD)是重要的抗炎活性物质。DHA和EPA还可以干扰炎性细胞内信号传导途径来抑制炎症反应。本文从炎症与疾病的关系、LC-PUFAs的衍生物及其促炎和抗炎机制等方面综述了AA、DHA和EPA在炎症中的作用。