快速冷却对山单背最长肌肉品质的影响

6头云南地方云岭黑山羊(羯羊)屠宰、劈半后,左半胴体进行常规冷却(0～4℃冷却24h,相对湿度90～95%),右半胴体进行快速冷却(-20℃,冷却1.0 h后,转入0～4℃冷却23h,相对湿度90～95%),取背最长肌,测定相关肉品质指标.结果显示,样品经3d成熟,快速冷却的羊肉剪切力显著低于常规冷却(P＜0.05),快速冷却的羊肉嫩度的感官评分显著高于常规冷却(P＜0.05),而P H、肉色,蒸煮损失等指标两种冷却方式无显著差异.研究表明,本试验采用的快速冷却方式对山羊肉的嫩度有显著改善效果.     

宰后不同冷却方式对羊肉品质的影响

为了建立适宜的宰后羊肉冷却程序,采用不同冷却方式(常规冷却,0~4℃放置96 h);延迟冷却,(15±0.5)℃先冷却8 h,然后在0~4℃条件下冷却至96 h;高温冷却,(25±0.5)℃冷却2h,然后放置在0~4℃条件下继续冷却至96 h)对宰后羊肉进行冷却处理,研究不同冷却方式对羊肉品质的影响。研究结果表明:延迟冷却和高温冷却显著增加了羊肉的蒸煮损失率,降低了羊肉的剪切力值,提高了羊肉嫩度,缩短了羊肉的成熟时间(P<0.05);同时提高了羊肉的L*值(P<0.05),增加了a*值(P<0.05),使羊肉的色泽鲜红;此外高温冷却和延迟冷却提高了羊肉的羰基含量(P<0.05),降低了巯基含量(P<0.05),温度越高,羊肉蛋白的氧化程度越大;而且高温冷却的菌落总数显著高于常规冷却和延迟冷却(P<0.05),存在腐败的风险。试验结果证实延迟冷却和高温冷却对羊肉品质的改善均具有积极作用,但考虑微生物和蛋白氧化的因素,延迟冷却更适宜作为宰后羊肉冷却程序。     

低温低气流冷却对冷鲜鸡品质的影响

为研究低温低气流对冷鲜鸡肉品质的影响，将日龄90 d笼养肉鸡宰后立即置于不同温度（-10、-15、-20℃）进行冷却，并控制空气流速为0.1 m/s。以4℃冰水浴冷却为对照，测定肉鸡胴体冷却速率，分析胴体冷却后及4℃冷藏24 h后的胴体质量变化、色泽、保水性、可溶性蛋白含量、肌原纤维小片化指数（myofibril fragmentationindex,MFI）及剪切力等品质指标。结果表明：气冷组可以在60 min内将肉鸡胴体中心温度降低到4℃，蒸煮损失率、离心损失率和MFI等指标显著优于冰水组（P<0.05）；不同气冷组间，-15℃气冷组胴体质量损失、蒸煮损失率、离心损失率和剪切力等指标显著优于-10℃气冷组（P<0.05），红度值、蒸煮损失率、离心损失率等指标显著优于-20℃气冷组（P<0.05）。综上，在温度为-15℃、气流为0.1 m/s条件下将肉鸡胴体冷却60 min，可以满足胴体快速冷却要求，并且能够改善肉鸡在冷却及贮藏过程中的品质劣变，使鸡肉具有较好的品质。     

CaCl_2处理对羊肉嫩度和系水力的影响

选用宰后8h的羊背最长肌,注射占肉质量3%的浓度分别为0、150、200和250mmol/L的CaCl2溶液,将样品放在4℃左右冷藏24h后,测定其剪切力和煮熟率,以此分析不同浓度CaCl2处理对羊肉嫩度和系水力的影响。研究结果显示,CaCl2处理能显著降低羊肉的剪切力(P<005),但对煮熟率影响不显著(P>005)。注射CaCl2在改善羊肉嫩度同时,不影响羊肉的系水力。     

两段式冷却对羊背最长肌品质的影响

以20只小尾寒羊胴体按试验设计劈半后随机分成2组,分别进行两段式冷却(温度-13℃~-15℃、时间2 h,风速3 m/s,随后转入常规冷却间至24 h)和常规冷却(温度0℃~4℃、时间24 h)处理,研究不同处理对羊背最长肌品质的影响。结果表明两段式冷却处理加快了羊胴体温度下降速率,延缓了p H下降速率,显著降低了羊胴体冷却损失,使剪切力值增大,对宰后24 h的肉色、蒸煮损失和汁液损失影响不显著(p0.05)。     

快速冷却对兔肉背最长肌肉品质的影响

为探讨快速冷却对兔肉食用品质的影响,选取24只獭兔进行屠宰,取背最长肌,按试验设计进行快速冷却和常规冷却处理后测定肉品质相关指标。结果表明：快速冷却(－12℃±1℃,30min;0～4℃储藏至24h)能加快兔肉温度下降速率,减缓pH值下降速率;使肉色泽改善,提高肉的保水性;成熟7d内显著降低肌肉脂肪氧化,但对兔肉的嫩度没有影响。     

宰后猪肉冷却过程中品质变化及冷却工艺优化

为研究宰后冷却时间和冷却工艺对猪肉品质的影响,运用正交试验法研究了6、8、10、12 h和14 h冷却时间下库温、风速和湿度对猪肉色泽、嫩度、质地剖面分析特征(TPA)等品质的影响,优化了冷却工艺参数,并与常规冷却工艺进行比较,分析了两者在冷却过程中对猪肉品质的影响。结果表明:库温和湿度对冷却6 h的a*值有显著性影响(P0.05),湿度对冷却8 h和12 h的咀嚼性、L*值有显著性影响(P0.05),风速对冷却10 h的咀嚼性有显著性影响(P0.05)。冷却(6～8)h最优工艺参数为库温(2.5～6.5)℃,风速1.5 m/s,湿度80%;冷却10 h最优工艺参数为库温(6.5±1)℃,风速1 m/s,湿度80%;冷却(12～14)h最优工艺参数为库温(2.5±1)℃,风速(1.5～2)m/s,湿度80%。最优工艺参数为不同冷却时间的猪肉提供了最佳冷却速度,与常规冷却工艺相比,显著提高(P0.05)了猪肉综合评分,改善猪肉色泽、嫩度、质构特性等品质。     

快速冷却对宰后牦牛肉成熟过程中细胞凋亡酶活力与嫩度的影响

为探究快速冷却对宰后牦牛肉成熟过程中嫩度与细胞凋亡酶活力的关系,以常规冷却和快速冷却处理的牦牛背最长肌为研究对象,分别在宰后不同时间点测定剪切力、肌原纤维小片化指数(myofibrillar fragmentation index,MFI)、caspase-9、3活力等指标变化。结果表明,快速冷却处理使宰后初期肌肉中心温度下降速率加快,pH下降速率降低。在宰后6h内,MFI、caspase-9活力变化不显著(p0.05)。pH、剪切力、caspase-9、3活力出现峰值时间延迟。此外,与常规冷却相比,快速冷却组剪切力值普遍较高,MFI较低。宰后168h,快速冷却组与常规冷却组MFI分别升高了56.59%、58.60%,差异显著(p0.05)。以上研究表明,快速冷却方式下温度下降速率的提高显著减缓了pH的下降,使caspase活力在成熟前期被抑制,导致其对肌原纤维蛋白的降解减弱,从而降低牛肉嫩度并延长肌肉成熟时间。     

延迟冷却对牛肉品质影响的研究

研究了常规冷却和延迟冷却对中国杂交黄牛(鲁西黄牛×西门塔尔)宰后冷却过程中牛胴体pH、温度的变化、胴体冷却失重、背最长肌汁液损失、蒸煮损失、保水性、肉色及成熟过程中剪切力值的变化。结果表明:延迟冷却减缓了牛胴体温度的降低速率(P<0.05),加快了牛胴体pH的降低(P<0.05);延迟冷却提高了牛背最长肌的嫩化速度,改善了肉色(P<0.05),但增加了汁液损失和蒸煮损失,降低了保水性(P<0.05)。因此,优化延迟冷却程序是必要的。     

宰后成熟过程中羊肉食用品质及蛋白稳定性的变化研究

研究陕北横山羊肉宰后48 h内,不同部位肉块嫩度、持水性等相关指标的变化规律。分别在宰后4、8、12、24、48 h取背最长肌(HQ)和腹部肌肉(LQ),测定了剪切力、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率、肌浆蛋白和肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、肌原纤维蛋白降解聚合情况。随着宰后时间延长,两类肉样剪切力在4~8 h显著增大(p0.05),12 h之后显著减小(p0.05);肉样汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率和肌浆蛋白溶解度均显著增加(p0.05);肉样肌原纤维蛋白溶解度4~12 h显著减小(p0.05)而12 h之后逐渐增加(p0.05)。在宰后过程中,HQ肉样剪切力、汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率显著小于LQ肉样(p0.05),肌浆蛋白溶解度显著高于LQ组(p0.05);在宰后12 h内,HQ肉样肌原纤维蛋白溶解度显著低于LQ组(p0.05),但20 h之后反超且显著高于LQ组(p0.05)。两类肉样肌原纤维蛋白的SDS-PAGE电泳结果与溶解度变化趋势一致。宰后2 d内,横山羊肉的嫩度逐渐趋于嫩化,持水性减弱,稳定性减弱;背最长肌羊肉较低品质肉的嫩度和持水性较优、蛋白稳定性较差。     

FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ULTRA-RAPID CHILLING OF LAMB CARCASSES

Commercial chilling methods of lamb have taken account of the possibility of cold-shortening and so rapid chilling rates, in the absence of electrical stimulation, have not been used. The effects of three chilling regimens (conventional, intermediate and ultra-rapid) on lamb carcasses were investigated. Lamb loins from carcasses chilled under ultra-rapid conditions (-20C and 1.5 m/s for 3.5H) were as tender as those from carcasses that were chilled under intermediate (-2C) and conventional conditions (4C). Loins were as tender at 24 h as they were at 5 days of storage. Weight losses in the carcasses were significantly reduced as a result of using ultra-rapid chilling compared to conventional chilling (0.57% as opposed to 1.48%). The change in pH of carcass loins in all chilling regimens, from 1h postmortem to 4h, was from about 6.5 to 6.0. This rapid glycolysis is discussed in relation to the tenderness of the meat that was produced by all of the chilling regimens. The ultra-rapid chilling regimen has commercial potential because it produces tender meat with very low evaporative weight losses.     

Chilling pig carcasses: Effects on temperature, weight loss and ultimate meat quality

Effects of conventional (4°C, air velocity 0·5 m/s) and forced chilling at -5°C (120 min) or -30°C (30 min) with air velocities of 1, 2 or 4 m/s, followed by conventional chilling till 24 h post mortem on temperatures, meat quality and weight losses, were studied. Experiments were carried out in six batches of six slaughter pigs each (crossbred gilts, weighing 105-110 kg. The subcutaneous temperature decreased very rapidly to values below 0°C when 'ultra' rapid chilling (-30°C) at high air velocities (4 m/s was used. Immediately after rapid chilling, when the carcasses were railed into a conventional chiller, the subcutaneous temperature increased above the air temperature, after which the decline in temperature was continued. Temperature inside the biceps femoris muscle decreased from the start of chilling rather slowly according to an asymptotic curve until ultimate values of 4°C were reached. Theoretically calculated temperatures during slaughter and chilling were comparable with the measured values; indicating that a finite-element calculation method in combination with a cylindrical model for heat transport can be used to predict muscle temperatures for various chilling regimes. Losses in carcass weight, 24 h after conventional and forced chilling at -5°C, were about 2%. After 'ultra' rapid chilling (-30°C) the losses were reduced to 1·3% when air velocity was increased to 4 m/s. Meat quality of the longissimus lumborum muscle was not significantly affected by the various chilling regimes except for the variables related to tenderness. The Warner-Bratzler shear forces were higher (P < 0·05) together with shorter sarcomere lengths (P < 0·10) after 'ultra' rapid chilling at a high (4 m/s) air velocity, indicating an increased risk of cold shortening.     

延迟冷却对牛肉品质及超微结构影响的研究

本文研究了常规冷却与延迟冷却对中国杂交黄牛(鲁西黄牛×西门塔尔)宰后冷却过程中牛胴体pH值、温度变化、胴体冷却失重、肉色及成熟过程中剪切力值、背最长肌汁液损失、蒸煮损失、保水性、肌原纤维结构变化的影响.结果表明延迟冷却能减缓牛胴体温度的下降速率(P＜0.05),加快牛胴体pH值的降低(P＜0.05),提高牛背最长肌的嫩化速率,改善肉色(P＜0.05),但加剧了汁液损失、蒸煮损失,降低了保水性(P＜0.05).延迟冷却对成熟0d、3d时的肌原纤维结构影响显著(P＜0.05),延迟冷却组的肌节长度明显长于对照组的肌节长度.     

预冷库内环境温湿度差异对猪胴体品质的影响

通过对猪胴体中心温度、pH值、肉色及菌落总数等指标进行测定,研究二段式预冷工艺条件下0～4 ℃单向风机排布预冷库内不同位置环境温度和环境相对湿度的差异对猪胴体品质的影响。结果表明：预冷库内不同位置环境温度和环境相对湿度之间存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;环境温度低的位置,其猪胴体中心温度下降快;预冷库内不同位置处pH值下降幅度存在差异,位置1、3、6处pH值下降较快,且与同轨道其他位置存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）;不同位置处猪胴体的肉色变化趋势存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,冷库内不同位置环境温度的差异可能是造成猪胴体亮度值和红度值有不同变化趋势的原因之一;不同轨道的猪胴体菌落总数存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,回风口位置处菌落总数最小。     

The effects of different chilling methods on meat quality and calpain activity of pork muscle longissimus dorsi

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of conventional chilling (0 to 4 °C), rapid chilling (RC, -20 °C for 30 min, followed by 0 to 4 °C), and short-duration chilling (0 to 4 °C for 30 min, followed by 25 °C) on meat quality and calpain activity of pork muscle longissimus dorsi (LD). The muscle quality characteristics pH, color, cooking loss, pressing loss and tenderness, and calpain activities were measured 0-, 3-, 12-, and 24-h postmortem. Results show that the RC resulted in a faster temperature decline of the muscle, and prevented the meat pH and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L* value from declining during postmortem aging. RC also reduced meat cooking loss and pressing loss compared with the other two chilling methods. However, the chilling methods did not significantly affect meat shear force. During the first 24-h postmortem, there was not a noticeable change in the activity of m-calpain. But μ-calpain activity decreased regardless of chilling method. In the rapidly chilled carcasses, μ-calpain activity remained the same 3- and 12-h postmortem. However, in the short-duration chilled and conventionally chilled carcasses, the activity was visibly reduced. At 24-h postmortem, no clear zones on the gel were observed in all three treatments. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Conventional and RC methods are commonly used for pork in commercial practice nowadays. Compared with conventional chilling, the effect of RC on quality parameters of pork varies. In recent years, short-duration chilling (SC) is widely used in many Chinese pig slaughtering facilities. However, few researchers have studied the effect of SD on pork quality. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of different chilling methods on functionalities or quality of chilled pork meat.     

低变温高湿解冻对猪肉理化特性、蛋白热变性及流变特性的影响

本研究以鲜肉和传统低温（4 ℃,相对湿度（relative humidity,RH）65%～73%）肉为对照,探究低变温（2 ℃→6 ℃→2 ℃）下,不同相对湿度（80%、85%、90%、95%）解冻对猪肉品质的影响,分析不同处理对肉样解冻效率、保水性、色泽、嫩度、新鲜度等理化特性、蛋白热变性及流变特性的影响。结果表明：相较于传统低温解冻,低变温高湿度可有效提高解冻效率,显著改善猪肉的保水性、色泽、嫩度,显著降低脂肪氧化程度（P＜0.05）;其中RH 90%、RH 95%条件下解冻效率明显高于RH 80%、RH 85%两组,能有效改善解冻后猪肉的保水性、色泽、嫩度,降低脂肪氧化程度,提高蛋白溶解性,维持猪肉较好的凝胶结构,且猪肉蛋白变性程度显著较低（P＜0.05）;但RH 95%处理组解冻后猪肉的菌落总数（3.97（lg（CFU/g）））和挥发性盐基氮含量（1.40 mg/100 g）显著高于其他组;且环境湿度越大,能耗就越高。因此低变温RH 90%可作为合适的猪肉解冻条件。     

The ultra-rapid chilling of lamb carcasses

Experiments were carried out on the effects of chilling lamb carcasses very rapidly in a pre-rigor condition. The chilling regime which was finally used was to cool the carcasses at an ambient temperature of -20°C and an air speed of 1·5 m/s for 3·5 h. Examination of striploins from carcasses subjected to this chilling regime showed that, after 7 day's storage, the meat was as tender as that from carcasses which had been conventionally chilled at 4°C for 24 h There were significant reductions in weight loss as a result of ultra rapid chilling, compared to conventionally chilled carcasses. The reductions obtained after 24 h varied between 0·8 and 0·9%, depending on whether the carcasses were washed or unwashed.     

Blast chilling and low voltage electrical stimulation influences on bison (Bison bison bison) meat quality

Conventional carcass chilling is a lengthy and energy expensive process. Blast chilling (BL) can reduce cooling time and associated shrink loss, although its application may compromise meat quality, particularly in lean carcasses or those with localized finish such as bison. Low voltage electrical stimulation (LVES) can reduce the risk of decreased meat quality by inducing rapid rigor onset prior to exposure of the musculature to extreme cold temperature. BL (−20°C, 3 m·s⁻¹ air velocity, 2 h) accelerated temperature decline of bison Longissimus lumborum (LL) and significantly reduced cooler shrink loss versus conventional chilling (CONV: 0–2°C, 24 h). While BL tended to produce darker meat, this effect was tempered by the application of LVES, and samples from the combined treatment were significantly lighter than CONV. BL resulted in reduced tenderness in the LL, as assessed by shear force measurement, in part due to significantly shorter sarcomere length in BL samples. Taste panelists, however, were unable to detect a significant or detrimental BL effect. Where LVES was incorporated, there was an improved tenderness response with ageing. The combined LVES/BL treatment of bison carcasses is recommended for rapid processing without compromising meat quality.     

The effect of time and type of electrical stimulation on the calpain system and meat tenderness in beef longissimus dorsi muscle

Effects of type and time of electrical stimulation on the calpain system, sensory and objective meat quality in the M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum from 38 pasture-fed carcasses, were investigated under conventional chilling conditions. High voltage stimulation was applied to whole carcasses at 3 min post-mortem (pm) and to sides at either 40 or 60 min pm, whilst low voltage stimulation was applied to whole carcasses at 3 min pm and to sides at 40 min pm. Unstimulated sides served as controls. The levels of extractable μ-calpain and calpastatin decreased during stimulation by 28-44% and 8-17%, respectively. Shear force and adjusted tenderness score showed that stimulation at 3 min, irrespective of type of stimulation, resulted in significantly tougher meat (P<0.05) which was associated with an rapid rate of pH decline, compared to stimulation at 40 min. Higher calpastatin levels soon after stimulation at 3 min (P < 0.05) and lower μ-calpain level at 24 h pm for high voltage stimulation at 3 min (P<0.05) coincided with the tougher meat. On the other hand, high voltage stimulation at 40 and 60 min resulted in similar tenderness and levels of μ-calpain and calpastatin post-stimulation and 24 h pm. Significantly tougher meat from the control sides, with a higher μ-calpain levels at 24 h pm and similar sarcomere length, compared to those from low voltage stimulation at 40 min (P<0.001), appeared to be linked to the later activation of the calpain system. Results from the current study suggest that early application of stimulation may be associated with a very rapid decline in pH and consequently a reduction in meat quality.